Cited by 1,543Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesMental Health Research TopicsGender Roles and Identity Studies

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Explaining the gender difference in depressive symptoms.

Nolen-Hoeksema, Susan, Larson, Judith, Grayson, Carla·1999·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.77.5.1061

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Abstract

It was hypothesized that women are more vulnerable to depressive symptoms than men because they are more likely to experience chronic negative circumstances (or strain), to have a low sense of mastery, and to engage in ruminative coping. The hypotheses were tested in a 2-wave study of approximately 1,100 community-based adults who were 25 to 75 years old. Chronic strain, low mastery, and rumination were each more common in women than in men and mediated the gender difference in depressive symptoms. Rumination amplified the effects of mastery and, to some extent, chronic strain on depressive symptoms. In addition, chronic strain and rumination had reciprocal effects on each other over time, and low mastery also contributed to more rumination. Finally, depressive symptoms contributed to more rumination and less mastery over time.

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“This gender difference in depressive symptoms appears to emerge in early adolescence and then remains throughout the adult life span ( Kessler et al., 1993; Nolen-Hoeksema & Girgus, 1994).”
Background
Ruminative coping with depressed mood following loss.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Parker, L. E., & Larson, J. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.1.92 · Cited by 932 · cited 1×
“In turn, a number of laboratory and field studies have shown that people who engage in rumination when distressed show longer and more severe periods of depressive symptoms and are more likely to develop full depressive disorders than those who do not engage in rumination (Alloy & Abramson, 1997; Nolen-Hoeksema & Morr…”
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Self-regulatory perseveration and the depressive self-focusing style: A self-awareness theory of reactive depression.
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“It has been hypothesized that women are more susceptible to experiencing depressive symptoms compared to men [22, 23].”
Background
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“According to studies carried out by Nolen-Hoeksema et al. (1999) these students could have consequences in their future related to the increase of anxious and depressive moods.”
Background
Inhibition on irrelevant negative information alleviates the mediating role of psychological distress in the association between trait rumination and symptoms of depression and anxiety
Putra, K. A., Prasetio, C. E., & Sianipar, A. (2023) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2023.2228556 · Cited by 2
“…individual’s risk of developing depression or anxiety through the generation of persistent unpleasant feelings and thoughts, which in turn makes rumination more harmful and hinders one’s capacity for problem-solving and adaptive action (McLaughlin et al., 2007; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1999, 2008).”
Background
MEDIA EXPOSURE INDUCED SECONDARY TRAUMATIC STRESS AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS OF PAKISTAN: ROLE OF PERSONAL VARIABLES
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Background
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Background
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“The Brief (5-Item) Ruminative Response Scale (RRS) The 22-item RRS [36] was first revised into 10 items by Treynor and colleagues [37] reflecting the two subscales of rumination, i.e., brooding and reflection (5 items each).”
MethodInfluential
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“Since the research was interventional, the least sample size in each group included 15 individuals (14).”
Background
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“The scale has optimal internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha=.90; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1999).”
Background
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Authors: Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Larson, J., & Grayson, C.
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1999
Volume: 77
Issue: 5
Pages: 1061-1072
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.77.5.1061
OpenAlex: W2083186275
Cited by: 1,543
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 103 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 99 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 71 · 2014: 70 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 62
FWCI: 28.68
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (MH51817, R01MH051817)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
Keywords: gender differences, depressive symptoms, rumination, chronic strain, sense of mastery, mediation, reciprocal effects, coping
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Aged, California, Depression, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Negativism, Population Surveillance, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Stress, Psychological, Thinking, Sex Distribution

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Explaining the gender difference in depressive symptoms.

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