Circular reasoning about interpersonal behavior: Evidence concerning some untested assumptions underlying diagnostic classification
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Social theories suggest that the interaction between power and affiliation, rather than each factor separately, is the major determinant of social perception.
“Social theories (Fiske, 2012; Todorov et al., 2008; Wiggins et al., 1989), however, suggest that the interaction between power and affiliation, rather than each factor separately, is the major determinant of social perception.”
From A map for social navigation in the human brain (2015) · cites this paper as Wiggins et al., 1989
The interpersonal circle theory of personality first proposed a representation of social relationships as vectors in a two-dimensional space.
“The interpersonal circle theory of personality (Wiggins et al., 1989) first proposed a representation of social relationships as vectors in a two-dimensional space.”
From A map for social navigation in the human brain (2015) · cites this paper as Wiggins et al., 1989
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Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model.
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Models of the self and other: Fundamental dimensions underlying measures of adult attachment.
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“This 2D structure of face evaluation is consistent with well established dimensional models of social perception (19, 22, 23).”
BackgroundMethodResultTwo-factor conceptualization of psychopathy: Construct validity and assessment implications.
Harpur, T. J., Hare, R. D., & Hakstian, A. R. (1989) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.1.1.6 · Cited by 1,029 · see citing works
Construction of Circumplex Scales for the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems
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Self-citationUnderstanding evaluation of faces on social dimensions
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“For example, Wiggins and his colleagues [21, 23 ] have shown that interpersonal relationships can be described along two orthogonal dimensions – affiliation and dominance – that seem to map onto the valence/trustworthiness andpower/dominance dimensions of face evaluation.”
BackgroundMethodExtension of the Interpersonal Adjective Scales to include the Big Five dimensions of personality.
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Self-citationTwo decades of research on teacher–student relationships in class
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“For both students’ ratings and teacher self- and ideal perceptions, scales appear to be ordered in a circumplex structure, meaning that two, independent factors are found, with a circular ordering of the scales ( Wiggins, Philips, & Trapnell, 1989 ).”
BackgroundA map for social navigation in the human brain
Tavares, R. M., Mendelsohn, A., Grossman, Y., Williams, C. H., Shapiro, M., Trope, Y., & Schiller, D. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.06.011 · Cited by 505 · see citing works
“…social view of the characters along the two main factors that influence relationships: power (being submissive or authoritative) and affiliation (sharing private information or physical touch) (Fiske, 2012; Harris and Fiske, 2007; Todorov et al., 2005, 2008; Wiggins, 1979; Wiggins et al., 1989).”
InfluentialConceptions of personality disorders and dimensions of personality.
Wiggins, J. S., & Pincus, A. L. (1989) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.1.4.305 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
“The distance of a personality disorder scale from the center of the circle was computed in accord with the Pythagorean theorem (Wiggins et al., 1989).”
MethodInterpersonal problems, attachment styles, and outcome in brief dynamic psychotherapy.
Horowitz, L. M., Rosenberg, S. E., & Bartholomew, K. (1993) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.61.4.549 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
Personality and personality disorders.
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Personality: Structure And Assessment
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Narcissistic Acts in Everyday Life
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“For example, the interpersonal circle theory of personality (Wiggins, 1979; Wiggins et al., 1989) quantifies behavior on two interpersonal adjectives scales: dominance (using adjectives such as arrogance and assurance) and love (using adjectives such as agreeableness and gregariousness), and uses…”
BackgroundGrandiose and vulnerable narcissism from the perspective of the interpersonal circumplex
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“These include Wiggins's model of interpersonal perception (Wiggins 1979; Wiggins et al. 1989), Fiske's model of inter-group perception (Fiske et al. 2007), and Todorov's model of evaluation of faces on social dimensions (Oosterhof & Todorov 2008; Todorov et al. 2008).”
BackgroundMethodThe three faces of interpersonal dependency: Structural analyses of self-report dependency measures.
Pincus, A. L., & Gurtman, M. B. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.69.4.744 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Circular measurement redux: The analysis and interpretation of interpersonal circle profiles.
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Complementarity of interpersonal behaviors in dyadic interactions
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“Such measures have been commonly used by researchers and have demonstrated impressive construct validity (Gurtman, 1995, 1996; Wiggins, Phillips, & Trapnell, 1989 ).”
MethodInterpersonal Theory of Personality
Pincus, A. L., & Ansell, E. B. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118133880.hop205007 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Locke, K. D. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.3.619 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Walker, M., & Vetter, T. R. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000064 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Exploring Personality with the Interpersonal Circumplex
Gurtman, M. B. (2009) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00172.x · Cited by 271 · see citing works
“(For some other examples, see Horowitz, 2004; Leary, 1957; Locke, 2006; and Wiggins et al., 1989 .)”
BackgroundIntegrating Methods to Optimize Circumplex Description and Comparison of Groups
Wright, A. G. C., Pincus, A. L., Conroy, D. E., & Hilsenroth, M. J. (2009) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223890902935696 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
“This projection can be described in terms of X and Y polar coordinates and an associated vector ( Wiggins, Phillips, & Trapnell, 1989 ) or, if vector length is disregarded, simply as an angular location around the perimeter of the circle ( Gurtman, 1997 ).”
BackgroundInterpersonal Adjective Scales: Confirmation of Circumplex Structure from Multiple Perspectives
Gurtman, M. B., & Pincus, A. L. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167200265009 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“Wiggins and his colleagues have reported a number of principal component analyses on the IAS (e.g., Wiggins, 1979, 1995; Wiggins et al., 1981, 1988, 1989).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAn interpersonal problem approach to the division of social phobia subtypes
Kachin, K. E., Newman, M. G., & Pincus, A. L. (2001) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(01)80032-0 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“Interpersonal researchers suggest that a high amplitude is evidence of an extreme or unwavering interpersonal style, associated with inflexible adaptations to different interpersonal situations (Gurtman, 1992, 1994, 1996; Gurtman & Balakrishnan, 1998; Pincus & Borkovec, 1994; Wiggins et al., 1989).”
BackgroundSatisfaction in interpersonal interactions as a function of similarity in level of dysphoria.
Locke, K. D., & Horowitz, L. M. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.58.5.823 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Rezlescu, C., Penton, T., Walsh, V., Tsujimura, H., Scott, S. K., & Banissy, M. J. (2015) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10919-015-0214-8 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
“2007) or affiliation and dominance (Wiggins et al. 1989).”
ResultPsychopathy and Personality Disorder: Implications of Interpersonal Theory
Blackburn, R. (1998) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-3965-6_13 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Avoidant personality disorder: Interpersonal problems as predictors of treatment response
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“Social style can be considered a characteristic adaptation that typifies an individual’s psychological orientation towards others (see also Wiggins et al., 1989).”
BackgroundGurtman, M. B. (1996) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.8.3.241 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Neural mechanisms of social dominance
Watanabe, N., & Yamamoto, M. (2015) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2015.00154 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“(Wiggins, 1979; Wiggins et al., 1989).”
Interpersonal Personality Measures Show Circumplex Structure Based on New Psychometric Criteria
Acton, G. S., & Revelle, W. (2002) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa7903_04 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“Interpersonal theory is rooted in the assumption that everything people do in interaction with one another reflects an effort to achieve and maintain self-esteem and to avoid anxiety (Leary, 1957; Sullivan, 1953).”
BackgroundMethodVittengl, J. R., Clark, L. A., & Jarrett, R. B. (2003) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.15.1.29 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Borderline and Narcissistic Personality Disorders
Widiger, T. A., & Trull, T. J. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-3008-4_15 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
An Interpersonal Conceptualization and Quantification of Social Support Transactions
Trobst, K. K. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672002610007 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Social Dominance and 22-Year All-Cause Mortality in Men
Houston, B. K., Babyak, M. A., Chesney, M. A., Black, G., & Ragland, D. R. (1997) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199701000-00002 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“Some personality theories that address major personality factors distinguish a broad personality dimension for dominance (30) or power (31) separately from a dimension that reflects antagonism or hostility.”
BackgroundComplementarity of Interpersonal Circumplex Traits
Tracey, T. J. G., Ryan, J. M., & Jaschik-Herman, B. (2001) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167201277002 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“…as a pattern of interpersonal behaviors, and many theorists have supported the view that interpersonal behavior can be viewed as both a set of behaviors and traits arranged in a circular pattern with proximity indicative of similarity (Kiesler, 1983; Wiggins, 1979, 1982; Wiggins et al., 1989).”
BackgroundMethodJudgments of Dominance from the Face Track Physical Strength
Toscano, H., Schubert, T., & Sell, A. (2014) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/147470491401200101 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“For example, in the interpersonal circumplex model, the vertical axis of personality is dominance vs. submissiveness, with the second axis being cold vs. warm (Wiggins, Phillips, and Trapnell, 1989).”
BackgroundCircumplex structure of Holland's RIASEC Interests across gender and time.
Darcy, M. U. A., & Tracey, T. J. G. (2007) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.54.1.17 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Affiliation Moderates the Effects of Social Threat on Stress-Related Cardiovascular Responses
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“IAS-R subscales exhibit a number of desirable characteristics, including predicted conformation to circumplex structure and validation against relevant self-report and behavioral assessments (30, 31).”
BackgroundPincus, A. L., Gurtman, M. B., & Ruiz, M. A. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1629 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
“Applications of continuous measurement methodology (Gurtman, 1994) and geometric classification (e.g., Wiggins & Broughton, 1985, 1991; Wiggins et al., 1989) require a more circular structure than those recovered in the present study.”
BackgroundPersonality structure and the structure of personality disorders.
Wiggins, J. S., & Pincus, A. L. (2004) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10140-023 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Attachment Styles Among Young Adults
Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991) · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Levels of Interpersonal Complementarity: A Simplex Representation
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“Internal consistency estimates for the eight subscales have been found to range from αs .75 to .95 (Wiggins, 1995; Wiggins et al., 1989).”
BackgroundSASB: A Bridge Between Personality Theory and Clinical Psychology
Benjamin, L. S. (1994) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0504_1 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
The Interpersonal Nature of Dark Personality Features
Southard, A. C., Noser, A. E., Pollock, N. C., Mercer, S. H., & Zeigler‐Hill, V. (2015) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2015.34.7.555 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“(2001). Construct validity of psychopathy in a community sample: A nomological net approach. Journal of Personality Disorders, 15, 425–441. Tracey, T. J., Ryan, J. M., & Jaschik-Herman, B. (2001). Complementarity of interpersonal circumplex traits.”
BackgroundSocial perceptions and borderline personality disorder: The relation to mood disorders.
Benjamin, L. S., & Wonderlich, S. A. (1994) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.103.4.610 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Interpersonal Diagnosis of Psychopathology
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Interpersonal Theory of Personality
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The Enigma of Being Yourself: A Critical Examination of the Concept of Authenticity
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Rigid and extreme: A geometric representation of personality disorders in five-factor model space.
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Discrimination in Selection Decisions: Integrating Stereotype Fit and Interdependence Theories
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O’Connor, B. P., & Dvorak, T. (2001) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1006/jrpe.2000.2295 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Gurtman, M. B. (1993) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1993.tb01033.x · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Trucco, E. M., Colder, C. R., Bowker, J. C., & Wieczorek, W. F. (2010) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431610366252 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“The interpersonal circumplex model (IPC) may help identify specific social goals that function as moderators of the association between peer approval of use/use and intentions to use (e.g., Locke, 2000; Ojanen, Gronroos, & Salmivalli, 2005).”
ResultInfluentialThormählen, B., Weinryb, R. M., Norén, K., Vinnars, B., & Bågedahl-Strindlund, M. (2003) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1093/ptr/kpg039 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“Wiggins, Phillips, and Trapnell (1989) accrued evidence for this index’s correlation with maladjustment.”
BackgroundResultGender and personality differences in conceptions of love: An interpersonal theory analysis
Fehr, B., & Broughton, R. (2001) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2001.tb00031.x · Cited by 64 · see citing works
The structure and perceptual basis of social judgments from faces
Todorov, A. T., & Oh, D. (2021) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2020.11.004 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Molinari, L., Speltini, G., & Passini, S. (2012) · Educational Research and Evaluation · doi:10.1080/13803611.2012.748254 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Integrating leadership: The leadership circumplex
Redeker, M., de Vries, R. E., Rouckhout, D., Vermeren, P., & Fruyt, F. D. (2012) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2012.738671 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“One of the most well-known circumplex structures, which conforms to the criteria mentioned earlier, is the interpersonal circumplex (Acton & Revelle, 2002; Browne & Cudeck, 1992; Fabrigar et al., 1997; Gurtman, 1993; Schmidt, Wagner, & Kiesler, 1999; Wiggins et al., 1989).”
BackgroundGeuens, N., Bogaert, P. V., & Franck, E. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.13808 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
A questionnaire-wide association study of personality and mortality: The Vietnam Experience Study
Weiß, A., Galé, C. R., Batty, G. D., & Deary, I. J. (2013) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.02.010 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“[23] Wiggins JS, Phillips NP, Trapnell P.”
Gurtman, M. B. (1995) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191195002004005 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Association between striatal and extrastriatal dopamine D2-receptor binding and social desirability
Červenka, S., Gustavsson, P. J., Halldin, C., & Farde, L. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.006 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Interestingly, it can be shown that the personality trait detachment, which in previous studies also has shown negative correlations to striatal D2-receptor as well as dopamine transporter binding (Breier et al., 1998; Farde et al., 1997; Laakso et al., 2000), loads high on submissiveness and disaffiliation in the IPC…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialWhen is a circumplex an "interpersonal circumplex"? The case of supportive actions.
Wiggins, J. S., & Trobst, K. K. (2004) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10261-003 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Interpersonal rigidity and complementarity
Tracey, T. J. G. (2005) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2004.12.001 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Passini, S., Molinari, L., & Speltini, G. (2015) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-015-9300-3 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Circumnavigating Dodge Morgan's Interpersonal Style
Wiggins, J. S. (1997) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1997.tb00544.x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Situation-specificity of children's social goals: Changing goals according to changing situations?
Ojanen, T., Aunola, K., & Salmivalli, C. (2007) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025407074636 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Predicting aggression in adolescence: The interrelation between (a lack of) empathy and social goals
van Hazebroek, B. C. M., Olthof, T., & Goossens, F. A. (2016) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21675 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Personality Impressions from Facial Appearance
Todorov, A. T., Said, C. P., & Verosky, S. C. (2011) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199559053.013.0032 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Hatcher, R. L., & Rogers, D. T. (2009) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0017269 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Some interpersonal theorists suggest that such persons should have more ready and flexible access to a range of alternative ways of processing interpersonal experience, and on the basis of this reasoning, we expected that they would report fewer interpersonal problems, greater life satisfaction, and better relationshi…”
BackgroundTracey, T. J. G., Sherry, P., & Albright, J. M. (1999) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.46.1.80 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
- Authors
- Wiggins, J. S., Phillips, N., & Trapnell, P.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1989-02
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 296-305
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2092889888
- Cited by
- 255
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 14.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- interpersonal behavior, circular reasoning, diagnostic classification, personality assessment
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