A Six-Factor Structure of Personality-Descriptive Adjectives: Solutions From Psycholexical Studies in Seven Languages.
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Standard psycholexical studies of personality structure have produced a similar 6-factor solution in 7 languages (Dutch, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Korean, Polish). The authors report the content of these personality dimensions and interpret them as follows: (a) a variant of Extraversion, defined by sociability and liveliness (though not by bravery and toughness); (b) a variant of Agreeableness, defined by gentleness, patience, and agreeableness (but also including anger and ill temper at its negative pole); (c) Conscientiousness (emphasizing organization and discipline rather than moral conscience); (d) Emotionality (containing anxiety, vulnerability, sentimentality, lack of bravery, and lack of toughness, but not anger or ill temper); (e) Honesty-Humility; (f) Intellect/Imagination/Unconventionality. A potential reorganization of the Big Five factor structure is discussed.
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Studies of more diverse cultures show that Big Six or Multi-Language Seven taxonomies may better represent the personality domain.
“And, although the Big Five structure appears to replicate across many cultures (McCrae and Costa [1997b]), studies of more diverse cultures show that taxonomies known as the Big Six (Ashton, Lee, Perugini et al. [2004]) or the Multi-Language Seven (ML7; Saucier [2003]), may better represent the personality domain.”
From Personality Psychology and Economics (2011) · cites this paper as Ashton, Lee, Perugini et al. [2004]
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- Authors
- Ashton, M. C., Lee, K., Perugini, M., Szarota, P., de Vries, R. E., Di Blas, L., Boies, K., & De Raad, B.
- Affiliations
- Brock University (CA)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2004
- Volume
- 86
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 356-366
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2153106935
- Cited by
- 1,044
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 80 · 2020: 112 · 2019: 70 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 48
- FWCI
- 26.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.rug.nl
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- ArTS Archivio della ricerca di Trieste (University of Trieste https://www.units.it/) (submittedVersion)
- BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-16-CE28-0004)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Keywords
- extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotionality, honesty-humility, sociability, liveliness, anger, anxiety, cross-cultural personality
- MeSH terms
- Factor Analysis, Statistical, Humans, Language, Linguistics, Personality, Vocabulary
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