The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.
Abstract
Measures of emotional health and styles of responding to negative moods were obtained for 137 students 14 days before the Loma Prieta earthquake. A follow-up was done 10 days again 7 weeks after the earthquake to test predictions about which of the students would show the most enduring symptoms of depression and posttraumatic stress. Regression analysis showed that students who, before the earthquake, already had elevated levels of depression and stress symptoms and a ruminative style of responding to their symptoms had more depression and stress symptoms for both follow-ups. Students who were exposed to more dangerous or difficult circumstances because of the earthquake also had elevated symptom levels 10 days after the earthquake. Similarly, students who, during the 10 days after the earthquake, had more ruminations about the earthquake were still more likely to have high levels of depressive and stress symptoms 7 weeks after the earthquake.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Rumination was assessed in Sample C only, using the Ruminative Response Scale (RRS; Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991).”
From The psychological health benefits of accepting negative emotions and thoughts: Laboratory, diary, and longitudinal evidence (2018) · cites this paper as Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991
In the citing paper
“There is a large evidence base showing that rumination (a process similar to worry) in depressed mood is prospectively and positively associated with negative emotional outcomes (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000;Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991).”
From Metacognitive Theory and Therapy for Worry and Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Review and Status (2010) · cites this paper as Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991
In the citing paper
“The RTQ-10 is a 10-item, trans-diagnostic PRO measure [253] distilled from three disorder-specific scales: 1) the MDD-associated Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS [275]), 2) the GAD-associated Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ [276]), and 3) the SOC-associated Post-Event Processing Questionnaire-Revised (PEPQ-R [277]).”
Citations
Cites
The publisher hasn’t deposited this paper’s reference list.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,001–1,079 of 1,079
Larouche, E., Hudon, C., & Goulet, S. (2019) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.11.008 · Cited by 41
Letting go of self: the creation of the nonattachment to self scale
Whitehead, R., Bates, G., Elphinstone, B., Yang, Y., & Murray, G. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02544 · Cited by 41
Acceptance-Enhanced Expressive Writing Prevents Symptoms in Participants with Low Initial Depression
Baum, E. S., & Rude, S. S. (2013) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9435-x · Cited by 41
Szkodny, L. E., & Newman, M. G. (2019) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191117698753 · Cited by 38
Measuring Decentering and Related Constructs: Capacity and Limitations of Extant Assessment Scales
Hadash, Y., Lichtash, Y., & Bernstein, A. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0743-9 · Cited by 40
Does mindfulness change the mind? A novel psychonectome perspective based on Network Analysis
Roca, P., Diez, G. G., Castellanos, N., & Vazquez, C. (2019) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0219793 · Cited by 37
It's all about me: self-focused attention and depressed mood
Sloan, D. M. (2005) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-005-0511-1 · Cited by 39
Lopez‐Gomez, I., Chaves, C., Hervas, G., & Vazquez, C. (2017) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2129 · Cited by 39
Does rumination mediate the relationship between mindfulness and depressive relapse?
Kearns, N. P., Shawyer, F., Brooker, J. E., Graham, A. L., Enticott, J. C., Martin, P. R., & Meadows, G. N. (2016) · Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12064 · Cited by 39
Autobiographical memory dysfunctions in depressive disorders
Talarowska, M., Berk, M., Maes, M., & Gałecki, P. (2016) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12370 · Cited by 38
Lemmens, L. H., Arntz, A., Peeters, F. P., Hollon, S. D., Roefs, A., & Huibers, M. J. (2011) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-12-150 · Cited by 37
Rumination and Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia
Halari, R., Premkumar, P., Farquharson, L., Fannon, D., Kuipers, E., & Kumari, V. (2009) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181b3af20 · Cited by 37
Affective bias in internal attention shifting among depressed youth
Lo, B. C. Y., & Allen, N. B. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.10.001 · Cited by 35
White, R., & Wild, J. (2016) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2016.02.004 · Cited by 36
“If Only I Had Done Better”: Perfectionism and the Functionality of Counterfactual Thinking
Sirois, F. M., Monforton, J., & Simpson, M. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167210387614 · Cited by 47
Hallard, R. I., Wells, A., Aadahl, V., Emsley, R., & Pratt, D. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114083 · Cited by 36
Eisendrath, S. J., Gillung, E., Delucchi, K., Mathalon, D. H., Yang, T. T., Satre, D. D., Rosser, R., Sipe, W. E. B., & Wolkowitz, O. M. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0280-8 · Cited by 34
Kovacs, M., Yaroslavsky, I., Rottenberg, J., George, C. J., Kiss, E., Halas, K., Dochnal, R., Benák, I., Baji, I., Vetró, A., et al. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171600057x · Cited by 32
Rogers, M. L., Hom, M. A., Dougherty, S. P., Gallyer, A. J., & Joiner, T. E. (2020) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2018.1522283 · Cited by 31
Ljungman, L., Cernvall, M., Ghaderi, A., Ljungman, G., von Essen, L., & Ljótsson, B. (2018) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.4570 · Cited by 32
Ball, S. C., & Brewin, C. R. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.019511 · Cited by 32
Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Body Mindfulness Questionnaire
Burg, J. M., Probst, T., Heidenreich, T., & Michalak, J. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0659-9 · Cited by 32
Dorais, S., & Gutierrez, D. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.720824 · Cited by 29
Depressive rumination and the C957T polymorphism of the DRD2 gene
Whitmer, A. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2012) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-012-0112-z · Cited by 30
Bean, C. A. L., Aurora, P., Maddox, C. J., Mekota, R., & Updegraff, A. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23374 · Cited by 28
Khanpour Ardestani, S., Karkhaneh, M., Stein, E., Punja, S., Junqueira, D. R., Kuzmyn, T., Pearson, M., Smith, L., Olson, K., & Vohra, S. (2021) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina57070652 · Cited by 30
“Norway [43] Community Design: Single-arm trial Sample size: 10 Treatment duration: Eight weeks with three months follow-up Patients diagnosed with CFS by Canada criteria [88] Age (mean ± SD):43.5 ± 9.9, 80% female MBCT, Frequency: Weekly Duration: Two hours Self-practice: Homework with the aid of workbook and CD No co…”
MethodInfluentialHemodynamic profiles of functional and dysfunctional forms of repetitive thinking
Ottaviani, C., Brosschot, J. F., Lonigro, A., Medea, B., Van Diest, I., & Thayer, J. F. (2017) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-016-9851-3 · Cited by 29
Bailey, T., Shahabi, L., Tarvainen, M., Shapiro, D., & Ottaviani, C. (2019) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2019.1570821 · Cited by 29
Kolokotroni, P., Anagnostopoulos, F., & Hantzi, A. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-018-9555-x · Cited by 28
Impact of serotonergic medication on interoception in major depressive disorder
Burrows, K., DeVille, D. C., Cosgrove, K. T., Kuplicki, R. T., Paulus, M. P., Aupperle, R., Khalsa, S. S., Stewart, J. L., Bodurka, J., Guinjoan, S., et al. (2022) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108286 · Cited by 24
Perceived burdensomeness uniquely accounts for suicidal ideation severity in social anxiety disorder
Duffy, M. E., Mueller, N. E., Cougle, J. R., & Joiner, T. E. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.116 · Cited by 28
Lucena-Santos, P., Carvalho, S., Pinto-Gouveia, J., Gillanders, D., & Silva Oliveira, M. (2017) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2017.02.004 · Cited by 28
Cladder-Micus, M. B., Becker, E. S., Spijker, J., Speckens, A. E. M., & Vrijsen, J. N. (2019) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-019-09997-8 · Cited by 28
Erwin, M. C., Mitchell, M. A., Contractor, A. A., Dranger, P., Charak, R., & Elhai, J. D. (2018) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.01.012 · Cited by 27
Liu, Y., Zhang, F., Wang, Z., Cao, L., Wang, J., Na, A., Sun, Y., & Zhao, X. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.06.029 · Cited by 26
Doering, B. K., Barke, A., Friehs, T., & Eisma, M. C. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1630-1 · Cited by 27
Cross-Cultural and Gender Invariance of Transdiagnostic Processes in the United States and Singapore
Zainal, N. H., Newman, M. G., & Hong, R. Y. (2021) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191119869832 · Cited by 25
Demmin, D. L., Silverstein, S. M., & Shors, T. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.847301 · Cited by 24
“…instruments that assess posttraumatic thoughts (Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory [PTCI]; Foa et al., 1999) (five items), rumination (RRS; Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991) (five items), anxiety symptoms (Beck Anxiety Inventory [BAI]; Beck et al., 1988) (five items), and depressive symptoms (Beck…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGregório, S., Pinto-Gouveia, J., Duarte, C., & Simões, L. (2015) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2015.18 · Cited by 22
Multiple paths to rumination within a network analytical framework
Tamm, G., Koster, E. H. W., & Hoorelbeke, K. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-61469-6 · Cited by 22
“We measured rumination with the Ruminative Response Scale (RRS) 58,59 .”
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Late-Life Depression: a Randomised Controlled Trial
Shih, V. W., Chan, W.-C., Tai, O.-K., Wong, H.-L., Cheng, C. P., & Wong, C. S. (2021) · East Asian Archives of Psychiatry · doi:10.12809/eaap2075 · Cited by 23
Psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the Utrecht Grief Rumination Scale
Tang, S., Eisma, M. C., Li, J., & Chow, A. Y. M. (2019) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2348 · Cited by 22
Cheng, Q., Shi, C., Yan, C., Ren, Z., Chan, S. H.-W., Xiong, S., Zhang, T., & Zheng, H. (2022) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2021.1955864 · Cited by 24
“…to justify inactivity and social withdrawal (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008), and prompts them to control, avoid, or escape the upsetting inner experiences (Dinis et al., 2015) instead of initiating the active problem solving (Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991), which seems to intensify social anxiety.”
BackgroundHong, R. Y., & Paunonen, S. V. (2011) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00683.x · Cited by 21
Park, H., Sanchez, S. M., Kuplicki, R., Tsuchiyagaito, A., Khalsa, S. S., Paulus, M. P., & Guinjoan, S. M. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.10.020 · Cited by 20
Moffatt, J., Mitrenga, K. J., Alderson-Day, B., Moseley, P., & Fernyhough, C. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238920 · Cited by 17
Yu, M., Zhou, H., Xu, H., & Zhou, H. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.021 · Cited by 18
Worry and rumination have distinct associations with nighttime versus daytime sleep symptomology
Tutek, J., Gunn, H. E., & Lichstein, K. L. (2021) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2020.1725012 · Cited by 16
Viana, A. G., Paulus, D. J., Garza, M., Lemaire, C., Bakhshaie, J., Cardoso, J. B., Ochoa-Perez, M., Valdivieso, J., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.08.042 · Cited by 17
Kim, S., & Kwon, J.-H. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-019-10045-8 · Cited by 17
Nitzan-Assayag, Y., Yuval, K., Tanay, G., Aderka, I. M., Vujanovic, A. A., Litz, B., & Bernstein, A. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0666-x · Cited by 17
Woodhams, J., & Duran, F. (2024) · Communications Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44271-024-00060-1 · Cited by 16
Ng, R. M. K., & Bhugra, D. (2008) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2008.09.009 · Cited by 16
Ma, O. Y. T., & Lo, B. C. Y. (2022) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2021.101721 · Cited by 15
Yoga v Health Education for Attentional Processes Relevant to Major Depressive Disorder
West, J. L., Tremont, G., Miller, I. W., & Uebelacker, L. A. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01519-y · Cited by 14
Cao, Q., Zhao, H., Yao, J., & Liang, Y. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00200-5 · Cited by 13
Zhang, R., Jia, J., Zhang, D., & Zhao, X. (2019) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.14200 · Cited by 12
Rumination in Everyday Life: The Influence of Distancing, Immersion, and Distraction
Yasinski, C., Hayes, A. M., & Laurenceau, J.-P. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.042714 · Cited by 12
Perseverative negative thinking predicts depression in people with acute coronary syndrome
Trick, L., Watkins, E. R., Henley, W., Gandhi, M. M., & Dickens, C. (2019) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2019.06.012 · Cited by 11
Positive future-oriented fantasies and depressive symptoms: Indirect relationship through brooding
Macrynikola, N., Goklani, S., Slotnick, J., & Miranda, R. (2017) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2017.02.013 · Cited by 11
When Being Discrepant From One’s Ideal or Ought Selves Hurts: The Moderating Role of Neuroticism
Hong, R. Y., Triyono, W., & Ong, P. S. (2013) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1888 · Cited by 11
Assessing in-session rumination and its effects on CBT for depression
Kennedy, J. C., Dunlop, B. W., Craighead, L. W., Nemeroff, C. B., Mayberg, H. S., & Craighead, W. E. (2022) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2022.104209 · Cited by 11
Sang, Z., Chen, H.-F., Yeung, J., & Xu, L. (2024) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s463399 · Cited by 11
Williams, S., Clarke, S., & Edginton, T. (2023) · Cancer Reports · doi:10.1002/cnr2.1761 · Cited by 10
Öcalan, S., & Üzar‐Özçetin, Y. S. (2021) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.14916 · Cited by 10
Perez, T. M., Glue, P., Adhia, D. B., Navid, M. S., Zeng, J., Dillingham, P., Smith, M., Niazi, I. K., Young, C. K., & De Ridder, D. (2022) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-022-06863-z · Cited by 8
“Repetitive thinking questionnaire (RTQ‐10) The RTQ10 is a 10-item, trans-diagnostic PRO measure [253] distilled from three disorder-specific scales: 1) the MDDassociated Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS [275]), 2) the GAD-associated Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ [276]), and 3) the SOC-associated Post-Event Proce…”
MethodMindfulness training for chronic fatigue syndrome: A pilot study
Sollie, K., Næss, E. T., Solhaug, I., & Thimm, J. C. (2017) · Health Psychology Report · doi:10.5114/hpr.2017.65469 · Cited by 8
Dammen, T., Tunheim, K., Munkhaugen, J., & Papageorgiou, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.948081 · Cited by 8
Rumiación y fusión cognitiva en el cuidado familiar de personas con demencia
Romero-Moreno, R., Márquez-González, M., Losada, A., Fernández-Fernández, V., & Nogales-González, C. (2015) · Revista Espanola de Geriatria y Gerontologia · doi:10.1016/j.regg.2015.02.007 · Cited by 7
Measuring Early Maladaptive Schemas in Daily Life
Baxendell, R. S., Schmitter, M., Spijker, J., Keijsers, G. P. J., Tendolkar, I., & Vrijsen, J. N. (2025) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-025-10574-5 · Cited by 8
Structured writing about current stressors: The benefits of developing plans
Lestideau, O. T., & Lavallee, L. F. (2007) · Psychology & Health · doi:10.1080/14768320601176089 · Cited by 7
Shahkaram, H., Yaztappeh, J. S., Sadeghi, A., Kianimoghadam, A. S., Soltanabadi, S., Bakhtiari, M., & Arani, A. M. (2024) · BMC Gastroenterology · doi:10.1186/s12876-024-03142-w · Cited by 6
“This scale is a subscale of Nolen-Hoeksema and Morrow (1991) Response Styles Questionnaire and has 22 items that are scored on a four-point Likert scale from never = 1 to always = 4.”
MethodInfluentialDoes early emotional responding to initial mindfulness training impact intervention outcomes?
Harel, O., Hadash, Y., Levi-Belz, Y., & Bernstein, A. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-1018-9 · Cited by 5
Resting-state neural signatures of moral injury: associations with rumination
Fulton, T. M., Guelfo, A., Elbasheir, A., McDermott, T. J., Lee, J., Ahluwalia, V., Ely, T. D., Lathan, E. C., & Fani, N. (2026) · Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2025.08.001 · Cited by 5
The Contribution of Psychological Inflexibility and Metacognitive Processes to Emotional Distress.
Quan, H., & Zettle, R. D. (2023) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/jcpsy-d-21-00014 · Cited by 3
Mason, C. K., Kelley, K., & DeShong, H. L. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2023.100693
A metacognitive model and therapy for generalized anxiety disorder
Wells, A. (1999) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0879(199905)6:2
Rumination: relationships with physical health.
(2012) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 73
(2013) · Practice in Clinical Psychology · Cited by 57
Metadata
- Authors
- Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J.
- ORCID
- Morrow, Jannay
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1991
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 115-121
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W4249412541
- Cited by
- 3,276
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 120 · 2025: 204 · 2024: 192 · 2023: 192 · 2022: 154 · 2021: 194 · 2020: 151 · 2019: 140 · 2018: 163 · 2017: 151 · 2016: 147 · 2015: 172 · 2014: 163 · 2013: 136 · 2012: 132
- FWCI
- 6.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Geography, Planning and Development › Earthquake and Disaster Impact Studies
- Keywords
- depression, posttraumatic stress symptoms, natural disasters, Loma Prieta earthquake, disaster survivors, psychological trauma
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adjustment Disorders, Adult, California, Disasters, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Personality Tests, Prospective Studies, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review