The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Using the implicit association test to measure self-esteem and self-concept
Abstract
Experiment 1 used the Implicit Association Test (IAT; A. G. Greenwald, D. E. McGhee, & J. L. K. Schwartz, 1998) to measure self-esteem by assessing automatic associations of self with positive or negative valence. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed that two IAT measures defined a factor that was distinct from, but weakly correlated with, a factor defined by standard explicit (self-report) measures of self-esteem. Experiment 2 tested known-groups validity of two IAT gender self-concept measures. Compared with well-established explicit measures, the IAT measures revealed triple the difference in measured masculinity-femininity between men and women. Again, CFA revealed construct divergence between implicit and explicit measures. Experiment 3 assessed the self-esteem IAT's validity in predicting cognitive reactions to success and failure. High implicit self-esteem was associated in the predicted fashion with buffering against adverse effects of failure on two of four measures.
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“Similar tendencies have been demonstrated previously, wherein adults displayed faster response times when associating the self with positive attributes (34).”
From Development of self-protective biases in response to social evaluative feedback (2017) · cites this paper as [34]
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Daemen, M. (2022) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20220715md · Cited by 1
Natoli, A. P., & Rodriguez, C. M. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/zb6r3 · Cited by 1
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Hai, K., Devos, T., & Dunn, R. M. (2014) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2013.879537
“As customary, words were used to represent the concepts “me” (I, my, mine, me, self) and “not-me” (they, them, their, people, others) (Bosson et al., 2000; Greenwald & Farnham, 2000).”
Chabada, T., Hampejs, T., Skalík, J., Bujnošková, E., & Hlinka, J. (2015) · Sociální studia / Social Studies · doi:10.5817/soc2015-3-113
Comparative optimism: An automatised self‐presentational answer? The contribution of response times
Spitzenstetter, F., & Schimchowitsch, S. (2016) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajpy.12112
The effect of threat to competence on perception of group entitativity
Tabata, T., & Ikegami, T. (2015) · THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY · doi:10.2130/jjesp.1304 · Cited by 2
The Role of Personality in Language Learning
Mrzyglod, E., Esposito, A., Fabbro, A., Fabbro, F., Crescentini, C., & Matiz, A. (2026) · Psychology of Language and Communication · doi:10.58734/plc-2026-0004
Metadata
- Authors
- Greenwald, A. G., & Farnham, S. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2000-12
- Volume
- 79
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1022-1038
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W4231600766
- Cited by
- 1,393
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 62 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 93 · 2015: 65 · 2014: 71 · 2013: 71 · 2012: 79
- FWCI
- 85.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (K05MH001533, R01MH041328, MH-57672, MH41328, MH01533, R01MH057672)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- Implicit Association Test, self-esteem, self-concept, implicit attitudes
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Microcomputers, Personality Inventory, Psychometrics, Self Concept, Software, Word Association Tests, Reproducibility of Results
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