Cited by 2,319Behavioral Health and InterventionsEducation, Achievement, and GiftednessCognitive and psychological constructs research

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Goal constructs in psychology: Structure, process, and content.

Austin, James T., Vancouver, Jeffrey B.·1996·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.120.3.338

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“Goal salience refers to the prominence or accessibility of a goal (Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Q. Wang et al., 2012).”
Background
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“(Austin & Vancouver, 1996, p. 338).”
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“In addition, goal properties (Austin and Vancouver, 1996) may play a vital role in the experience of and reaction to goal conflict.”
Background
Personal goals at age 25 in three generations of the twentieth century: Young adulthood in historical context 1This research was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation within the Swiss Priority Program “Switzerland: Towards the Future” (Project no. 5004-47766). We would like to thank two anonymous reviewers for their comments on an earlier version of this manuscript and Christian Staerklé for valuable advice.
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“…level of abstraction (Carver & Scheier, 1998; Little, 1989), (b) level of importance (Bagozzi, Basuroy, & Dholakia, 2003), (c) level of generality (Austin & Vancouver, 1996), (d) temporal range (Ford, 1992; Frese & Zapf, 1994), and (e) the level of effort one is willing to invest to achieve the…”
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Background
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Background
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Background
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“If an interim milestone increases commitment for the superordinate goal, then that interim milestone is beneficial in reaching the superordinate goal (Austin and Vancouver 1996; Devezer et al. 2014; Fishbach and Dhar 2005; Fishbach, Shah, and Kruglanski 2004).”
Background
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“In fact, as Austin and Vancouver (1996) argue, the “more common understanding of goals is as dynamically conscious—shuttling in and out of working memory as required” (p. 345).”
BackgroundInfluential
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Goals
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“…one ’ s behaviour, emotions, and thoughts helps to continuously engage in the direction, intensity, and persistence of effort, with the goal to strive for internal representations of their desired end states, such as collaborative task achievements (Austin and Vancouver, 1996; Vancouver, 2008).”
Background
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“People adopt many and varied goals in their lives (Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Carver & Scheirer, 1998).”
Background
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“We do this up front because this model frames the remainder of the paper and clarifies that we are ultimately working towards the formulation of choice models that are not simply goal-sensitive, but are fundamentally goal-driven.3 The psychology literature on goals is vast and long-standing, as evidenced by the now cl…”
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“The means of goal pursuit primarily derive their importance from serving their superordinate goals (Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Ferguson & Bargh, 2004).”
Background
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“The common thread across theories of self-regulation is that individuals set goals, compare progress against the goals, and make modifications to their behaviors and or cognitions to attain their goals (Carver and Scheier 2011; Austin and Vancouver 1996; Shah and Kruglanski 2008).”
Background
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Defining open goals for the promotion of health behaviours: a critical conceptual review
Swann, C., Goddard, S. G., Schweickle, M. J., Hawkins, R. M., Williamson, O., Gargioli, D., Clarke, M. M., Jackman, P. C., & Vella, S. A. (2025) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2025.2467695 · Cited by 21
“…are a task-focused goal; that is, ‘ internal representations of desired states, where states are broadly construed as outcomes, events, or processes ’ (Austin & Vancouver, 1996, p. 338), or ‘ what an individual is trying to accomplish … the object or aim of an action ’ (Locke et al., 1981, p. 126).”
Influential
Complaint behaviour in multichannel retailing: a cross-stage approach
Frasquet, M., Ieva, M., & Ziliani, C. (2021) · International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management · doi:10.1108/ijrdm-03-2020-0089 · Cited by 18
Which goal adjustment strategies do cancer patients use? A longitudinal study
Janse, M., Fleer, J., Smink, A., Sprangers, M. A. G., & Ranchor, A. V. (2015) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.3924 · Cited by 22
“Goal content gives information on what the goal is about, that is, referring to life domains such as physical and social relationships [23,24], and their level of abstraction (high, e.”
Background
Criticism in the Self, Brain, Relationships, and Social Structure: Implications for Psychodynamic Psychiatry
Shahar, G. (2016) · Psychodynamic Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/pdps.2016.44.3.395 · Cited by 19
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“…attention, perception, affect, instrumental action, and problem solving tend to coalesce around personal goals, particularly under stressful, uncertain, or novel circumstances (cf., Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Emmons, 1999; Ford, 1987; Karoly, 1993, 1999; Klinger, 1977; Pervin, 1989; Powers, 1973).”
Changing Behavior Using Theories at the Interpersonal, Organizational, Community, and Societal Levels
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Patient-relevant needs and treatment goals in nail psoriasis
Blome, C., Costanzo, A., Daudén, E., Ferrándiz, C., Girolomoni, G., Gniadecki, R., Iversen, L., Menter, A., Michaelis-Wittern, K., Morita, A., et al. (2016) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-015-1136-y · Cited by 17
Goal setting and plant closure: When bad things turn good
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“…achievement has positive emotional and cognitive implications, goal achievement promotes self-esteem, well-being, positive emotions and behavioural outcomes such as effort and performance (Austin and Vancouver, 1996; Eccles and Wigfield, 2002; Locke and Latham, 1990b; Shah and Kruglanski, 2008).”
Background
Daily management of work and family goals in employed parents
Hoppmann, C. A., & Klumb, P. L. (2012) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2012.07.001 · Cited by 18
An S-shaped relationship between changes in appraisals and changes in emotions.
Tong, E. M. W., Ellsworth, P. C., & Bishop, G. D. (2009) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0017812 · Cited by 18
Poetics, pragmatics, schematics, and the psychoanalysis-research dialogue (Rift)
Shahar, G. (2010) · Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/02668734.2010.513544 · Cited by 18
“This view of the person as fundamentally teleological, or ‘locomotive’, is supported by recent personality research which focuses on goals, life tasks, and personal projects (see Austin & Vancouver, 1996, for review).”
Satisfaction of Needs and Determining of Life Goals: A Model of Subjective Well-Being for Adolescents in High School.
Eryılmaz, A. (2011) · Educational Sciences Theory & Practice · Cited by 18
Thematic associations between personal goals and clinical and non-clinical voices (auditory verbal hallucinations)
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“Within the psychological literature, goals have been defined as “internal representations of desired states, where states are broadly construed as outcomes, events or processes” (Austin & Vancouver, 1996, p. 338).”
Background
Transactive Goal Dynamics Theory: A relational goals perspective on work teams and leadership
Fitzsimons, G. M., Sackett, E., & Finkel, E. J. (2016) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2016.11.006 · Cited by 23
Personal Goals During the Transition to Young Adulthood
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Setting Realistic Health Goals: Antecedents and Consequences
Avishai, A., Conner, M. T., & Sheeran, P. (2019) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaz012 · Cited by 18
Exploring the role of conditional goal setting in depression
Street, H. (2001) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284200310001707331 · Cited by 18
Goal Systems and Self‐Regulation
Karoly, P. (2010) · doi:10.1002/9781444318111.ch10 · Cited by 18
Untitled work
(2007) · Cited by 350

Authors: Austin, J. T., & Vancouver, J. B.
Affiliations: The Ohio State University (US)
ORCID: Vancouver, Jeffrey B.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1996-11
Volume: 120
Issue: 3
Pages: 338-375
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.120.3.338
OpenAlex: W2075289001
Semantic Scholar: 0539efa59c31b4c9b22f866f1b3c65eedb554856
Cited by: 2,319
References: 474
Citations by year: 2026: 62 · 2025: 76 · 2024: 76 · 2023: 224 · 2022: 90 · 2021: 108 · 2020: 148 · 2019: 93 · 2018: 89 · 2017: 110 · 2016: 93 · 2015: 117 · 2014: 85 · 2013: 94 · 2012: 118
FWCI: 23.42
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cognitive and psychological constructs research
Keywords: goal setting, goal structure, goal content, motivation, achievement motivation

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Goal constructs in psychology: Structure, process, and content.

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