Cited by 255Psychological Testing and AssessmentPersonality Traits and PsychologyPersonality Disorders and Psychopathology

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Circular reasoning about interpersonal behavior: Evidence concerning some untested assumptions underlying diagnostic classification

Wiggins, Jerry S., Phillips, Norman, Trapnell, Paul·1989·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.56.2.296

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Principles of topological psychology.
Lewin, K. (1936) · McGraw-Hill eBooks · doi:10.1037/10019-000 · Cited by 3,938
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A psychological taxonomy of trait‐descriptive terms: The interpersonal domain
Wiggins, J. S. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.3.395 · Cited by 1,596
The 1982 Interpersonal Circle: A taxonomy for complementarity in human transactions.
Kiesler, D. J. (1983) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.90.3.185 · Cited by 1,289
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“For example, Wiggins and his colleagues [21, 23 ] have shown that interpersonal relationships can be described along two orthogonal dimensions – affiliation and dominance – that seem to map onto the valence/trustworthiness andpower/dominance dimensions of face evaluation.”
BackgroundMethod
Extension of the Interpersonal Adjective Scales to include the Big Five dimensions of personality.
Trapnell, P. D., & Wiggins, J. S. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.59.4.781 · Cited by 707
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“For both students’ ratings and teacher self- and ideal perceptions, scales appear to be ordered in a circumplex structure, meaning that two, independent factors are found, with a circular ordering of the scales ( Wiggins, Philips, & Trapnell, 1989 ).”
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Tavares, R. M., Mendelsohn, A., Grossman, Y., Williams, C. H., Shapiro, M., Trope, Y., & Schiller, D. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.06.011 · Cited by 505
“…social view of the characters along the two main factors that influence relationships: power (being submissive or authoritative) and affiliation (sharing private information or physical touch) (Fiske, 2012; Harris and Fiske, 2007; Todorov et al., 2005, 2008; Wiggins, 1979; Wiggins et al., 1989).”
Influential
Conceptions of personality disorders and dimensions of personality.
Wiggins, J. S., & Pincus, A. L. (1989) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.1.4.305 · Cited by 496
“The distance of a personality disorder scale from the center of the circle was computed in accord with the Pythagorean theorem (Wiggins et al., 1989).”
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Interpersonal problems, attachment styles, and outcome in brief dynamic psychotherapy.
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Construction of Circumplex Scales for the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems
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Evaluating Faces on Trustworthiness: An Extension of Systems for Recognition of Emotions Signaling Approach/Avoidance Behaviors
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“For example, validated models of interpersonal perception posit two fundamental dimensions of dominance and affiliation (e.g., Wiggins et al. 1989).”
Personality Structure
Wiggins, J. S., & Trapnell, P. D. (1997) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012134645-4/50029-9 · Cited by 281
Construct validity of interpersonal personality measures: The interpersonal circumplex as a nomological net.
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A description of the DSM-IV personality disorders with the five-factor model of personality.
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A geometric taxonomy of personality scales
Wiggins, J. S., & Broughton, R. (1991) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2410050503 · Cited by 238
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“For example, the interpersonal circle theory of personality (Wiggins, 1979; Wiggins et al., 1989) quantifies behavior on two interpersonal adjectives scales: dominance (using adjectives such as arrogance and assurance) and love (using adjectives such as agreeableness and gregariousness), and uses…”
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“These include Wiggins's model of interpersonal perception (Wiggins 1979; Wiggins et al. 1989), Fiske's model of inter-group perception (Fiske et al. 2007), and Todorov's model of evaluation of faces on social dimensions (Oosterhof & Todorov 2008; Todorov et al. 2008).”
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“Such measures have been commonly used by researchers and have demonstrated impressive construct validity (Gurtman, 1995, 1996; Wiggins, Phillips, & Trapnell, 1989 ).”
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“(For some other examples, see Horowitz, 2004; Leary, 1957; Locke, 2006; and Wiggins et al., 1989 .)”
Background
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Wright, A. G. C., Pincus, A. L., Conroy, D. E., & Hilsenroth, M. J. (2009) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223890902935696 · Cited by 146
“This projection can be described in terms of X and Y polar coordinates and an associated vector ( Wiggins, Phillips, & Trapnell, 1989 ) or, if vector length is disregarded, simply as an angular location around the perimeter of the circle ( Gurtman, 1997 ).”
Background
Interpersonal Adjective Scales: Confirmation of Circumplex Structure from Multiple Perspectives
Gurtman, M. B., & Pincus, A. L. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167200265009 · Cited by 146
“Wiggins and his colleagues have reported a number of principal component analyses on the IAS (e.g., Wiggins, 1979, 1995; Wiggins et al., 1981, 1988, 1989).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
An interpersonal problem approach to the division of social phobia subtypes
Kachin, K. E., Newman, M. G., & Pincus, A. L. (2001) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(01)80032-0 · Cited by 148
“Interpersonal researchers suggest that a high amplitude is evidence of an extreme or unwavering interpersonal style, associated with inflexible adaptations to different interpersonal situations (Gurtman, 1992, 1994, 1996; Gurtman & Balakrishnan, 1998; Pincus & Borkovec, 1994; Wiggins et al., 1989).”
Background
Satisfaction in interpersonal interactions as a function of similarity in level of dysphoria.
Locke, K. D., & Horowitz, L. M. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.58.5.823 · Cited by 131
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“2007) or affiliation and dominance (Wiggins et al. 1989).”
Result
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“Social style can be considered a characteristic adaptation that typifies an individual’s psychological orientation towards others (see also Wiggins et al., 1989).”
Background
Interpersonal problems and the psychotherapy context: The construct validity of the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems.
Gurtman, M. B. (1996) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.8.3.241 · Cited by 126
Neural mechanisms of social dominance
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“(Wiggins, 1979; Wiggins et al., 1989).”
Interpersonal Personality Measures Show Circumplex Structure Based on New Psychometric Criteria
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“Interpersonal theory is rooted in the assumption that everything people do in interaction with one another reflects an effort to achieve and maintain self-esteem and to avoid anxiety (Leary, 1957; Sullivan, 1953).”
BackgroundMethod
Interpersonal problems, personality pathology, and social adjustment after cognitive therapy for depression.
Vittengl, J. R., Clark, L. A., & Jarrett, R. B. (2003) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.15.1.29 · Cited by 115
Borderline and Narcissistic Personality Disorders
Widiger, T. A., & Trull, T. J. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-3008-4_15 · Cited by 109
An Interpersonal Conceptualization and Quantification of Social Support Transactions
Trobst, K. K. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672002610007 · Cited by 107
Social Dominance and 22-Year All-Cause Mortality in Men
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“Some personality theories that address major personality factors distinguish a broad personality dimension for dominance (30) or power (31) separately from a dimension that reflects antagonism or hostility.”
Background
Complementarity of Interpersonal Circumplex Traits
Tracey, T. J. G., Ryan, J. M., & Jaschik-Herman, B. (2001) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167201277002 · Cited by 105
“…as a pattern of interpersonal behaviors, and many theorists have supported the view that interpersonal behavior can be viewed as both a set of behaviors and traits arranged in a circular pattern with proximity indicative of similarity (Kiesler, 1983; Wiggins, 1979, 1982; Wiggins et al., 1989).”
BackgroundMethod
Judgments of Dominance from the Face Track Physical Strength
Toscano, H., Schubert, T., & Sell, A. (2014) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/147470491401200101 · Cited by 97
“For example, in the interpersonal circumplex model, the vertical axis of personality is dominance vs. submissiveness, with the second axis being cold vs. warm (Wiggins, Phillips, and Trapnell, 1989).”
Background
Circumplex structure of Holland's RIASEC Interests across gender and time.
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“IAS-R subscales exhibit a number of desirable characteristics, including predicted conformation to circumplex structure and validation against relevant self-report and behavioral assessments (30, 31).”
Background
Structural analysis of social behavior (SASB): Circumplex analyses and structural relations with the interpersonal circle and the five-factor model of personality.
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“Applications of continuous measurement methodology (Gurtman, 1994) and geometric classification (e.g., Wiggins & Broughton, 1985, 1991; Wiggins et al., 1989) require a more circular structure than those recovered in the present study.”
Background
Personality structure and the structure of personality disorders.
Wiggins, J. S., & Pincus, A. L. (2004) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10140-023 · Cited by 96
Attachment Styles Among Young Adults
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Levels of Interpersonal Complementarity: A Simplex Representation
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“Internal consistency estimates for the eight subscales have been found to range from αs .75 to .95 (Wiggins, 1995; Wiggins et al., 1989).”
Background
SASB: A Bridge Between Personality Theory and Clinical Psychology
Benjamin, L. S. (1994) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0504_1 · Cited by 86
The Interpersonal Nature of Dark Personality Features
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“(2001). Construct validity of psychopathy in a community sample: A nomological net approach. Journal of Personality Disorders, 15, 425–441. Tracey, T. J., Ryan, J. M., & Jaschik-Herman, B. (2001). Complementarity of interpersonal circumplex traits.”
Background
Social perceptions and borderline personality disorder: The relation to mood disorders.
Benjamin, L. S., & Wonderlich, S. A. (1994) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.103.4.610 · Cited by 84
Interpersonal Diagnosis of Psychopathology
Pincus, A. L., & Wright, A. G. C. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118001868.ch22 · Cited by 83
Interpersonal Theory of Personality
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The Enigma of Being Yourself: A Critical Examination of the Concept of Authenticity
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Rigid and extreme: A geometric representation of personality disorders in five-factor model space.
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Evaluating the Interpersonalness of Personality Scales
Gurtman, M. B. (1991) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167291176010 · Cited by 78
Interpersonal control and cardiovascular reactivity: Goals, behavioral expression, and the moderating effects of sex.
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Discrimination in Selection Decisions: Integrating Stereotype Fit and Interdependence Theories
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A circumplex inventory of impact messages: An operational bridge between emotion and interpersonal behavior.
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Constructing Personality Tests to Meet a Structural Criterion: Application of the Interpersonal Circumplex
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Interpersonal Goals and Susceptibility to Peer Influence: Risk Factors for Intentions to Initiate Substance Use During Early Adolescence
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“The interpersonal circumplex model (IPC) may help identify specific social goals that function as moderators of the association between peer approval of use/use and intentions to use (e.g., Locke, 2000; Ojanen, Gronroos, & Salmivalli, 2005).”
ResultInfluential
Patient Factors Predicting Dropout from Supportive-Expressive Psychotherapy for Patients with Personality Disorders
Thormählen, B., Weinryb, R. M., Norén, K., Vinnars, B., & Bågedahl-Strindlund, M. (2003) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1093/ptr/kpg039 · Cited by 65
“Wiggins, Phillips, and Trapnell (1989) accrued evidence for this index’s correlation with maladjustment.”
BackgroundResult
Gender and personality differences in conceptions of love: An interpersonal theory analysis
Fehr, B., & Broughton, R. (2001) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2001.tb00031.x · Cited by 64
The structure and perceptual basis of social judgments from faces
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Do perceptions of being treated fairly increase students’ outcomes? Teacher–student interactions and classroom justice in Italian adolescents
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Integrating leadership: The leadership circumplex
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“One of the most well-known circumplex structures, which conforms to the criteria mentioned earlier, is the interpersonal circumplex (Acton & Revelle, 2002; Browne & Cudeck, 1992; Fabrigar et al., 1997; Gurtman, 1993; Schmidt, Wagner, & Kiesler, 1999; Wiggins et al., 1989).”
Background
Vulnerability to burnout within the nursing workforce—The role of personality and interpersonal behaviour
Geuens, N., Bogaert, P. V., & Franck, E. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.13808 · Cited by 55
A questionnaire-wide association study of personality and mortality: The Vietnam Experience Study
Weiß, A., Galé, C. R., Batty, G. D., & Deary, I. J. (2013) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.02.010 · Cited by 56
“[23] Wiggins JS, Phillips NP, Trapnell P.”
Personality Structure and Interpersonal Problems: A Theoretically-Guided Tem Analysis of the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems
Gurtman, M. B. (1995) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191195002004005 · Cited by 54
Association between striatal and extrastriatal dopamine D2-receptor binding and social desirability
Červenka, S., Gustavsson, P. J., Halldin, C., & Farde, L. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.006 · Cited by 54
“Interestingly, it can be shown that the personality trait detachment, which in previous studies also has shown negative correlations to striatal D2-receptor as well as dopamine transporter binding (Breier et al., 1998; Farde et al., 1997; Laakso et al., 2000), loads high on submissiveness and disaffiliation in the IPC…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
When is a circumplex an "interpersonal circumplex"? The case of supportive actions.
Wiggins, J. S., & Trobst, K. K. (2004) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10261-003 · Cited by 51
Interpersonal rigidity and complementarity
Tracey, T. J. G. (2005) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2004.12.001 · Cited by 61
A validation of the Questionnaire on Teacher Interaction in Italian secondary school students: the effect of positive relations on motivation and academic achievement
Passini, S., Molinari, L., & Speltini, G. (2015) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-015-9300-3 · Cited by 48
Circumnavigating Dodge Morgan's Interpersonal Style
Wiggins, J. S. (1997) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1997.tb00544.x · Cited by 45
Situation-specificity of children's social goals: Changing goals according to changing situations?
Ojanen, T., Aunola, K., & Salmivalli, C. (2007) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025407074636 · Cited by 51
Predicting aggression in adolescence: The interrelation between (a lack of) empathy and social goals
van Hazebroek, B. C. M., Olthof, T., & Goossens, F. A. (2016) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21675 · Cited by 45
Personality Impressions from Facial Appearance
Todorov, A. T., Said, C. P., & Verosky, S. C. (2011) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199559053.013.0032 · Cited by 45
Development and validation of a measure of interpersonal strengths: The Inventory of Interpersonal Strengths.
Hatcher, R. L., & Rogers, D. T. (2009) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0017269 · Cited by 44
“Some interpersonal theorists suggest that such persons should have more ready and flexible access to a range of alternative ways of processing interpersonal experience, and on the basis of this reasoning, we expected that they would report fewer interpersonal problems, greater life satisfaction, and better relationshi…”
Background
The interpersonal process of cognitive-behavioral therapy: An examination of complementarity over the course of treatment.
Tracey, T. J. G., Sherry, P., & Albright, J. M. (1999) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.46.1.80 · Cited by 43

Authors: Wiggins, J. S., Phillips, N., & Trapnell, P.
Affiliations: University of British Columbia (CA)
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1989-02
Volume: 56
Issue: 2
Pages: 296-305
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.56.2.296
OpenAlex: W2092889888
Cited by: 255
References: 23
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 14.80
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Keywords: interpersonal behavior, circular reasoning, diagnostic classification, personality assessment

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Circular reasoning about interpersonal behavior: Evidence concerning some untested assumptions underlying diagnostic classification

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