Cited by 5,157Attachment and Relationship DynamicsPersonality Traits and PsychologyDeath Anxiety and Social Exclusion

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 57 of the 57 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Inclusion of Other in the Self Scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness.

Aron, Arthur, Aron, Elaine N., Smollan, Danny·1992·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

In 2 studies, the Inclusion of Other in the Self (IOS) Scale, a single-item, pictorial measure of closeness, demonstrated alternate-form and test-retest reliability; convergent validity with the Relationship Closeness Inventory (Berscheid, Snyder, & Omoto, 1989), the Sternberg (1988) Intimacy Scale, and other measures; discriminant validity; minimal social desirability correlations; and predictive validity for whether romantic relationships were intact 3 months later

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0022-3514.63.4.596

Cites

57 of 57 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The psychology of interpersonal relations
Heider, F. (1958) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2089062 · Cited by 17,189
Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix.
Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0046016 · Cited by 17,116
EQS : structural equations program manual
Bentler, P. M. (1989) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 9,669
Measuring Dyadic Adjustment: New Scales for Assessing the Quality of Marriage and Similar Dyads
Spanier, G. B. (1976) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/350547 · Cited by 7,095
The attraction paradigm
(1972) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(72)80121-7 · Cited by 4,366
Handbook of Social Cognition
Wyer, R. S., & Srull, T. K. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315807102 · Cited by 4,211
I and Thou
Buber, M., & Kaufmann, W. (1923) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,197
The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender
Giles-Sims, J., & Chodorow, N. J. (1979) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/351719 · Cited by 3,178
Two-component models of socially desirable responding.
Paulhus, D. L. (1984) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.46.3.598 · Cited by 3,013
Interpersonal Relations: A Theory of Interdependence
Hansen, D. A., Kelley, H. H., & Thibaut, J. W. (1982) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/351281 · Cited by 2,782

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 57 references

Sorted by citations

Items 101–142 of 142

Playing with Strangers: Which Shared Traits Attract Us Most to New People?
Launay, J., & Dunbar, R. I. M. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129688 · Cited by 65
Oxytocin blurs the self-other distinction during trait judgments and reduces medial prefrontal cortex responses: Oxytocin Blurs Self-Other Distinction
Zhao, W., Yao, S., Li, Q., Geng, Y., Ma, X., Luo, L., Xu, L., & Kendrick, K. M. (2016) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23190 · Cited by 65
Coping with the COVID-19 Pandemic: Perceived Changes in Psychological Vulnerability, Resilience and Social Cohesion before, during and after Lockdown
Silveira, S., Hecht, M., Matthaeus, H., Adli, M., Voelkle, M. C., & Singer, T. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19063290 · Cited by 60
Broadening your mind to include others: the relationship between serotonergic psychedelic experiences and maladaptive narcissism.
van Mulukom, V., Patterson, R. E., & van Elk, M. (2020) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-020-05568-y · Cited by 62
Autonomy Support and its Links to Physical Activity and Competitive Performance: Mediations Through Motivation, Competence, Action Orientation and Harmonious Passion, and the Moderator Role of Autonomy Support by Perceived Competence
Halvari, H., Ulstad, S. O., Bagøien, T. E., & Skjesol, K. (2009) · Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00313830903302059 · Cited by 59
Structure and validity of measures of decentering and defusion
Naragon-Gainey, K., & DeMarree, K. G. (2017) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000405 · Cited by 56
Sociality and intergenerational transfer of older adults' nostalgia
Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., & Robertson, S. (2018) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2018.1470645 · Cited by 58
A neurobiological association of revenge propensity during intergroup conflict
Han, X., Gelfand, M. J., Wu, B., Zhang, T., Li, W., Gao, T., Pang, C., Wu, T., Zhou, Y., Zhou, S., et al. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.52014 · Cited by 58
Self-other bodily merging in the context of synchronous but arbitrary-related multisensory inputs.
Mazzurega, M., Pavani, F., Paladino, M. P., & Schubert, T. W. (2011) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-011-2744-6 · Cited by 56
Lessons From an App Update at Replika AI: Identity Discontinuity in Human-AI Relationships
De Freitas, J., Castelo, N., Uğuralp, A. K., & Oğuz-Uğuralp, Z. (2024) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2412.14190 · Cited by 55
Online peer support training to promote adolescents’ emotional support skills, mental health and agency during COVID-19: Randomised controlled trial and qualitative evaluation
Pavarini, G., Reardon, T., Hollowell, A., Bennett, V., Lawrance, E., Peer Support Young People’s Advisory Group, Brooks-Hall, E., Foster-Estwick, A., Juma, D. O., Lewis, P., et al. (2023) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01933-0 · Cited by 51
Endogenous oxytocin, cortisol, and testosterone in response to group singing
Bowling, D. L., Gahr, J., Ancochea, P. G., Hoeschele, M., Canoine, V., Fusani, L., & Fitch, W. T. (2022) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.105105 · Cited by 51
The development and validation of the Relational Self-esteem Scale
DU, H., KING, R. B., & CHI, P. (2012) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2012.00946.x · Cited by 52
My Child Redeems My Broken Dreams: On Parents Transferring Their Unfulfilled Ambitions onto Their Child
Brummelman, E., Thomaes, S., Slagt, M., Overbeek, G., de Castro, B. O., & Bushman, B. J. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065360 · Cited by 42
Collective effervescence, self-transcendence, and gender differences in social well-being during 8 March demonstrations
Zumeta, L. N., Castro-Abril, P., Méndez, L., Pizarro, J. J., Włodarczyk, A., Basabe, N., Navarro-Carrillo, G., Padoan-De Luca, S., da Costa, S., Alonso-Arbiol, I., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.607538 · Cited by 41
Examining the Potential Synergistic Effects Between Mindfulness Training and Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy
Eleftheriou, M. E., & Thomas, E. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.707057 · Cited by 39
“Mindfulness Inventory (143); IOS, Inclusion of Others in the Self scale (144); LCI-R, Life Changes Inventory (135); LOT-R, Life-Orientation Test-Revised (145); MEDEQ, Meditation Depth Questionnaire (146); NAS, Non-attachment Scale”
Method
Meditation Effects in the Social Domain: Self-Other Connectedness as a General Mechanism?
Trautwein, F.-M., Naranjo, J. R., & Schmidt, S. (2014) · Studies in Neuroscience, Consciousness and Spirituality · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-01634-4_10 · Cited by 45
The closer you feel, the more you care: Positive associations between closeness, pain intensity rating, empathic concern and personal distress to someone in pain
Grynberg, D., & Konrath, S. (2020) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103175 · Cited by 36
Investigating differential effects of socio-emotional and mindfulness-based online interventions on mental health, resilience and social capacities during the COVID-19 pandemic: The study protocol
Godara, M., Silveira, S., Matthäus, H., Heim, C., Voelkle, M., Hecht, M., Binder, E. B., & Singer, T. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256323 · Cited by 38
The effects of uppercase vs. lowercase letters on consumers’ perceptions and brand attitudes
Teng, L., Xie, C., Liu, T., Wang, F., & Foti, L. (2021) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.07.013 · Cited by 32
The green eyed monster in the bottle: Relationship contingent self-esteem, romantic jealousy, and alcohol-related problems
DiBello, A. M., Rodriguez, L. M., Hadden, B. W., & Neighbors, C. (2015) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.05.008 · Cited by 33
Mediated wisdom of experience revisited: delay discounting, acceptance of death, and closeness to future self.
Slater, M. D., Oliver, M. B., Appel, M., Tchernev, J. M., & Silver, N. A. (2018) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1093/hcr/hqx004 · Cited by 31
Safety, tolerability, and clinical and neural effects of single-dose psilocybin in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Protocol for a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, non-crossover trial
Ching, T. H. W., Grazioplene, R., Bohner, C., Kichuk, S. A., DePalmer, G., D’Amico, E., Eilbott, J., Jankovsky, A., Burke, M., Hokanson, J., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1178529 · Cited by 29
Spatial frame of reference as a phenomenological feature of self-transcendence: Measurement and manipulation through mindfulness meditation
Hanley, A. W., & Garland, E. L. (2019) · Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice · doi:10.1037/cns0000204 · Cited by 29
Social anxiety, cortisol, and early-stage friendship
Ketay, S., Welker, K. M., Beck, L. A., Thorson, K. R., & Slatcher, R. B. (2019) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407518774915 · Cited by 27
Interpersonal Physiological Synchrony During Dyadic Joint Action Is Increased by Task Novelty and Reduced by Social Anxiety
Boukarras, S., Placidi, V., Rossano, F., Era, V., Aglioti, S. M., & Candidi, M. (2025) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.70031 · Cited by 23
Incorporating physical appearance into one’s sense of self: Self-concept clarity, thin-ideal internalization, and appearance-self integration
Vartanian, L. R., Hayward, L. E., & Carter, J. J. (2023) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2022.2070538 · Cited by 21
Why we dehumanize illegal immigrants: A US mixed-methods study
Markowitz, D. M., & Slovic, P. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0257912 · Cited by 21
Oxytocin increases the perceived value of both self- and other-owned items and alters medial prefrontal cortex activity in an endowment task.
Zhao, W., Geng, Y., Luo, L., Zhao, Z., Ma, X., Xu, L., Yao, S., & Kendrick, K. M. (2017) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00272 · Cited by 20
When people low in social class become a persuasive source of communication: Social class of other donors and charitable donations
Cha, M.-K., Yi, Y., & Lee, J. (2020) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.02.039 · Cited by 18
Warning Signals for Poor Performance Improve Human-Robot Interaction
Van den Brule, R., Bijlstra, G., Dotsch, R., Haselager, P., & Wigboldus, D. H. J. (2016) · Journal of Human-Robot Interaction · doi:10.5898/jhri.5.2.van_den_brule · Cited by 17
Reducing Loneliness through the Power of Practicing Together: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Online Dyadic Socio-Emotional vs. Mindfulness-Based Training
Matthaeus, H., Godara, M., Silveira, S., Hecht, M., Voelkle, M., & Singer, T. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21050570 · Cited by 15
Oxytocin effects on self-referential processing: behavioral and neuroimaging evidence
Liu, Y., Wu, B., Wang, X., Li, W., Zhang, T., Wu, X., & Han, S. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx116 · Cited by 15
Does Power Reduce Temporal Discounting? Commentary on Joshi and Fast (2013)
Zhang, M., & Smith, P. K. (2018) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797617754219 · Cited by 13
The potential of wearable technology for monitoring social interactions based on interpersonal synchrony
Hänsel, K., Katevas, K., Orgs, G., Richardson, D. C., Alomainy, A., & Haddadi, H. (2018) · Proceedings of the 4th ACM Workshop on Wearable Systems and Applications · doi:10.1145/3211960.3211979 · Cited by 12
The influence of culture on wise reasoning in the context of self-friend conflict and its mechanism
WEI, X., & WANG, F. (2021) · Acta Psychologica Sinica · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1041.2021.01244 · Cited by 11
Psychometric evaluation of a controlled social affiliation paradigm: Findings from anxiety, depressive disorder, and healthy samples
Hoffman, S. N., Thomas, M. L., Pearlstein, S. L., Kakaria, S., Oveis, C., Stein, M. B., & Taylor, C. T. (2021) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2021.04.003 · Cited by 11
Emotional Coregulation in Close Relationships with AI Agents: A Survey of ChatGPT and Replika Users
Pruss, E., Alimardani, M., Struijs, S., & Koole, S. L. (2025) · Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction · doi:10.1145/3765766.3765801 · Cited by 4
“However, there were no significant between-group differences in perceived closeness with the AI agent (measured by the Inclusion of Other in Self scale [5]) or the frequency of emotional conversations re-ported by the participants ( 𝑊 = 309 ,𝑝 = .”
Existential threat and responses to emotional displays of ingroup and outgroup members
Wessler, J., van der Schalk, J., Hansen, J., Klackl, J., Jonas, E., Fons, M., Doosje, B., & Fischer, A. (2023) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302221128229 · Cited by 3
“Participants then began the computerized task run by Inquisit 4.0 (Millisecond), starting with a premeasure of the IOS scale (Aron et al., 1992).”
MethodInfluential
Inheriting Versus Developing Data Analytic Tests and Auditors’ Professional Skepticism
LI, X., BRAZEL, J. F., GOLD, A., & LEIBY, J. (2026) · Journal of Accounting Research · doi:10.1111/1475-679x.70014 · Cited by 3
L'immagine corporea in donne con tumore al seno. Una ricerca entro una prospettiva relazionale
Saita, E., Ferraris, G., Molgora, S., Fenaroli, V., & Grassi, M. (2019) · RICERCHE DI PSICOLOGIA · doi:10.3280/rip2018-004011 · Cited by 1
Online peer support training to promote adolescents’ emotional support skills, mental health and agency during COVID-19: A pilot randomised controlled trial
Pavarini, G., Reardon, T., Hollowell, A., Bennett, V., Lawrance, E., Group, P. S. Y. P. A., Pinfold, V., & Singh, I. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/m7syr · Cited by 1

Authors: Aron, A., Aron, E. N., & Smollan, D.
Affiliations: University of California, Santa Cruz (US)
ORCID: Aron, Arthur
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1992-10
Volume: 63
Issue: 4
Pages: 596-612
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.63.4.596
OpenAlex: W2014833927
Semantic Scholar: 3f41735b944cb71f0965b84a8ca5099f6a6ab016
Cited by: 5,157
References: 57
Citations by year: 2026: 334 · 2025: 411 · 2024: 318 · 2023: 318 · 2022: 353 · 2021: 367 · 2020: 369 · 2019: 299 · 2018: 313 · 2017: 264 · 2016: 239 · 2015: 243 · 2014: 182 · 2013: 188 · 2012: 142
FWCI: 5.49
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Keywords: relationship closeness, romantic relationships, relationship satisfaction, intimacy, scale reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, social desirability, relationship stability

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Inclusion of Other in the Self Scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks