An appraisal-disruption model of alcohol’s effects on stress responses in social drinkers

Sayette, Michael A.

doi:10.1037/0033-2909.114.3.459

Cited by 321Substance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesAlcohol Consumption and Health EffectsStress Responses and Cortisol

An appraisal-disruption model of alcohol’s effects on stress responses in social drinkers

Sayette, Michael A.·1993·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.114.3.459

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Abstract

This article reviews the effects of alcohol on stress responses among social drinkers. Despite considerable research, the relationship between alcohol and stress has remained unclear. An appraisal-disruption model of alcohol's effects on stress responses is proposed, which attempts to integrate many divergent findings. According to this model, alcohol disrupts initial appraisal of stressful information by constraining the spread of activation of associated information previously established in long-term memory. The conditions under which such disruption is likely to occur are outlined. Evidence relevant to each of the model's propositions is considered. It is concluded that the appraisal-disruption model provides a framework for integrating many of the findings from past investigations. Theoretical issues pertinent to the model are addressed.

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Alcohol's Effects on Human Emotions: A Review of the Stimulation/Depression Hypothesis
Tucker, J. A., Vuchinich, R. E., & Sobell, M. B. (1982) · International Journal of the Addictions · doi:10.3109/10826088209054615 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Effect of alcohol on emotional responses to stress.
Dengerink, H. A., & Fagan, N. (1978) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.1978.39.525 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-Control and Self-Modification of Emotional Behavior
Blankstein, K. R., & Polivy, J. (1982) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-9260-0 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The Balanced Placebo Design: Effects of Alcohol and Beverage Instructions Cannot Be Independently Assessed
Lyvers, M., & Maltzman, I. M. (1991) · International Journal of the Addictions · doi:10.3109/10826089109058933 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-awareness, alcohol consumption, and reduced cardiovascular reactivity.
NIAURA, R. S., Wilson, G. T., & Westrick, E. (1988) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-198807000-00005 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Effects of Alcoholic Beverages on Skin Conductance. An Explanatory Study
Carpenter, J. A. (1957) · Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/qjsa.1957.18.001 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The Effects of Meprobamate and Alcohol on Galvanic Skin Response
Lienert, G. A., & Traxel, W. (1959) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1959.9916372 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Storage and retrieval processes of alcohol-induced amnesia.
Gerrein, J. R., & Chechile, R. A. (1977) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.86.3.285 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Ethanol Retards Desensitisation of Simple Phobias in Non-alcoholics
Cameron, O. G., Liepman, M. R., Curtis, G. C., & Thyer, B. A. (1987) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.150.6.845 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The Effects of Ethyl Alcohol on Autonomic and Muscular Responses in Humans. I. Dosage of 0.5 Milliliter per Kilogram
Docter, R. F., & Perkins, R. B. (1961) · Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/qjsa.1961.22.374 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Alcohol and correspondence between self-report and physiological measures of anxiety
Sayette, M. A., Contrada, R. J., & Wilson, G. T. (1990) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(90)90089-2 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Alcohol, expectancy and stress: Methodological concerns with the expectancy design
Bradlyn, A. S., Strickler, D. P., & Maxwell, W. A. (1981) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(81)80001-9 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The Effect of Alcoholic Beverages on Skin Conductance and Emotional Tension. I. Wine, Whisky and Alcohol
Greenberg, L. A., & Carpenter, J. A. (1957) · Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/qjsa.1957.18.190 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Alcohol and Conflict Resolution
Brown, J. S., & Crowell, C. R. (1974) · Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/qjsa.1974.35.066 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-awareness, self-regulation, and alcohol consumption: An analysis of J. Hull's model.
Wilson, G. T. (1983) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.92.4.505 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The Effects of Consent Procedures on the Psychophysiological Assessment of Anxiety: A Methodological Inquiry
Farha, J. G., & Sher, K. J. (1989) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1989.tb03153.x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Effects of ethanol on cardiovascular and catecholamine responses to mental stress
Eisenhofer, G., Lambie, D. G., & Johnson, R. H. (1986) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(86)90070-x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Acute effects of alcohol on cardiovascular reactivity to stress in college-age Type A (coronary prone) individuals
Zeichner, A., Edwards, P. W., & Cohen, E. (1985) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/bf00961848 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Cognitive moderators of alcohol's effects on anxiety
Sayette, M. A., Wilson, G. T., & Carpenter, J. A. (1989) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(89)90154-x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-awareness, self-regulation, and alcohol consumption: A reply to Wilson.
Hull, J. G., & Reilly, N. P. (1983) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.92.4.514 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Effect of Alcohol on Excretion of Catechol Amines in Conditions Giving Rise to Anxiety
Goddard, P. J. (1958) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1958.13.1.118 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Effects of Alcohol on Cardiac Reactivity In Alcoholics and Nonalcoholics
Lehrer, P. M., & Taylor, H. A. (1974) · Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/qjsa.1974.35.1044 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Alcohol and Anxiety Recent Evidence on the Tension Reduction Theory of Alcohol Use and Abuse
Wilson, G. T. (1982) · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Experimental Social Psychology and the Causes and Effects of Alcohol Consumption
Hull, J. G., & Treuren, R. R. V. (1986) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-7743-0_6 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The effects of ethanol on the acquistion of a conditioned GSR.
McGonnell, P. C., & Beach, H. D. (1968) · PubMed · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Effect of Ethanol and Stress on Plasma Catecholamines and Their Relation to Changes in Emotional State and Performance
Vogel, W. H., & Netter, P. (1989) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1989.tb00327.x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Effect of alcohol and stress on emotion and physiological arousal
Burish, T. G., Maisto, S. A., & Shirley, M. C. (1982) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/bf00992461 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Effects of Ethanol and Psychomotor Tests on State Anxiety: Interaction with Menstrual Cycle in Women
Logue, P. E., Linnoila, M., Wallman, L., & Erwin, C. W. (1981) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1981.52.2.643 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Effects of Alcohol on Serial Learning under Stress Conditions
Korman, M., Knopf, I. J., & Austin, R. B. (1960) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1960.7.2.217 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Anxiety, Skin Conductance and Alcohol. A Study of the Relation between Anxiety and Skin Conductance and the Effect of Alcohol on the Conductance of Subjects in a Group
McDonnell, G. J., & Carpenter, J. A. (1959) · Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/qjsa.1959.20.038 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Monoamines and the effect of ethanol on corticosterone and non-esterified fatty acids
Brick, J., & Pohorecky, L. A. (1985) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/0741-8329(85)90056-4 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Effects of alcohol consumption on the prevention and alleviation of stress-reactions.
Noel, N. E., Lisman, S. A., Schare, M. L., & Maisto, S. A. (1992) · Addictive Behaviours · doi:10.1016/0306-4603(92)90066-5 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Effects of alcohol on recall of social interactions
Tucker, J. A., Vuchinich, R. E., & Schonhaut, S. J. (1987) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01183270 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The selective effects of alcohol on cognitive processes
Fischer, J. S., Baker, T. B., & Glenberg, A. M. (1987) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(87)90381-9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

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Sorted by citations

The emerging field of emotion regulation: an integrative review
Gross, J. J. (1998) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271 · Cited by 9,916 · see citing works
“…with clinical problems including binge eating (e.g., Lingswiler, Crowther, & Stephens, 1989), alcohol abuse (e.g., M. L. Cooper, Frone, Russell, & Mudar, 1995; Marlatt, 1985; Sayette, 1993), and of course anxiety and the mood disorders (e.g., Barlow, 1986; Beck, Rush, Shaw, & Emory, 1979).”
Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology.
Gross, J. J. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.74.1.224 · Cited by 4,671 · see citing works
“…Frijda, 1988; Lazarus, 1991; Plutchik, 1980), coping and stress reduction (e.g., Katz & Epstein, 1991; Lazarus & Folkman, 1984; Meichenbaum , 1985), delay of gratification (Mischel, 1974; Shoda, Mischel , & Peake, 1990), and psychopathology (e.g., Barlow, 1988; Beck et al., 1979; Sayette, 1993).”
How Emotion Shapes Behavior: Feedback, Anticipation, and Reflection, Rather Than Direct Causation
Baumeister, R., Vohs, K., DeWall, C., & Zhang, L.-Q. (2007) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868307301033 · Cited by 1,649 · see citing works
“Perhaps unfortunately, the general public perceives alcohol as having the power to reduce anxiety and improve mood (Sayette, 1993; Stockwell, 1985), which makes it likely that people will turn to alcohol when they feel bad.”
Social exclusion impairs self-regulation
Baumeister, R. F., DeWall, C. N., Ciarocco, N. J., & Twenge, J. M. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.88.4.589 · Cited by 1,401 · see citing works
“There is ample evidence in previous work that emotional distress leads to self-regulation failure (for example, Grilo et al., 1989; Keinan, 1987; Rosenthal & Marx, 1981; Sayette, 1993; Tice et al., 2001; Wegener & Petty, 1994), and in fact we had originally thought that many of the effects of social exclusion would be…”
Background
Emotional distress regulation takes precedence over impulse control: If you feel bad, do it!
Tice, D. M., Bratslavsky, E., & Baumeister, R. F. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.1.53 · Cited by 1,361 · see citing works
“Alcohol is widely believed (by the general public) to reduce anxiety and improve mood (Sayette, 1993; Stockwell, 1985).”
Background
Alcohol use and risky sexual behavior among college students and youth: evaluating the evidence.
Cooper, M. L. (2002) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol Supplement · doi:10.15288/jsas.2002.s14.101 · Cited by 983 · see citing works
Surveying the damage: a review of research on consequences of alcohol misuse in college populations.
Perkins, H. W. (2002) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol Supplement · doi:10.15288/jsas.2002.s14.91 · Cited by 872 · see citing works
Emotional states and physical health.
Salovey, P., Rothman, A. J., Detweiler, J. B., & Steward, W. T. (2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.55.1.110 · Cited by 864 · see citing works
“…distinct functions that are closely tied to their emotional states: People drink because they believe it will help them to escape or regulate negative feelings, or they drink because they believe it will heighten or stimulate positive feelings (see Sayette, 1993; Stritzke, Lang, & Patrick, 1996).”
Background
Giving in to Feel Good: The Place of Emotion Regulation in the Context of General Self-Control
Tice, D. M., & Bratslavsky, E. (2000) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1103_03 · Cited by 569 · see citing works
“People in bad moods have more difficulty controlling their violent tendencies (e.g., Berkowitz, 1978; Zillman, 1993), their eating and drinking habits (e.g., Sayette, 1993), and their impulses (e.g., Marlatt, 1985).”
Background
The Addiction-Stroop test: Theoretical considerations and procedural recommendations.
Cox, W. M., Fadardi, J. S., & Pothos, E. M. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.3.443 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
“Regarding negative reinforcement, there is a long-standing debate about whether substance abuse can be accounted for in terms of the tension-reducing and other negative-reinforcing effects of drugs (Baker, Piper, et al., 2004; Cappell & Herman, 1972; Greeley & Oei, 1999; Sayette, 1993).”
BackgroundInfluential
Drugs of abuse and the elicitation of human aggressive behavior
Hoaken, P. N. S., & Stewart, S. H. (2003) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2003.08.033 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
“In terms of the literature with humans, several studies have demonstrated the ability of alcohol to disrupt threat detection (for a review, see Sayette, 1993b), and as previously noted, a voluminous literature demonstrates the alcohol–aggression relationship.”
Background
Relapse and Relapse Prevention
Brandon, T. H., Vidrine, J. I., & Litvin, E. B. (2007) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091455 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Alcohol and aggression: A meta-analysis on the moderating effects of inhibitory cues, triggering events, and self-focused attention.
Ito, T. A., Miller, N., & Pollock, V. E. (1996) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.120.1.60 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Executive functioning: A conceptual framework for alcohol-related aggression.
Giancola, P. R. (2000) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037//1064-1297.8.4.576 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Mood and alcohol consumption: An experience sampling test of the self-medication hypothesis.
Swendsen, J. D., Tennen, H. A., Carney, M. A., Affleck, G. G., Willard, A., & Hromi, A. (2000) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.109.2.198 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
“The physiologic effects of alcohol are typically limited to a matter of hours, and its rapid interplay with state affect may vary by both contextual and population characteristics (for reviews, see Pohorecky, 1991; Sayette, 1993; Tucker, Vuchinich, & Sobell, 1982).”
Background
Functional associations among trauma, ptsd, and substance-related disorders
Stewart, S. H., Pihl, R. O., Conrod, P., & Dongier, M. (1998) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(98)00070-7 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Alcohol and cognitive control: Implications for regulation of behavior during response conflict.
Curtin, J. J., & Fairchild, B. A. (2003) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.112.3.424 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
“These and other recent theoretical formulations (e.g., appraisal disruption theory; Sayette, 1993) have significant advanced understanding of intoxicated behavior.”
Alcohol and Group Formation
Sayette, M. A., Creswell, K. G., Dimoff, J. D., Fairbairn, C. E., Cohn, J. F., Heckman, B. W., Kirchner, T., Levine, J. M., & Moreland, R. L. (2012) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611435134 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
“No studies have yet provided an adequate assessment of the impact of alcohol and dosage set (the belief that one is consuming alcohol; see Martin & Sayette, 1993) on social bonding and social discomfort for both men and women, despite the importance of this influence for understanding the…”
Influential
Exploring psychological benefits associated with moderate alcohol use: a necessary corrective to assessments of drinking outcomes?
Peele, S., & Brodsky, A. (2000) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(00)00112-5 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
“, 1990), self-awareness (Hull, 1981, 1987), attention-allocation (Steele and Josephs, 1988, 1990), appraisal-disruption (Sayette, 1993), and a comprehensive psychophysiological model of Stritzke et al.”
Self-medication in social phobia
Carrigan, M. H., & Randall, C. L. (2003) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(01)00235-0 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Intoxicated sexual risk taking: an expectancy or cognitive impairment explanation?
Fromme, K., D’Amico, E. J., & Katz, E. C. (1999) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.1999.60.54 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Are work stressors related to employee substance use? The importance of temporal context assessments of alcohol and illicit drug use.
Frone, M. R. (2008) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.199 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Rehabilitating sexual offenders: A strength-based approach.
Marshall, W. L., & American Psychological Association (2011) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/12310-000 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Indirect Effects of Acute Alcohol Intoxication on Sexual Risk-taking: The Roles of Subjective and Physiological Sexual Arousal
George, W. H., Davis, K. C., Norris, J., Heiman, J. R., Stoner, S. A., Schacht, R. L., Hendershot, C. S., & Kajumulo, K. F. (2008) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9346-9 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Drinking to Cope in Socially Anxious Individuals: A Controlled Study
Thomas, S. E., Randall, C. L., & Carrigan, M. H. (2003) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1097/01.alc.0000100942.30743.8c · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Affect regulation, brain development, and behavioral/emotional health in adolescence
Dahl, R. E. (2001) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900022884 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Alcohol Affects Emotion Through Cognition
Curtin, J. J., Patrick, C. J., Lang, A. R., Cacioppo, J. T., & Birbaumer, N. (2001) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00397 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“This dissociation, which is consistent with cognitive-attentional theories of alcohol’s effects (A.R. Lang et al., 1999; Sayette, 1993; Steele & Josephs, 1990), can be understood from the perspective of a multilevel theory of emotional processing that emphasizes the interplay of cortical and…”
BackgroundInfluential
Effects of deviant child behavior on parental distress and alcohol consumption in laboratory interactions
Pelham, W. E., Lang, A. R., Atkeson, B., Murphy, D. A., Gnagy, E. M., Greiner, A. R., Vodde-Hamilton, M., & Greenslade, K. E. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1025789108958 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
A social-attributional analysis of alcohol response.
Fairbairn, C. E., & Sayette, M. A. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0037563 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“Stimuli involving uncertainty may be more difficult to appraise than invariant stimuli (Sayette, 1993a).”
BackgroundInfluential
Understanding the relationship between social anxiety and alcohol use in college students: A meta-analysis
Schry, A. R., & White, S. W. (2013) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.06.014 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Alcohol effects on performance monitoring and adjustment: Affect modulation and impairment of evaluative cognitive control.
Bartholow, B. D., Henry, E. A., Lust, S. A., Saults, J. S., & Wood, P. K. (2011) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023664 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“The current findings also are in-line with predictions made by two prominent models of alcohol's acute effects on distress, namely, the appraisal-disruption model (Sayette, 1993) and the self-awareness model (Hull, 1981).”
Influential
Lost in the Sauce
Sayette, M. A., Reichle, E. D., & Schooler, J. W. (2009) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02351.x · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Drinking Together and Drinking Alone: A Social-Contextual Framework for Examining Risk for Alcohol Use Disorder
Creswell, K. G. (2020) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721420969406 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
“, alcohol’s tendency to constrain attention to the most salient aspects of the environment; Steele & Josephs, 1990) and appraisal-disruption theory (i.e., alcohol’s tendency to disrupt initial appraisal of stressful information; Sayette, 1993).”
Background
The importance of the peritraumatic experience in defining traumatic stress.
Bovin, M. J., & Marx, B. P. (2011) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0021353 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
“(2007) reported that individuals who did not make an initial threat appraisal during an event displayed a dampening of the physiological stress response (e.g., Levenson, Sher, Grossman, Newman, & Newlin, 1980; Sayette, 1993).”
Background
Alcohol-related aggression during the college years: theories, risk factors and policy implications.
Giancola, P. R. (2002) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol Supplement · doi:10.15288/jsas.2002.s14.129 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Effects of nicotine dose, instructional set, and outcome expectancies on the subjective effects of smoking in the presence of a stressor.
Juliano, L. M., & Brandon, T. H. (2002) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.111.1.88 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“On the basis of a review of alcohol’s effects on stress dampening, Sayette (1993) suggested that the anxiolytic effects of alcohol are due to cognitive disruption of the initial stress appraisal process; therefore, alcohol consumption”
Background
Adolescent suicidal behaviors as a function of depression, hopelessness, alcohol use, and social support: A longitudinal investigation
Reifman, A. S., & Windle, M. T. (1995) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf02506948 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“(For a more recent model of alcohol, cognition, and stress that builds upon the above notions of attentional-focus and self-awareness, see Sayette, 1993 .)”
Background
Changes in alcoholic patients' coping responses predict 12-month treatment outcomes.
Chung, T. A., Langenbucher, J. W., Labouvie, E. W., Pandina, R. J., & Moos, R. H. (2001) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.69.1.92 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
The effects of alcohol on emotion in social drinkers
Sayette, M. A. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.06.005 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“To wit, many prior studies have neglected to include appropriate beverage control conditions to account for both the potential pharmacological and dosage-set effects of alcohol (for elaboration on dosage-set methods and findings, see Martin & Sayette, 1993).”
Influential
The alcohol expectancy concept: Applications to assessment, prevention, and treatment of alcohol abuse
Goldman, M. S. (1994) · Applied and Preventive Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0962-1849(05)80066-6 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Effects of appraisal and coping on the neuroendocrine response to extreme stress
Olff, M., Langeland, W., & Gersons, B. P. R. (2005) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.12.006 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
The relationship between eating disorders and substance use
Wolfe, W. L., & Maisto, S. A. (2000) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(99)00009-4 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Attentional mediation of cigarette smoking's effect on anxiety.
Kassel, J. D., & Shiffman, S. M. (1997) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.16.4.359 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“Alcohol, in particular, shares this puzzling effect (Sayette, 1993; Steele & Josephs, 1990).”
Background
Alcohol Use Disorders and Psychological Distress: A Prospective State-Trait Analysis.
Jackson, K. M., & Sher, K. J. (2003) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.112.4.599 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Alcohol and human emotion: A multidimensional analysis incorporating startle-probe methodology.
Stritzke, W. G. K., Patrick, C. J., & Lang, A. R. (1995) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.104.1.114 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Smoking, anxiety, and attention: Support for the role of nicotine in attentionally mediated anxiolysis.
Kassel, J. D., & Unrod, M. (2000) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.109.1.161 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Stress-response-dampening effects of alcohol: Attention as a mediator and moderator.
Sher, K. J., Bartholow, B. D., Peuser, K. A., Erickson, D. J., & Wood, M. D. (2007) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.116.2.362 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“This idea has existed in popular culture for over 2,000 years (see Sayette, 1999) and has been the subject of scientific investigation for more than half a century (see Greely & Oei, 1999; Sayette, 1993a; Sher, 1987).”
Influential
A Test of the Perceived Norms Model to Explain Drinking Patterns Among University Student Athletes
Thombs, D. L. (2000) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448480009596287 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“071 Perceived drinking norm for typical on-campus student (2-18) 10.”
Background
Alcohol Schema Acquisition in Preschoolers: Differences Between Children of Alcoholics and Children of Nonalcoholics
Zucker, R. A., Kincaid, S. B., Fitzgerald, H. E., & Bingham, C. R. (1995) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb00982.x · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Does affect mediate the association between daily events and alcohol use?
Armeli, S., Tennen, H., Affleck, G., & Kranzler, H. R. (2000) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.2000.61.862 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Heart rate variability response to alcohol, placebo, and emotional picture cue challenges: Effects of 0.1‐Hz stimulation
Vaschillo, E. G., Bates, M. E., Vaschillo, B., Lehrer, P. M., Udo, T., Mun, E., & Ray, S. (2008) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00673.x · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“…on alcohol's direct pharmacological effects on limbic brain structures or indirect effects mediated through alcohol's pharmacological effects on cortical structures that support attention allocation or information processing (Lang, Patrick, & Stritzke, 1999; Sayette, 1993a; Steele & Josephs, 1988).”
Background
Women’s Awareness of and Discomfort With Sexual Assault Cues
Davis, K. C., Stoner, S. A., Norris, J., George, W. H., & Masters, N. T. (2009) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801209340759 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“In his appraisal-disruption model of SRD, Sayette (1993) posited that alcohol consumption interferes with the ability to appraise stress or anxiety-related cues from the environment, if alcohol is consumed before the introduction of such cues.”
Alcohol as social lubricant. Alcohol myopia theory, social self-esteem, and social interaction
Monahan, J., & Lannutti, P. (2000) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2000.tb00755.x · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“Sayette (1993) views inhibition response conflicts as potential stressors, and the appraisal-disruption model accounts for the result that low SSE women were less anxious and more talkative when intoxicated (because low SSE, rather than high SSE, women would be under more stress).”
Background
The pharmacologic and expectancy effects of alcohol on social anxiety in individuals with social phobia
Abrams, K. B., Kushner, M. G., Lisdahl, K. M., & Voight, A. (2001) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(01)00125-9 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Catching the Alcohol Buzz: An Examination of the Latent Factor Structure of Subjective Intoxication
Ray, L. A., MacKillop, J., Leventhal, A. M., & Hutchison, K. E. (2009) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01053.x · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“For instance, research has shown that alcohol is more likely to reduce stress when initial stress appraisal occurs, consistent with an appraisal-disruption model (Sayette, 1993; Sayette et al., 2001).”
Alcohol selectively reduces anxiety but not fear: Startle response during unpredictable versus predictable threat.
Moberg, C. A., & Curtin, J. J. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015636 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
“Consideration of this distinction between fear and anxiety may also clarify the mechanism proposed by important cognitive models of the alcohol– emotion nexus (Sayette, 1993; Steele & Josephs, 1990).”
Influential
A Daily Process Examination of the Stress-Response Dampening Effects of Alcohol Consumption.
Armeli, S., Tennen, H. A., Todd, M. W., Carney, M. A., Mohr, C. D., Affleck, G. G., & Hromi, A. (2003) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.17.4.266 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Alcohol and fear-potentiated startle: The role of competing cognitive demands in the stress-reducing effects of intoxication.
Curtin, J. J., Lang, A. R., Patrick, C. J., & Stritzke, W. G. K. (1998) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.107.4.547 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“From this perspective, the attention-allocation and appraisaldisruption models may be viewed as complementary rather than as competing perspectives, a point made by Sayette (1993).”
Background
The effect of laboratory manipulations of negative affect on alcohol craving and use: A meta-analysis.
Bresin, K., Mekawi, Y., & Verona, E. (2018) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000383 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Differential effects of alcohol on working memory: Distinguishing multiple processes.
Saults, J. S., Cowan, N., Sher, K. J., & Moreno, M. V. (2007) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.15.6.576 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“In his appraisal-disruption model, Sayette (1993, 1999) argued that alcohol’s most potent effects occur during the encoding of new information.”
Coping with Stress: A Survey of Murdoch University Veterinary Students
Williams, S. M., Arnold, P. K., & Mills, J. N. (2005) · Journal of Veterinary Medical Education · doi:10.3138/jvme.32.2.201 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Symptoms of posttraumatic stress predict craving among alcohol treatment seekers: Results of a daily monitoring study.
Simpson, T. L., Stappenbeck, C. A., Varra, A. A., Moore, S. A., & Kaysen, D. L. (2012) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0027169 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Guilty Pleasure or Pleasurable Guilt? Affective Experience of Impulse Buying in Hedonic-Driven Consumption
Miao, L. (2010) · Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research · doi:10.1177/1096348010384876 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Our findings offer a plausible explanation to consumers’ tendency to use impulse buying as a mood-booster (e.g., Beatty & Farrell, 1998; Rook & Gardner, 1993; Sayette, 1993; Tice, Bratslavsky, & Baumeister, 2001; Zillmann, 1993).”
Background
Reappraising the Situation and Its Impact on Aggressive Behavior
Barlett, C. P., & Anderson, C. A. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167211423671 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
An acute psychosocial stressor increases drinking in non-treatment-seeking alcoholics
Thomas, S. E., Bacon, A. K., Randall, P. K., Brady, K. T., & See, R. E. (2011) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-010-2163-6 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“That experiences interpreted as stressful can induce drinking is implicit in theories regarding the development and maintenance of alcohol use disorders (Conger 1951; Sayette 1993; Sher and Levenson 1982) and relapse (Marlatt and Gordon 1985; Zywiak et al.”
A Daily Process Approach to Individual Differences in Stress‐Related Alcohol Use
Armeli, S., Todd, M. W., & Mohr, C. D. (2005) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.0022-3506.2005.00362.x · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Sexual Assault Prevention for Heavy Drinking College Men: Development and Feasibility of an Integrated Approach
Orchowski, L. M., Barnett, N. P., Berkowitz, A. D., Borsari, B. E., Oesterle, D. W., & Zlotnick, C. (2018) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801218787928 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“For example, the acute pharmacological effects of alcohol may contribute to sexual aggression by impairing judgment and decision making (Curtin & Fairchild, 2003), decreasing tension and anxiety (Greeley & Oei, 1999; Sayette, 1993), and hampering impulse control (Sher, Wood, Wood, & Raskin, 1996).”
Background
Influence of alcohol on the processing of emotional facial expressions in individuals with social phobia
Stevens, S., Rist, F., & Gerlach, A. L. (2008) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466508x368856 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“According to Sayette (1993), if these effects occur, they may be observed immediately.”
BackgroundInfluential
Interactive effects of alcohol outcome expectancies and alcohol cues on nonconsumptive behavior.
Friedman, R., McCarthy, D. M., Bartholow, B. D., & Hicks, J. A. (2007) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.15.1.102 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Alcohol attenuates amygdala–frontal connectivity during processing social signals in heavy social drinkers: A preliminary pharmaco-fMRI study
Gorka, S. M., Fitzgerald, D. A., King, A. C., & Phan, K. L. (2013) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3090-0 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“…aforementioned interpretation of the present findings is consistent with numerous theoretical models of alcohol use, which broadly posit that alcohol dampens negative affect via disruption of attention and appraisal processes (Curtin et al. 2001; Hull 1987; Steele and Josephs 1990; Sayette 1993).”
Result
Reasons for alcohol use in young adulthood: validation of a three-dimensional measure.
Labouvie, E. W., & Bates, M. E. (2002) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.2002.63.145 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Implicit and Explicit Alcohol-Related Cognitions
Wiers, R. W. H. J., Stacy, A. W., Ames, S. L., Noll, J. A., Sayette, M. A., Zack, M. H., & Krank, M. D. (2002) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02441.x · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“The appraisal-disruption model proposed that alcohol impairs the organization of information by interfering with associative recall processes (Sayette, 1993).”
Background
Person and Environment Predictors of Blood Alcohol Concentrations: A Multi‐Level Study of College Parties
Clapp, J. D., Min, J. W., Shillington, A. M., Reed, M. B., & Croff, J. M. (2007) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00547.x · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Stress and alcohol drinking
Sillaber, I., & Henniger, M. S. H. (2004) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890410018862 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
How Bad Could It Be? Alcohol Dampens Stress Responses to Threat of Uncertain Intensity
Bradford, D. E., Shapiro, B. L., & Curtin, J. J. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613499923 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“…uncertainty is a broadly relevant threat characteristic regardless of the source of the uncertainty and begins to implicate higher-level cognitive processes, including appraisal and attention that may be involved in response to uncertain threats generally (Curtin et al., 2001; Sayette, 1993).”
Background
Evaluation of a depression-related model of alcohol problems in 430 probands from the San Diego prospective study
Schuckit, M. A., Smith, T. L., & Chacko, Y. (2005) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.09.006 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
DRD4 Polymorphism Moderates the Effect of Alcohol Consumption on Social Bonding
Creswell, K. G., Sayette, M. A., Manuck, S. B., Ferrell, R. E., Hill, S. Y., & Dimoff, J. D. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028914 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Without considering social context, it is unsurprising that investigators have struggled to reliably explain the reinforcing effects of alcohol [25] or genetic mechanisms underlying these effects [26].”
Background
Gender differences and similarities in the personality correlates of adolescent alcohol problems.
Martin, C. S., Lynch, K. G., Pollock, N. K., & Clark, D. B. (2000) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037//0893-164x.14.2.121 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
The effect of alcohol on emotional inertia: A test of alcohol myopia.
Fairbairn, C. E., & Sayette, M. A. (2013) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032980 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Over the past quarter century this work has evolved to incorporate a variety of cognitive constructs to explain the link between alcohol consumption and emotional experience (cf. Hull, 1987; Sayette, 1993).”
BackgroundMethod
Self-regulation and its failure: The seven deadly threats to self-regulation.
Wagner, D. D., & Heatherton, T. F. (2014) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/14341-026 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“The idea is that negative affect is frequently paired with substance use, which leads many dieters and drinkers to believe that indulging will relieve their negative affect (Sayette, 1993).”
Background
Forget "drinking to forget": Enhanced consolidation of emotionally charged memory by alcohol.
Bruce, K. R., & Pihl, R. O. (1997) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037//1064-1297.5.3.242 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Effects of alcohol intoxication and aggressivity on aggressive verbalizations during anger arousal
Eckhardt, C. I., & Crane, C. A. (2008) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.20249 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Irrational Beliefs and Behavioral Misregulation in the Role of Alcohol Abuse Among College Students
Hutchinson, G. T., Patock‐Peckham, J. A., Cheong, J., & Nagoshi, C. T. (1998) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1023/a:1024950407778 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“As noted in the introduction, stress-alcohol abuse models have yielded inconsistent results ( Sayette, 1993 ).”
Result
A multimodal investigation of contextual effects on alcohol’s emotional rewards.
Fairbairn, C. E., Bresin, K., Kang, D., Rosen, I. G., Ariss, T., Luczak, S. E., Barnett, N. P., & Eckland, N. S. (2018) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000346 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Perhaps partially because of the challenges surrounding the assessment of alcohol’s effects in everyday contexts, researchers have often chosen to examine the acute effects of alcohol on emotion in laboratory settings (Sayette, 1993; Sher, Wood, Richardson, & Jackson, 2005).”
Workplace drinking climate, stress, and problem indicators: assessing the influence of teamwork (group cohesion).
Bennett, J. B., & Lehman, W. E. K. (1998) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.1998.59.608 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Alcohol stress response dampening during imminent versus distal, uncertain threat.
Hefner, K. R., Moberg, C. A., Hachiya, L. Y., & Curtin, J. J. (2013) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0033407 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Similarly, Sayette (1993) suggested that alcohol SRD occurs in contexts where threats would not be adequately appraised due to the nature and timing of these threats relative to when the individual started drinking.”
The effects of alcohol and alcohol expectancies on subjective reports and physiological reactivity
McKay, D., & Schare, M. L. (1999) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(99)00021-0 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The stress-response dampening hypothesis: How self-esteem and stress act as mechanisms between negative parental bonds and alcohol-related problems in emerging adulthood
Backer-Fulghum, L. M., Patock‐Peckham, J. A., King, K. M., Roufa, L., & Hagen, L. (2011) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.12.012 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
A Critical Review of Laboratory-Based Studies Examining the Relationships of Social Anxiety and Alcohol Intake
Battista, S. R., Stewart, S. H., & Ham, L. S. (2010) · Current Drug Abuse Reviews · doi:10.2174/1874473711003010003 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“In addition to personality and individual difference variables, a number of other theories have also considered how cognitive factors may play a role in the relationship between alcohol and anxiety reduction namely, the SelfAwareness Model of alcohol [44], the Attention Allocation Model [45], and the Appraisal-Disrupt…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Bidirectional Interactions Between Acute Psychosocial Stress and Acute Intravenous Alcohol in Healthy Men
Childs, E., O’Connor, S., & de Wit, H. (2011) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01522.x · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Previously, others reported that alcohol dampened subjective emotional responses in anticipation of a stressor (Conrod et al., 1998; Finn et al., 1990), however it is not clear whether this effect was due to the influence of alcohol upon perception of the stressor (Sayette, 1993).”
Background
How gene–stress–behavior interactions can promote adolescent alcohol use: The roles of predrinking allostatic load and childhood behavior disorders
Zimmermann, U. S., Blomeyer, D., Laucht, M., & Mann, K. F. (2006) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2006.09.024 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Beyond stress and arousal: A reconceptualization of alcohol-emotion relations with reference to psychophysiological methods.
Stritzke, W. G. K., Lang, A. R., & Patrick, C. J. (1996) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.120.3.376 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Alcohol stress response dampening: selective reduction of anxiety in the face of uncertain threat
Hefner, K. R., & Curtin, J. J. (2012) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881111416691 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“Similarly, Sayette (1993) suggested that alcohol reduces negative emotional response in contexts where threats would not be adequately appraised due to the nature and timing of these threats.”
Bullying Perpetration and Victimization as Externalizing and Internalizing Pathways: A Retrospective Study Linking Parenting Styles and Self-Esteem to Depression, Alcohol Use, and Alcohol-Related Problems
Luk, J. W., Patock‐Peckham, J. A., Medina, M., Terrell, N., Belton, D. A., & King, K. M. (2016) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2015.1090453 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“by parents or peers (Marlatt, 1987; Sayette, 1993; Sher, 1987).”
Effects of alcohol on ratings of emotional facial expressions in social phobics
Stevens, S., Gerlach, A. L., & Rist, F. (2007) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.09.007 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Based on network theories of memory (Bower, 1981), the ‘‘appraisal–disruption model’’ by Sayette (1993) proposes an indirect influence of alcohol on anxiety by influencing cognitive processes.”
Background
Executive functioning, irritability, and alcohol-related aggression.
Godlaski, A. J., & Giancola, P. R. (2009) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0016582 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Mood and drinking: a naturalistic diary study of alcohol, coffee and tea
Steptoe, A., & Wardle, J. (1999) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130050839 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“…was inspired by the tension-reduction hypothesis, but this has been superseded by more complex models in which cognitive factors such as appraisals, expectancies and beliefs about the effects of alcohol interact with basic activation systems (Pohorecky 1991; Sayette 1993; Stritzke et al. 1996).”
Method
Parental history of alcohol abuse and the effects of alcohol and expectations of intoxication on social stress.
Sayette, M. A., Breslin, F. C., Wilson, G. T., & Rosenblum, G. D. (1994) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.1994.55.214 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
An evaluation of the balanced placebo design in alcohol administration research
Sayette, M. A., Breslin, F. C., Wilson, G. T., & Rosenblum, G. D. (1994) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/0306-4603(94)90034-5 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Effects of alcohol on controlled and automatic memory processes.
Kirchner, T., & Sayette, M. A. (2003) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.11.2.167 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Similarly, individual differences related to drinking history and personality might also moderate effects of alcohol on cognition (Sayette, 1993; Sher, Trull, Bartholow, & Vieth, 1999).”
BackgroundResultInfluential

A test of the appraisal-disruption model of alcohol and stress.
Sayette, M. A., Martin, C. S., Perrott, M. A., Wertz, J. M., & Hufford, M. R. (2001) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.2001.62.247 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Effects of Drink‐Stress Sequence and Gender on Alcohol Stress Response Dampening in High and Low Anxiety Sensitive Drinkers
Zack, M. H., Poulos, C. X., Aramakis, V. B., Khamba, B., & MacLeod, C. M. (2007) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00322.x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Does drinking reduce stress?
(1999) · PubMed Central · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Original Paper Alcohol selectively impairs negative self-relevant associations in young drinkers
Aramakis, V. B., Khamba, B. K., Macleod, C. M., Poulos, C. X., & Zack, M. H. (2013)
Alcohol and Self-Evaluation: Is a Social Cognition Approach Beneficial?
Banaji, M. R., & Steele, C. M. (1989) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.1989.7.2.137 · Cited by 39 · see citing works

Authors: Sayette, M. A.
Affiliations: University of Pittsburgh (US)
Corresponding author: Sayette, Michael A.
ORCID: Sayette, Michael A.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1993
Volume: 114
Issue: 3
Pages: 459-476
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.114.3.459
OpenAlex: W1998465194
Cited by: 320
References: 150
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 12
FWCI: 4.28
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Keywords: alcohol, stress response, social drinkers, stress appraisal, long-term memory, information dissemination, alcohol effects on cognition
MeSH terms: Alcohol Drinking, Ethanol, Cognition, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Personality, Stress, Psychological

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An appraisal-disruption model of alcohol’s effects on stress responses in social drinkers

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