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A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.
Abstract
Measures of emotional health and styles of responding to negative moods were obtained for 137 students 14 days before the Loma Prieta earthquake. A follow-up was done 10 days again 7 weeks after the earthquake to test predictions about which of the students would show the most enduring symptoms of depression and posttraumatic stress. Regression analysis showed that students who, before the earthquake, already had elevated levels of depression and stress symptoms and a ruminative style of responding to their symptoms had more depression and stress symptoms for both follow-ups. Students who were exposed to more dangerous or difficult circumstances because of the earthquake also had elevated symptom levels 10 days after the earthquake. Similarly, students who, during the 10 days after the earthquake, had more ruminations about the earthquake were still more likely to have high levels of depressive and stress symptoms 7 weeks after the earthquake.
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“Rumination was assessed in Sample C only, using the Ruminative Response Scale (RRS; Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991).”
From The psychological health benefits of accepting negative emotions and thoughts: Laboratory, diary, and longitudinal evidence (2018) · cites this paper as Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991
In the citing paper
“There is a large evidence base showing that rumination (a process similar to worry) in depressed mood is prospectively and positively associated with negative emotional outcomes (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000;Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991).”
From Metacognitive Theory and Therapy for Worry and Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Review and Status (2010) · cites this paper as Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991
In the citing paper
“The RTQ-10 is a 10-item, trans-diagnostic PRO measure [253] distilled from three disorder-specific scales: 1) the MDD-associated Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS [275]), 2) the GAD-associated Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ [276]), and 3) the SOC-associated Post-Event Processing Questionnaire-Revised (PEPQ-R [277]).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J.
- ORCID
- Morrow, Jannay
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1991
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 115-121
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W4249412541
- Cited by
- 3,276
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 120 · 2025: 204 · 2024: 192 · 2023: 192 · 2022: 154 · 2021: 194 · 2020: 151 · 2019: 140 · 2018: 163 · 2017: 151 · 2016: 147 · 2015: 172 · 2014: 163 · 2013: 136 · 2012: 132
- FWCI
- 6.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Geography, Planning and Development › Earthquake and Disaster Impact Studies
- Keywords
- depression, posttraumatic stress symptoms, natural disasters, Loma Prieta earthquake, disaster survivors, psychological trauma
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adjustment Disorders, Adult, California, Disasters, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Personality Tests, Prospective Studies, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
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