Cited by 1,393Social and Intergroup PsychologyPersonality Traits and PsychologyPsychological Testing and Assessment

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

Using the implicit association test to measure self-esteem and self-concept

Greenwald, Anthony G., Farnham, Shelly D.·2000·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Experiment 1 used the Implicit Association Test (IAT; A. G. Greenwald, D. E. McGhee, & J. L. K. Schwartz, 1998) to measure self-esteem by assessing automatic associations of self with positive or negative valence. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed that two IAT measures defined a factor that was distinct from, but weakly correlated with, a factor defined by standard explicit (self-report) measures of self-esteem. Experiment 2 tested known-groups validity of two IAT gender self-concept measures. Compared with well-established explicit measures, the IAT measures revealed triple the difference in measured masculinity-femininity between men and women. Again, CFA revealed construct divergence between implicit and explicit measures. Experiment 3 assessed the self-esteem IAT's validity in predicting cognitive reactions to success and failure. High implicit self-esteem was associated in the predicted fashion with buffering against adverse effects of failure on two of four measures.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0022-3514.79.6.1022

Cites

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Sorted by citations

Items 901–1,000 of 1,014

Multitrait Multimethod validation of Implicit Association Test as a measure of individual differences in personality: Is there personality at all?
Lazarević, L. B., Bjekić, J., & Knežević, G. (2021) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104124 · Cited by 3
Research in context effects of graded affective valence videos on results of measurements of implicit attitudes towards risky driving
Plotka, I., Blumenau, N., Igonin, D., & Vinogradova, Z. (2021) · Engineering for Rural Development · doi:10.22616/erdev.2021.20.tf272 · Cited by 3
“Two-category Implicit Association Test (Self-Concept IAT) developed on the basis of Greenwald and Farnham [26].”
BackgroundMethod
Personality in Cross-Cultural Perspective
Dragūns, J. G., & Tanaka‐Matsumi, J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.037 · Cited by 4
Primed to Like Yourself – Can Self-evaluative Cognition Be Changed by Learning Contingencies of Self-evaluative Statements and Truth-values?
Jusepeitis, A., & Rothermund, K. (2023) · Collabra Psychology · doi:10.1525/collabra.74788 · Cited by 3
The Social Connection in Mental Representations of Space: Explicit and Implicit Evidence
Taylor, H. A., Wang, Q., Gagnon, S. A., Maddox, K. B., & Brunyé, T. T. (2011) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-23196-4_13 · Cited by 3
Models of Physical Health and Personality
Heilmayr, D., & Friedman, H. S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.019 · Cited by 2
A Környezeti Identitás szerepe a környezettudatos viselkedés kialakulásában
Piskóti, M. (2015) · doi:10.14267/phd.2015036 · Cited by 5
Alternatives to Self‐Reports
Galić, Z., Bubić, A., & Kovačić, M. P. (2016) · doi:10.1002/9781119173489.ch16 · Cited by 3
The Relationship Between Attitudes Towards Violence and Violent Behaviour: The Use of Implicit and Self-Report Measures
Maimone, S. (2014) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2014-10536 · Cited by 2
Implicit Association Test
Jordan, C. H. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_1133 · Cited by 3
High self-esteem discrepancy and low implicit self-esteem are associated with facial rejection bias
Korzeniowska, P., Guo, K., & Pollux, P. M. J. (2025) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2025.113421 · Cited by 2
The self-prioritization effect in 9- to 11-year-old children: The different roles of explicit and implicit self-esteem
Tan, H., & Li, X. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105713 · Cited by 2
Implicit and explicit gender identification in autistic and nonautistic gender clinic-referred youth, and their caregivers
Kallitsounaki, A., Fysh, M. C., Williams, D. M., Spinner, L., & Kennedy, E. (2025) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-025-02869-5 · Cited by 2
Healthy food and its influence on consumption: Explicit and implicit attitudes
Brazil, J. M., Milagres, M. P., Lima, E. R., et al. (2016) · International Archives of Medicine · doi:10.3823/2108 · Cited by 2
“Therefore, when trying to understand the attitudes, decisions, emotions, and motives of consumers, unconscious to automatic processes should be considered(6,7,8,9,10).”
Background
Development of the Tablet PC Version of Self-Esteem Implicit Association Test (SE-IAT/Tablet) for Children
Yokoshima, T., Ogami, Y., Kaya, I., et al. (2020) · JAPANESE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON EMOTIONS · doi:10.4092/jsre.27.2_61 · Cited by 2
Surgeon Implicit Association of Women With Supportive Roles in Medicine
Alexander, J., Rajagopalan, D., Ramtin, S., Ngoue, M., Ring, D., & Adams, J. E. (2023) · Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons · doi:10.5435/jaaos-d-23-00082 · Cited by 2
Halal Malaysia Brand Image: Analyzing the impact of negative publicities using implicit and explicit measure
Ismail, W. R. W., Mazlan, N. H., Rahim, N., & Bakar, A. R. A. (2023) · Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal · doi:10.21834/e-bpj.v8isi14.5058 · Cited by 2
Indirect measures of social identities: implicit association tests assess self-categorization, match–mismatch paradigms distinguish identification from disidentification
Matschke, C., Roth, J., Deutsch, R., Heineck, P., & de Vreeze, J. (2025) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2025.2499138 · Cited by 2
Implicit Measures of Agentic Narcissism and Their Relationships with Self-Enhancement
Dentale, F., & Vecchione, M. (2025) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2025.2509495 · Cited by 2
Beyond the text: Voice as a stable marker of self-esteem
Zang, X., Wang, S., & Yang, J. (2025) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2025.104636 · Cited by 2
The Test of Implicit Attitudes Towards Persons with Visual, Intellectual and Motor Disabilities (IAT-VIMD): A Preliminary Study
Kurtek, P. (2021) · Roczniki Psychologiczne · doi:10.18290/rpsych2113 · Cited by 2
Development of a German Implicit Measure of Religiosity
Bachmann, R. (2014) · Archive for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1163/15736121-12341286 · Cited by 2
“…the fact that each concept is represented by two opposite categories, IATs that measure the self-concept had to represent the self by the categories “I” and “others” (Greenwald & Farnham, 2000), which caused methodical problems on account of the dissimilarity of these categories (Karpinski, 2004).”
Background
Conceptual Organization of Self-representation: A Self-similarity Heuristic for Novel Person Representations
LeBarr, A. N., Grundy, J. G., Ali, M., & Shedden, J. M. (2015) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2015.1072580 · Cited by 2
“…associative strengths between self and a valenced attribute concept (i.e., positive versus negative words) to determine implicit self-esteem (Greenwald & Farnham, 2000; Karpinski, 2004), between self and a non-valenced attribute concept (e.g., masculinity versus femininity) to uncover…”
Background
The effects of implicit anxiety on the performance of skin self‐examinations
Millar, M. G., & Westfall, R. S. (2015) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12321 · Cited by 4
Individual Differences in Affective Priming Effects: Any Links with Personality and Trait Affectivity?
Rebernjak, B., & Buško, V. (2016) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-016-9532-1 · Cited by 2
“With the widespread use of dual processing theories in explaining phenomena as diverse as personality (Greenwald and Farnham 2000), memory (Roediger 1990) or attitudes (Petty and Cacioppo 1986), research focus has shifted to studying automatic processes.”
Background
Risky Choice Decisions from a Tri-Reference Point Perspective
Kenney, K., null, N., null, N., & null, N. (2016) · Academic Leadership Journal in Student Research · doi:10.58809/ypry5578 · Cited by 2
“Some research has suggested that self-report measures may not always accurately capture attitudes that a participant holds (e.g., Greenwald & Farnham, 2000).”
Background
Do Defensive Pessimists Have Really Low Self-Esteem?: An Examination Focused on the Implicit Self-Esteem
Shimizu, H., & Nakashima, K. (2018) · The Japanese Journal of Personality · doi:10.2132/personality.27.1.4 · Cited by 2
Crossing Empirical and Clinical Studies on Narcissism:
Kawasaki, N. (2019) · The Annual Report of Educational Psychology in Japan · doi:10.5926/arepj.58.167 · Cited by 2
Beyond Smiles: Static Expressions in Maxillary Protrusion and Associated Positivity
Chen, L., Jiang, J., Li, X., Ding, J., Paterson, K. B., & Rao, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.514016 · Cited by 2
Mass media exposure and disproportional influences on materialistic values and buying impulsiveness among urban youth
Yu, N., & Nam‐Speers, J. (2021) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/ssqu.13020 · Cited by 3
Attachment Theory
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.020 · Cited by 4
Development and Validation of Implicit Measures for Organizational Climate
Meyer, K. (2022) · Journal of Organizational Psychology · doi:10.33423/jop.v22i1.5016
When a Negative Experience Sticks With You: Does the Revised Outcome Debriefing Counteract the Consequences of Experimental Ostracism in Psychological Research?
Miketta, S., & Friese, M. (2024) · Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics · doi:10.1177/15562646241227065 · Cited by 3
“To measure implicit self-esteem, we used a self-esteem-IAT (Bluemke & Friese, 2012; Greenwald & Farnham, 2000).”
Method
Bilinguals in social and emotional contexts: How positive and negative moods shape stereotype judgements in bilingual women
Naranowicz, M., & Jankowiak, K. (2024) · International Journal of Bilingualism · doi:10.1177/13670069241292489 · Cited by 4
“Stereotypes represent social knowledge that encompasses pre-existing semantic knowledge about the world and profoundly influences human perception, actions, and attitudes (Greenwald & Farnham, 2000; Siyanova-Chanturia et al., 2012).”
Discrepant negative self-associations as a risk factor for depressive deterioration after outpatient psychotherapy
Penedo, J. M. G., Krieger, T., Koditek, M. C., & Holtforth, M. G. (2020) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2020.101576 · Cited by 2
Lack of affective priming indicates attitude-behaviour discrepancy for COVID-19 affiliated words
Moro, S. S., & Steeves, J. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-01210-9 · Cited by 3
Unconscious associations between stressor type and ability to cope: An experimental approach using ancient and modern sources of stress
Katsampouris, E., Turner‐Cobb, J. M., Arnold, R., & Barnett, J. C. (2022) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12587 · Cited by 2
Stereotype Threat and Implicit Attitudes: Implications for the Leaky Pipeline of Women in Science
Stamm, K. E. (2009) · doi:10.23860/diss-stamm-karen-2009 · Cited by 2
Differential Effects of State Shame and Self-Affirmation on Reactive Aggression
Marcotte, M. A. (2017) · Digital Commons - URI (University of Rhode Island) · doi:10.23860/diss-marcotte-melissa-2017 · Cited by 2
“…have shown that experiencing this threat actually increases implicit self-esteem through compensation but reduces explicit self-esteem (e.g., Greenwald & Farnham, 2000), while other studies have shown explicit self-esteem to increase (e.g., Baumeister & Jones, 1978;…”
The Effects of Stigma Awareness on the Self-Esteem of Singles
Morris, W. L. (2005) · doi:10.18130/v3cz6n · Cited by 2
“They also completed a paper based version of an Implicit Association Test (IAT) designed to measure self-esteem (Greenwald & Farnham, 2000).”
Method
Effects of a Virtual Gender Swap on Social and Temporal Decision-MakingPreprint
Bolt, E., Ho, J. T.-H., Lesur, M. R., et al. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/84v9n · Cited by 2
Reducing implicit cognitive biases through the performing artsPreprint
García‐Arch, J., Ventura-Gabarró, C., Adamuz, P. L., Calvo, P. G., & Fuentemilla, L. (2020) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/5swpu · Cited by 2
Neural representations of self-beliefs and the self-concept
Zahn, R., Fischer, R. D., de Oliveira‐Souza, R., & Moll, J. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820480-1.00146-7 · Cited by 2
Selbstwerttherapie
Hanning, S., & Chmielewski, F. (2020) · Psychotherapeut · doi:10.1007/s00278-020-00446-6 · Cited by 1
Personality Traits and Mental Disorders
Hakulinen, C. A., Jokela, M. M., Mika Kivimaki, B., & Elovainio, M. J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.018 · Cited by 4
Anxiety, Depression and Cognitive Dysfunction
Eysenck, M. W., & Holmes, A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.033 · Cited by 3
Personality and Crime
Lynam, D. R., Vize, C. E., & Miller, J. D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.043 · Cited by 2
Why beliefs are not dispositional stereotypes
Moore, A. G., & Botterill, G. (2023) · Theoria · doi:10.1111/theo.12475 · Cited by 1
Oxytocin modulation of explicit pandemic stigma in men with varying social anxiety levels
Wang, Y., Zhu, J., Wang, J., & Mu, Y. (2024) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110140 · Cited by 1
Reaction Time Measures
Heider, J. D. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009000796.018 · Cited by 1
Implicit self-esteem decreases depressive symptoms, but explicit self-esteem does not: longitudinal study in Japan using the Name Letter Test
Ohno, H., & Hasegawa, A. (2025) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2025.2456329 · Cited by 1
“1. there are different implicit self-esteem measures, including the implicit association test (greenwald & Farnham, 2000). however, whether different implicit self-esteem measures tap the same construct is questionable because scores on these measures have little correlation (Bosson et al., 2000).…”
Maximization in decision-making as compensation for threatened self-esteem
Huang, H., Zeigler‐Hill, V., & Li, H. (2025) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2025.113311 · Cited by 2
Self-Disclosure of Mental Health via Deepfakes: Testing the Effects of Self-Deepfakes on Affective Resistance and Intention to Seek Mental Health Support
Lee, J., Dobmeier, C. M., Heo, M., & Woo, S. S. (2025) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2025.2599476 · Cited by 1
“Although most people’s implicit self-evaluation can be positive (Greenwald & Farnham, 2000), for individuals facing mental health challenges such as anxiety, depression, or psychological distress, this assumption may not hold, as such conditions are often accompanied by negative self-concepts…”
Exploring the relationship between intergroup contact and mental illness stigma among Chinese nursing students: Based on the dual attitudes model
Wang, S., Ren, Y., Liu, Y., Xu, J., Chen, S., Xu, J., & Shi, X. (2025) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2025.106965 · Cited by 1
Cultural values exert influence through the belief of others' virtues: Evidence from an implicit association test
Ren, G., Long, F., & Chen, X. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.106152 · Cited by 2
La evaluación del bienestar organizacional. Instrumentos de medición explícitos e implícitos y su relación con el rendimiento, absentismo laboral y permanencia en la organización
Díaz, D., & Abarca, A. B. (2009) · Revista de Trabajo y Seguridad Social CEF · doi:10.51302/rtss.2009.5391 · Cited by 1
Einstellungen von Grundschulkindern zu Nahrungsmitteln
Heim-Dreger, U., Eschenbeck, H., & Kohlmann, C. (2013) · Zeitschrift für Gesundheitspsychologie · doi:10.1026/0943-8149/a000090 · Cited by 1
La Duperie Volontaire d’un Test d’Associations Implicites (IAT) d’Estime de Soi
Chassard, D., Kop, J., & Pillerel, M.-L. (2009) · Swiss Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1024/1421-0185.68.4.201 · Cited by 1
Using a Visualized Reaction-Time Task to Assess Implicit Cognition in Brazilian and Japanese-Descendant Children
Fioravanti-Bastos, A. C. M., Filgueiras, A., & Landeira-Fernández, J. (2014) · International Journal of Psychological Studies · doi:10.5539/ijps.v6n3p80 · Cited by 1
“Greenwald and Farnham (2000) conducted a study to demonstrate that implicit measures of self-concept can hold different results when compared to explicit measures for the same domain.”
Result
Validation of two conceptualizations of fragile self-esteem: Contingent high self-esteem and incongruent high self-esteem
Bodroža, B. (2014) · Psihologija · doi:10.2298/psi1404373b · Cited by 2
“Self-Esteem – Implicit Association Test (SE-IAT; Greenwald & Farnham, 2000; Greenwald et al., 1998) measures the automaticity of association between the self and positive attributes.”
BackgroundMethod
Development, Validity, and Reliability of the Social Anxiety IAT
Fujii, T. (2013) · The Japanese Journal of Personality · doi:10.2132/personality.22.23 · Cited by 1
Predictive Validity of the IAT-Anxiety
Fujii, T. (2011) · The Japanese Journal of Personality · doi:10.2132/personality.20.57 · Cited by 1
Job Attitude to Job Involvement – A Review of Indian Employees
Andotra, N. (2012) · IOSR Journal of Business and Management · doi:10.9790/487x-0240109 · Cited by 1
Factors Predicting the Explicit and Implicit Attitude Towards Body Scanners
Laib, M., & Wolkenstein, L. (2016) · Review of Social Sciences · doi:10.18533/rss.v1i5.33 · Cited by 1
The Effect of Positive Feedback of Shape on Self-Esteem and Eating Behavior in Restrained Eaters
김지원, & LeeJangHan (2013) · Korean Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.17315/kjhp.2013.18.3.003 · Cited by 1
L’estime de soi explicite et implicite chez des femmes souffrant de troubles des conduites alimentaires
Bégin, C., Boucher, K., St-Laurent, A., Heppell, J.-L., & Ratté, C. (2017) · Revue québécoise de psychologie · doi:10.7202/1040107ar · Cited by 3
“L’ Implicit Association Test ( IAT ), créé par Greenwald et Farnham (2000), sert à évaluer l’estime de soi de façon implicite.”
Weight Bias: Investigating the Impact of an Empathy-Evoking Intervention in Reducing Mental Health Professionals’ Anti-Fat Attitudes
Quirk, T., Nielsen, J. J., & Flint, S. (2018) · Annual International Weight Stigma Conference · doi:10.31076/2018.o08 · Cited by 1
“…al., 2009), and initial validation of the IAT has shown its sensitivity to individual differences in implicit effects of self-esteem, self-identity (Greenwald & Farnham, 2000), attitudes, and stereotyping (Rudman, Ashmore & Gary, 2001), with no evidence of procedural limitations or familiarity of…”
Background
The Effect of the Evaluator Group on the Self-Stereotyping of the Southeast-Asian Immigrants in the Context of Multiple Social Identities
황지현, 김혜숙, 이주연, et al. (2012) · 한국심리학회지 사회및성격 · doi:10.21193/kjspp.2012.26.1.008 · Cited by 1
Actitudes implícitas en Psicología Ambiental. Una revisión de literatura
Tosi, J., Ledesma, R., Kuhnen, A., & Felippe, M. L. (2020) · Estudos de Psicologia (Natal) · doi:10.22491/1678-4669.20190030
“Por esta razón, para medirlo se ha utilizado una versión del IAT que originalmente evalúa autoconcepto (Greenwald & Farnham, 2000).”
Background
Implicit and explicit state attachment among single and dual American citizens
Jung, S., & Ksiazkiewicz, A. (2020) · Politics Groups and Identities · doi:10.1080/21565503.2020.1789884 · Cited by 1
“The test has been widely used in the study of implicit self-concepts (associations of the self with some group, characteristic, valence tag, or other concept; see Greenwald and Farnham 2000; Devos and Banaji 2003; and the review by De Cuyper et al. 2017)).”
Method
Traits and Dynamic Processes
Jayawickreme, E., & Zachry, C. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.032 · Cited by 2
Assessing sleep‐related attitudes with the implicit association test: A prospective study in young adults
Peuters, C., Cummins, J. D., Vandendriessche, A., DeSmet, A., & Crombez, G. (2022) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13536 · Cited by 2
Self-Regulation and Control in Personality Functioning
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.029 · Cited by 1
Psychometric properties of a Japanese version of the Modest Behavior Scale and its relationship to explicit and implicit self-esteem
Yamazaki, M., Okano, S., Kawamura, Y., et al. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-02940-3 · Cited by 1
“We thank Chihiro Kobayashi for her advice on self- and other-descriptive stimuli in the self-esteem Implicit Association Test (IAT).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Achtsamkeit
Jansen, P., Seidl, F., & Richter, S. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-57854-4_2 · Cited by 1
Implicit Evaluation Mechanisms in Marketing Research: an Overview of Formation and Measurement of Implicit Attitude
Masrhouni, I., & Bahoussa, A. (2023) · Journal of Social Science Studies · doi:10.5296/jsss.v10i1.20680 · Cited by 1
Queer Terror Management: The Effect of Death Attitudes on Gender Stereotypes
Stiller, M., & Masso, A. D. (2023) · International Conference on Gender Research · doi:10.34190/icgr.6.1.1000 · Cited by 1
The Role of Implicit Associations in Alcohol and Substance Use Disorders
Chatard, A., Zerhouni, O., Solinas, M., & Noël, X. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-55889-4_12 · Cited by 1
Family economic deprivation and self-esteem among preschoolers
Podsiadłowski, W., Trzcińska, A. M., Golus, P., & Wieleszczyk, J. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2024.106013 · Cited by 2
Relationships between self-esteem-related dream content and explicit and implicit measures of self-esteem
Naudszus, L. A., Altmann, T., & Roth, M. (2024) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104582 · Cited by 1
Me, myself, and my stereotypes: does retraining gender stereotypes change men’s self-concept?
Block, K., & Schmader, T. (2025) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2025.2477003 · Cited by 3
“Data from 40 participants were excluded due to computer error ( n = 1), experimenter error ( n = 4), or IAT error rates exceeding 20% on at least one of the three IATs (Greenwald & Farnham, 2000; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006, n = 34), resulting in a final sample of 188 (92 men, 96 women).”
NATIONAL BOARD FOR PROFESSIONAL TEACHING STANDARDS BIAS‐REDUCTION TRAINING: IMPACT ON ASSESSORS' AWARENESS
Wylie, E. C., & Szpara, M. Y. (2004) · ETS Research Report Series · doi:10.1002/j.2333-8504.2004.tb01939.x · Cited by 1
“The work of Greenwald and colleagues (Greenwald & Banaji, 1995; Greenwald & Farnham, 2000, Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998”
Subliminal Evaluative Conditioning Changed Implicit and Explicit Depressive Cognition
Masuyama, A., Yokomitsu, K., & Sakano, Y. (2017) · American Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.11648/j.ajap.20170602.11 · Cited by 1
“glad, superior) recruited from self-esteem IAT [28].”
Effect of metabolic state on implicit and explicit responses to food in young healthy females
Juvonen, K. R., Lapveteläinen, A. T., Närväinen, J., Absetz, P., Kantanen, T. T., Kolehmainen, M., Sinikallio, S., Pihlajamäki, J., & Karhunen, L. J. (2020) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2020.104593 · Cited by 1
SELF-ESTEEM IN IDIOPATHIC EPILEPSY AND PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF GHARAGOZLI-BHALLA SELF ESTEEM IN EPILEPSY QUESTIONNAIRE
Gharagozli, K., Amini, F., Lotfalinezhad, E., mirghafari, M., delbari, A., & Bhalla, D. (2020) · IRPJ Intergovernmental Research and Policy Journal · doi:10.36964/irpj2357 · Cited by 1
Personality in Nonhuman Animals
Bell, A. M., & Bensky, M. K. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.023 · Cited by 1
The Trait Approach
Weiß, A., & Deary, I. J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.005 · Cited by 2
Personality and the Unconscious
Perugini, M., Richetin, J., & Costantini, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.008 · Cited by 2
The Higher Vulnerability in the Weness Mode of Relationship
Jaechang, B., & 한규석 (2016) · 한국심리학회지 사회및성격 · doi:10.21193/kjspp.2016.30.4.004 · Cited by 1
La medición de la felicidad a través del Test de Asociación Implícita y su relación con la depresión y el bienestar autoinformados
Gómez‐Baya, D., & Velázquez, J. A. M. (2021) · Terapia psicológica · doi:10.4067/s0718-48082021000100039 · Cited by 1
Implicit self‐esteem following a romantic partner's success: Three replications and a meta‐analysis
Hawkins, H. C., Lesick, T. L., & Zell, E. (2021) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/pere.12408 · Cited by 1
Providing culturally congruent care
Beaver, C., Bidwill, S., Hallauer, A., et al. (2021) · Nursing · doi:10.1097/01.nurse.0000800108.58421.a4 · Cited by 1
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT SELF-ESTEEM AND THE NEED FOR SOCIAL APPROVAL AND NARCISSISM IN PERSONS HOLDING MANAGERIAL POSITIONS
GIERCZAK, A. (2021) · Humanities and Social Sciences quarterly · doi:10.7862/rz.2021.hss.27
“It was then discovered that it acted as a buffer (Fujii et al., 2014; Greenwald and Farnham, 2000; Inagaki (Fujii), Oura, Matsuo, Shima, Fukui, 2017).”
Background
Social stigmatization and attitudes towards age-related changes
Zakharova, I. A., Korobko, A. I., & Sotnikov, V. A. (2022) · Russian Journal of Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.37586/2686-8636-3-2022-156-160 · Cited by 1
Consumer Behavior During the Covid-19 Pandemic: The Importance of Collectivist Orientation
Gaćeša, D., Brečić, R., & Gorton, M. (2022) · Market-Tržište · doi:10.22598/mt/2022.34.2.175 · Cited by 1
“To avoid this self-presentation distortion, self-esteem can be evaluated using the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald & Farnham, 2000; Greenwald, McGhee & Schwartz, 1998), which aims to by-pass conscious cognitive processes and access automatic ones (Fazio & Olson, 2003).”
On once and future things: A temporal asymmetry in judgments of likelihood
Hanko, K., & Gilovich, T. D. (2007) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e722852011-011 · Cited by 1
Malleability of attitudes, or malleability of the Implicit Association test?
Han, H. A., Fázio, R. H., & Olson, M. A. (2007) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e633982013-765 · Cited by 1
The development of the measurement of Individual Differences in Implicit “Ingratiation with Superiors”
岡部, 康., 裕之, 今., & OKAMOTO, K. E. (2004) · SOCIOTECHNICA · doi:10.3392/sociotechnica.2.370 · Cited by 1
An indirect measure of sexual interest : using the implicit association test with child molesters
Babchishin, K. M. (2009) · doi:10.22215/etd/2009-09138 · Cited by 1
Preface
Corr, P. J., & Matthews, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.001 · Cited by 1

Authors: Greenwald, A. G., & Farnham, S. D.
Affiliations: University of Washington (US)
ORCID: Greenwald, Anthony G.
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2000-12
Volume: 79
Issue: 6
Pages: 1022-1038
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.79.6.1022
OpenAlex: W4231600766
Cited by: 1,393
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 62 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 93 · 2015: 65 · 2014: 71 · 2013: 71 · 2012: 79
FWCI: 85.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (K05MH001533, R01MH041328, MH-57672, MH41328, MH01533, R01MH057672)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: Implicit Association Test, self-esteem, self-concept, implicit attitudes
MeSH terms: Adult, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Microcomputers, Personality Inventory, Psychometrics, Self Concept, Software, Word Association Tests, Reproducibility of Results

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Using the implicit association test to measure self-esteem and self-concept

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks