The DOI matches its Crossref record; 68 of the 68 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Cyberostracism: effects of being ignored over the Internet
Abstract
Ostracism is such a widely used and powerful tactic that the authors tested whether people would be affected by it even under remote and artificial circumstances. In Study 1, 1,486 participants from 62 countries accessed the authors' on-line experiment on the Internet. They were asked to use mental visualization while playing a virtual tossing game with two others (who were actually computer generated and controlled). Despite the minimal nature of their experience, the more participants were ostracized, the more they reported feeling bad, having less control, and losing a sense of belonging. In Study 2, ostracized participants were more likely to conform on a subsequent task. The results are discussed in terms of supporting K. D. Williams's (1997) need threat theory of ostracism.
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“Ostracized participants subsequently report lower levels of belonging, self-esteem, and meaningful existence, as well as a reduced sense of need (Williams, Cheung, & Choi, 2000; Zadro et al., 2004).”
From Toward objective characterizations of suicide risk: A narrative review of laboratory-based cognitive and behavioral tasks (2023) · cites this paper as Williams, Cheung, & Choi, 2000
In the citing paper
“An experimental design which has proven to be a reliable paradigm to elicit exclusion-related distress is a virtual ball-tossing game called Cyberball”
From Chronic Childhood Peer Rejection is Associated with Heightened Neural Responses to Social Exclusion During Adolescence (2016) · cites this paper as Williams et al. 2000
In the citing paper
“In a similar vein, threats to one’s need to belong [53], and one’s sense of personal control [34], increase conformity and support for the national government, respectively.”
From The amoral atheist? A cross-national examination of cultural, motivational, and cognitive antecedents of disbelief, and their implications for morality (2021) · cites this paper as [53]
In the citing paper
“based on a substantial literature linking various existential threats to increased group cohesion [34, 51–54]”
From The amoral atheist? A cross-national examination of cultural, motivational, and cognitive antecedents of disbelief, and their implications for morality (2021) · cites this paper as [53]
In the citing paper
“Cyberball (Williams, Cheung, & Choi, 2000) is a virtual ball-tossing game commonly used to simulate social exclusion in neuroimaging studies (for review and meta-analysis, see Vijayakumar, Cheng, & Pfeifer, 2017).”
From Feeling left out or just surprised? Neural correlates of social exclusion and overinclusion in adolescence (2020) · cites this paper as Williams, Cheung, & Choi, 2000
In the citing paper
“The social exclusion manipulation employed the Cyberball game (Williams et al., 2000) which creates the subjective experience of being excluded using a computerized ball-toss game played by the subject and two peers ostensibly connected via the Internet.”
From Risk-taking and social exclusion in adolescence: neural mechanisms underlying peer influences on decision-making (2013) · cites this paper as Williams et al., 2000
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Metadata
- Authors
- Williams, K. D., Cheung, C. K. T., & Choi, W.
- Affiliations
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- ORCID
- Williams, Kipling D.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2000
- Volume
- 79
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 748-762
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2087608601
- Cited by
- 2,276
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 91 · 2025: 125 · 2024: 128 · 2023: 131 · 2022: 114 · 2021: 150 · 2020: 136 · 2019: 116 · 2018: 138 · 2017: 136 · 2016: 121 · 2015: 133 · 2014: 130 · 2013: 143 · 2012: 101
- FWCI
- 15.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Keywords
- ostracism, need to belong, perceived control, conformity, virtual social interaction, mental visualization
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Data Collection, Female, Group Processes, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Rejection, Psychology, Research Design, Self Concept, Self Disclosure, Social Conformity, Social Isolation, Internet
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