Cited by 1,393Social and Intergroup PsychologyPersonality Traits and PsychologyPsychological Testing and Assessment

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Using the implicit association test to measure self-esteem and self-concept

Greenwald, Anthony G., Farnham, Shelly D.·2000·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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Abstract

Experiment 1 used the Implicit Association Test (IAT; A. G. Greenwald, D. E. McGhee, & J. L. K. Schwartz, 1998) to measure self-esteem by assessing automatic associations of self with positive or negative valence. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed that two IAT measures defined a factor that was distinct from, but weakly correlated with, a factor defined by standard explicit (self-report) measures of self-esteem. Experiment 2 tested known-groups validity of two IAT gender self-concept measures. Compared with well-established explicit measures, the IAT measures revealed triple the difference in measured masculinity-femininity between men and women. Again, CFA revealed construct divergence between implicit and explicit measures. Experiment 3 assessed the self-esteem IAT's validity in predicting cognitive reactions to success and failure. High implicit self-esteem was associated in the predicted fashion with buffering against adverse effects of failure on two of four measures.

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“There are other measures of selfschemas, including a scale that consists of multiple items (e.g., Fowler et al., 2006), implicit cognition (Greenwald & Farnham, 2000), and self-schema interconnectedness (Dozois & Rnic, 2015).”
Background
The relationship between implicit and explicit self-esteem: The moderating effect of handedness
Yu, Q., Zhang, Q., Jin, S., Chen, J., Han, Y., & Cao, H. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.038 · Cited by 7
By the Numbers
Rothschild, Z. K., Landau, M., & Sullivan, D. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167211415421 · Cited by 3
“Research has also made progress in understanding different types of self-esteem (e.g., implicit vs. explicit; Greenwald & Farnham, 2000), individual differences in the stability of self-esteem across social situations (Kernis & Waschull, 1995), and the distal motivations that drive self-esteem…”
Background
The influence of explicit self-esteem, implicit self-esteem and the discrepancies between them on advice taking
Duan, J., Xiaohua, G. U., & Luying, S. U. N. (2016) · Acta Psychologica Sinica · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1041.2016.00371 · Cited by 6
“…周冉, 陆文娟, 李晶, 朱宜超, 2013); 公开场合中启动决策者的正面自我标签可以显著提高建议采纳的概率(段锦云, 周冉, 古晓花, 2014); 自恋的人更不易采纳别人的建议(Kausel, Culbertson, Leiva, Slaughter, & Jackson, 2015)等。然而, 这当中还有很多个体差异仍待探明。自尊作为社会心理学领域广泛关注的一个人格和动机因素, 不仅影响个体的身心健康, 还影响着个体的行为选择。前人研究发现, 相比于低自尊的个体, 高自尊的个体更容易坚持自己的观点和想法(McFarlin,…”
Conditions for the clean slate effect after success or failure
Körner, A., & Strack, F. (2018) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2018.1454881 · Cited by 6
“Success and failure have been found to influence participants’ optimism about task performance (Greenwald & Farnham, 2000) and self-esteem (Bongers, Dijksterhuis, & Spears, 2009; Greenberg & Pyszczynski, 1985).”
Background
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Evolutionary explanations need to account for cultural variation
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“The experimental procedure of the self-concept Implicit Association Test was developed on the basis of the two-category self-concept IAT (Greenwald & Farnham, 2000).”
Method
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Marini, M., Waterman, P. D., Breedlove, E. R., Chen, J. T., Testa, C., Pardee, D. J., LeBlanc, M. E., Reisner, S. L., Oendari, A., & Krieger, N. (2022) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-022-01353-z · Cited by 8

Authors: Greenwald, A. G., & Farnham, S. D.
Affiliations: University of Washington (US)
ORCID: Greenwald, Anthony G.
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2000-12
Volume: 79
Issue: 6
Pages: 1022-1038
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.79.6.1022
OpenAlex: W4231600766
Cited by: 1,393
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 62 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 93 · 2015: 65 · 2014: 71 · 2013: 71 · 2012: 79
FWCI: 85.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (K05MH001533, R01MH041328, MH-57672, MH41328, MH01533, R01MH057672)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: Implicit Association Test, self-esteem, self-concept, implicit attitudes
MeSH terms: Adult, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Microcomputers, Personality Inventory, Psychometrics, Self Concept, Software, Word Association Tests, Reproducibility of Results

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Using the implicit association test to measure self-esteem and self-concept

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