Cited by 2,319Behavioral Health and InterventionsEducation, Achievement, and GiftednessCognitive and psychological constructs research

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 469 of the 474 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Goal constructs in psychology: Structure, process, and content.

Austin, James T., Vancouver, Jeffrey B.·1996·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.120.3.338

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0033-2909.120.3.338

Cites

469 of 469 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532
The theory of planned behavior
Ajzen, I. (1991) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-t · Cited by 90,587
Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change
Bandura, A. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.191 · Cited by 43,925
“Stress: appraisal and coping,”
Folkman, S. (2013) · Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_215 · Cited by 27,833
The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life.
Naegele, K. D., & Goffman, E. (1956) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2089106 · Cited by 26,049
The Principles of Psychology
James, W. (1891) · Personality Culture Society · doi:10.1037/11059-000 · Cited by 25,876
From Intentions to Actions: A Theory of Planned Behavior
Ajzen, I. (1985) · Action Control · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-69746-3_2 · Cited by 19,057
Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications
Wasserman, S. S., & Faust, K. (1994) · Cited by 18,005
Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency
Bandura, A. (1982) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.37.2.122 · Cited by 15,975
A BEHAVIORAL MODEL OF RATIONAL CHOICE
Simon, H. A. (1955) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/1884852 · Cited by 15,877

Show all 474 references

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 1,000

A Goal Systems–Self-Regulatory Perspective on Personality, Psychopathology, and Change
Karoly, P. (1999) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.3.4.264 · Cited by 171
“The organizational looseness of the multiple facets described subsequently reflects the state of the field (Austin & Vancouver, 1996), and I would hope that, in the years ahead, greater order is brought to bear as a result of increased empirical and theoretical attention to goal systems.”
BackgroundInfluential
Mental Health, Social Mirror
Avison, W. R., McLeod, J. D., & Pescosolido, B. A. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-36320-2 · Cited by 175
Adolescents’ Perceptions of Parental Goals, Practices, and Styles in Relation to Their Motivation and Achievement
Spera, C. (2006) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431606291940 · Cited by 169
“Parental goals, on the other hand, are best described as internal representations of desired states or outcomes that parents hold for their child that organize and direct parents’ behaviors toward their child (see Austin & Vancouver, 1996).”
Background
The Association Between Patient Characteristics and the Therapeutic Alliance in Cognitive-Behavioral and Interpersonal Therapy for Bulimia Nervosa.
Constantino, M. J., Arnow, B. A., Blasey, C. M., & Agras, W. S. (2005) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.73.2.203 · Cited by 182
Missing the mark: Effects of time and causal attributions on goal revision in response to goal-performance discrepancies.
Donovan, J. J., & Williams, K. J. (2003) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.3.379 · Cited by 170
More Than Meets the Eye: A Review and Future Directions for the Social Psychology of Socioemotional Wealth
Jiang, D. S., Kellermanns, F. W., Munyon, T. P., & Morris, M. L. (2017) · Family Business Review · doi:10.1177/0894486517736959 · Cited by 177
“…this regard, social psychology theories propose that countless goals (e.g., those contributing to SEW) can change in importance and prioritization over time (see Austin & Vancouver, 1996, for a summary) and thus vary across 148 Family Business Review 31(1) different contexts and levels of analysis.”
Background
Automatic goal inferences
Hassin, R. R., Aarts, H., & Ferguson, M. J. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2004.06.008 · Cited by 167
Goal Importance and Related Achievement Beliefs and Emotions during the Transition from Vocational School to Work: Antecedents and Consequences
Nurmi, J., Salmela‐Aro, K., & Koivisto, P. (2002) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1006/jvbe.2001.1866 · Cited by 165
A Three–Part Framework for Self–Regulated Personality Development across Adulthood
Hennecke, M., Bleidorn, W., Denissen, J. J. A., & Wood, D. (2014) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1945 · Cited by 201
“; for example, Austin & Vancouver, 1996).”
Nature and nurture of the interplay between personality traits and major life goals.
Bleidorn, W., Kandler, C., Hulsheger, U. R., Riemann, R., Angleitner, A., & Spinath, F. M. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019982 · Cited by 180
The Path Is the Goal: How Transformational Leaders Enhance Followers’ Job Attitudes and Proactive Behavior
Steinmann, B., Klug, H. J. P., & Maier, G. W. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02338 · Cited by 253
When things go wrong: The effect of daily work hassles on effort, exertion and negative mood
Zohar, D. M. (1999) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1348/096317999166671 · Cited by 171
“This paper examines the eVect of externally induced obstacles which disrupt goal-directed behaviour (see review of goal constructs by Austin & Vancouver, 1996 ).”
Background
Understanding food choice: A systematic review of reviews
Fernqvist, F., Spendrup, S., & Tellström, R. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32492 · Cited by 220
“Values are goals that guide [75] and provide organisation and orientation [76] to consumers in their daily life.”
Background
Motivation, cognitive processing and achievement in higher education
Bruinsma, M. (2004) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2004.09.001 · Cited by 166
Towards understanding successful ageing: patterned change in resources and goals
Steverink, N., Lindenberg, S. M., & Ormel, J. (1998) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x98007004 · Cited by 164
“In contradiction to many other goal approaches (for a review see: Austin and Vancouver 1996 ), diversity of goals is assumed to be the result of instrumental ordering of 450 Nardi Steverink, Siegwart Lindenberg and Johan Ormel”
Result
Compensatory knowledge signaling in consumer word‐of‐mouth
Packard, G. M., & Wooten, D. B. (2013) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2013.05.002 · Cited by 163
The Dynamics of Personality States, Goals, and Well-Being
Heller, D. A., Komar, J. A., & Lee, W. B. (2007) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167207301010 · Cited by 159
“Goals are defined as mental representations of desired states or outcomes and, thus, perform an important selfregulatory function (Austin & Vancouver, 1996) such that the discrepancy between the desired and current states directs or guides behavior and effort to reach the goal (Bandura, 1991; Locke…”
Background
The Selfish Goal: Autonomously operating motivational structures as the proximate cause of human judgment and behavior
Huang, J. Y., & Bargh, J. A. (2014) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x13000290 · Cited by 173
“In their review of goal-priming studies, Custers and Aarts (2010) noted that the traditional determinants of whether a conscious goal is pursued, attainability and desirability (e.g., Austin & Vancouver 1996), also increase the chances that an unconscious goal will be pursued.”
BackgroundInfluential
The Importance of Students' Goals in Their Emotional Experience of Academic Failure: Investigating the Precursors and Consequences of Shame
Turner, J. E., Husman, J. E., & Schallert, D. L. (2002) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3702_3 · Cited by 157
“…begin to think about the importance of and reasons for valuing a particular long-term future goal, they may also begin to take into account the emotional and motivational sequence of students’ obtainment of personal subgoals related to their higher order future goals (Austin & Vancouver, 1996).”
Background
Collaborative Recovery: An Integrativemodel for Working with Individuals Who Experience Chronic and Recurring Mental Illness
Oades, L. G., Deane, F. P., Crowe, T. P., Lambert, W. G., Kavanagh, D. J., & Lloyd, C. (2005) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1665.2005.02202.x · Cited by 155
Salesperson ambidexterity and customer satisfaction: examining the role of customer demandingness, adaptive selling, and role conflict
Agnihotri, R., Gabler, C. B., Itani, O. S., Jaramillo, F., & Krush, M. T. (2017) · Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management · doi:10.1080/08853134.2016.1272053 · Cited by 174
“Control theory also suggests that individuals develop and maintain multiple goals hierarchically (Austin and Vancouver 1996).”
Background
Task Interest and Actual Performance: The Moderating Effects of Assigned and Adopted Purpose Goals.
Yperen, N. W. V. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.6.1006 · Cited by 153
From prediction to process: A self-regulation account of environmental behavior change
Nielsen, K. S. (2017) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2017.04.002 · Cited by 166
Spousal Interrelations in Old Age – A Mini-Review
Hoppmann, C. A., & Gerstorf, D. (2009) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000211948 · Cited by 152
“An investigation of spousal interrelations therefore needs to attend to goals and how co-developing partners integrate individual and social aspects of those goals. Goals are cognitive representations of the self that guide behavior over time and express what an individual wants to achieve during a certain phase in li…”
Background
Understanding Students' Affective Processes in the Classroom
Boekaerts, M. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012372545-5/50004-6 · Cited by 167
Counterfactual thinking facilitates behavioral intentions
Smallman, R., & Roese, N. J. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.03.002 · Cited by 150
“In the same way that a shovel is functionally related to digging a hole, the cognitive representation of means is functionally connected to representations of goals because means are used to achieve goals (Bargh, 1990; Bargh & Gollwitzer, 1994; for reviews see Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Chartrand & Bargh, 2002).”
Method
An integrated model of goal-focused coaching: An evidence-based framework for teaching and practice
Grant, A. M. (2012) · International Coaching Psychology Review · doi:10.53841/bpsicpr.2012.7.2.146 · Cited by 151
Exploring the Effects of Job Autonomy on Engagement and Creativity: The Moderating Role of Performance Pressure and Learning Goal Orientation
Zhang, W., Jex, S. M., Peng, Y., & Wang, D. (2016) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-016-9453-x · Cited by 163
“Goals refer to “internal representations of desired states, where states are broadly construed as outcomes, events, or processes” (Austin and Vancouver 1996, p338).”
Background
Toward a Definition of Teamwork in Emergency Medicine
Fernandez, R., Kozlowski, S. W. J., Shapiro, M. J., & Salas, E. (2008) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2008.00250.x · Cited by 163
“) relevant to the team and develop new plans as needed.(32)”
Background
Achieving Work-Family Balance: An Action Regulation Model
Hirschi, A., Shockley, K. M., & Zacher, H. (2018) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2016.0409 · Cited by 183
The Effect of Goal Visualization on Goal Pursuit: Implications for Consumers and Managers
Cheema, A., & Bagchi, R. (2011) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jm.75.2.109 · Cited by 149
Comparing artificial intelligence and human coaching goal attainment efficacy
Terblanche, N. H. D., Molyn, J., de Haan, E., & Nilsson, V. O. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0270255 · Cited by 177
Changing Behavior Using the Model of Action Phases
Keller, L., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P. (2020) · The Handbook of Behavior Change · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.006 · Cited by 147
Effective regulation of affect: An action control perspective on emotion regulation
Webb, T. L., Schweiger Gallo, I., Miles, E., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P. (2012) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2012.718134 · Cited by 216
“…the goal to lose weight can be achieved by exercising, regulating food intake, or both, cf. Bagozzi & Kimmel, 1995) and effective goal pursuit requires that the person select an appropriate means to attain the goal (Aarts & Dijksterhuis, 2000; Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Wegner & Vallacher, 1986).”
Background
The self‐regulatory consequences of dependence on intelligent machines at work: Evidence from field and experimental studies
Tang, P. M., Koopman, J., Yam, K. C., Cremer, D. D., Zhang, J. H., & Reynders, P. (2022) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.22154 · Cited by 152
Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology: Interpersonal Processes
(2002) · Blackwell Publishing Ltd eBooks · doi:10.1111/b.9780631212294.2002.x · Cited by 147
Goal conflict, goal striving, and psychological well-being
Boudreaux, M. J., & Ozer, D. J. (2012) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-012-9333-2 · Cited by 175
“lyzed at the person level (Austin and Vancouver 1996).”
Background
Well‐being and the anticipation of future positive experiences: The role of income, social networks, and planning ability
MacLeod, A. K., & Conway, C. (2005) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930441000247 · Cited by 156
The Dynamic Goal Theory of Marital Satisfaction
Li, T., & Fung, H. H.-L. (2011) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0024694 · Cited by 144
“In a review about goal constructs in psychology, Austin and Vancouver (1996) define goals “as internal representations of desired states, where states are broadly construed as outcomes, events, or processes” (p. 338). The content of goals is extremely diverse, which can vary from a good quiz score to a peaceful world.…”
BackgroundInfluential
When daily planning improves employee performance: The importance of planning type, engagement, and interruptions.
Parke, M. R., Weinhardt, J. M., Brodsky, A., Tangirala, S., & DeVoe, S. E. (2017) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000278 · Cited by 160
Persistence and Disengagement in Personal Goal Pursuit
Brandstätter, V., & Bernecker, K. (2021) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-020821-110710 · Cited by 172
Adolescents’ Self-Concordance, School Engagement, and Burnout Predict Their Educational Trajectories 1This paper is part of a series on “Youth Development in Europe: Transitions and Identities” that will appear in the European Psychologist throughout 2008 and 2009. Taken together, the papers aim to make a conceptual contribution to the increasingly important area of youth development, especially within the context of an expanding Europe, by focusing on variations and changes in the transition to adulthood and emerging identities. The series will conclude with a summary by the organizers of the series, Katariina Salmela-Aro (University of Jyväskylä, Finland) and Ingrid Schoon (University of London, UK).
Vasalampi, K., Salmela‐Aro, K., & Nurmi, J. (2009) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040.14.4.332 · Cited by 162
The development of a goal to become a teacher.
Schutz, P. A., Crowder, K. C., & White, V. E. (2001) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-0663.93.2.299 · Cited by 143
Not Too Tired to be Proactive: Daily Empowering Leadership Spurs Next-morning Employee Proactivity as Moderated by Nightly Sleep Quality
Schilpzand, P., Houston, L. N., & Cho, J. (2018) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2016.0936 · Cited by 155
Goal Construction, Reconstruction and Depressive Symptoms in a Life‐Span Context: The Transition From School to Work
Nurmi, J., & Salmela‐Aro, K. (2002) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/1467-6494.05009 · Cited by 142
Hierarchical representation of motives in goal setting.
Bagozzi, R. P., Bergami, M., & Leone, L. (2003) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.915 · Cited by 149
Goal Engagement During the School–Work Transition: Beneficial for All, Particularly for Girls
Haase, C. M., Heckhausen, J., & Köller, O. (2008) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2008.00576.x · Cited by 150
“The importance of individual goals for general psychological adaptation is well documented (e.g., Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Little, Salmelo-Aro, & Phillips, 2006).”
Background
Social media influencers as human brands: an interactive marketing perspective
Kim, D. Y., & Kim, H. (2022) · Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing · doi:10.1108/jrim-08-2021-0200 · Cited by 185
Social goals, social behavior, and social status in middle childhood.
Rodkin, P. C., Ryan, A. M., Jamison, R. S., & Wilson, T. M. (2012) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0029389 · Cited by 152
Who Earns More and Why? A Multiple Mediation Model from Personality to Salary
Spurk, D., & Abele, A. E. (2010) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-010-9184-3 · Cited by 140
“The other line of research revealed that motivational variables like self-efficacy expectations (Bandura 1986, 1997; Lent et al. 1994) and personal goals ( Austin and Vancouver 1996; Cantor 1990; Little 1983) influence salary (e.g., Abele and Spurk 2009b; Day and Allen 2004; Frieze et al. 2006).”
Background
Emotional support, social goals, and classroom behavior: A multilevel, multisite study.
Wentzel, K. R., Muenks, K. M., McNeish, D., & Russell, S. L. (2018) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000239 · Cited by 152
“A basic tenet of motivational theories is that people set goals for themselves and that these goals can be powerful motivators of behavior (Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Bandura, 1986).”
Background
Upward social comparison on social network sites and depressive symptoms: A moderated mediation model of self-esteem and optimism
Liu, Q., Zhou, Z., Yang, X., Niu, G., Tian, Y., & Fan, C. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.03.037 · Cited by 139
Combinations of techniques that effectively change health behavior: evidence from Meta-CART analysis
Dusseldorp, E., van Genugten, L., van Buuren, S., Verheijden, M. W., & van Empelen, P. (2014) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000018 · Cited by 138
“In line with the approach of Dixon and Johnston (2010), the BCTs were grouped into categories referring to their motivational and self-regulatory functions derived from several theories (Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Gollwitzer, 1996; Heckhausen, Wrosch, & Schulz, 2010; Rothman et al., 2004).”
Method
Promoting physical activity with goal-oriented mental imagery: a randomized controlled trial
Chan, C. K. Y., & Cameron, L. D. (2011) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-011-9360-6 · Cited by 138
“Goals are cognitive links between motivations and specific behaviors ( Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Bay & Daniel, 2003; Carver & Scheier, 1998; Elliott & Dweck, 1988; Latham, 2003; Pervin, 1982, 1989).”
Background
Life goals: the concept and its relevance to rehabilitation
Nair, K. P. S. (2003) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1191/0269215503cr599oa · Cited by 134
A Reappraisal of the Role of Emotion in Consumer Behavior
Johnson, A. R., & Stewart, D. W. (2004) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1548-6435(2004)0000001005 · Cited by 142
Does forming implementation intentions help people with mental health problems to achieve goals? A meta‐analysis of experimental studies with clinical and analogue samples
Toli, A., Webb, T. L., & Hardy, G. E. (2016) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12086 · Cited by 137
The neurocognitive connection between physical activity and eating behaviour
Joseph, R. J., Alonso‐Alonso, M., Bond, D. S., Pascual‐Leone, Á., & Blackburn, G. L. (2011) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2011.00893.x · Cited by 147
“Individuals constantly monitor behaviour through a process called self-regulation, which involves re-evaluating beliefs, setting goals and keeping thoughts and behaviours in line with such goals (70).”
Background
A Self-Regulation Model of the Sexual Offense Process
Ward, T. J., Hudson, S. M., & Keenan, T. (1998) · Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1177/107906329801000206 · Cited by 135
“However, there is a large literature demonstrating the powerful influence higher-level goals can have on human actions ( Austin & Vancouver, 1996 ), and it is our contention that sexually deviant behavior is likely to be similarly influenced.”
Background
Squeezed: Coping with Constraint through Efficiency and Prioritization
Fernbach, P. M., Kan, C., & Lynch, J. G. (2014) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/679118 · Cited by 135
A self-regulation approach to understanding citizenship behavior in organizations
Bolino, M. C., Harvey, J., & Bachrach, D. G. (2012) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2012.05.006 · Cited by 137
“Lower-level goals, which are more concrete, tend to contribute to the attainment of higher-level goals, which are more abstract (Austin & Vancouver, 1996).”
BackgroundInfluential
How Consumers’ Political Ideology and Status-Maintenance Goals Interact to Shape Their Desire for Luxury Goods
Kim, J. C., Park, B., & Dubois, D. (2018) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1177/0022242918799699 · Cited by 147
“Goals are internal representations of desired states (Austin and Vancouver 1996), be they physical needs (e.g., the need to eat) or self-actualization (Winell 1987).”
Background
Assessing meaning and meaning making in the context of stressful life events: Measurement tools and approaches
Park, C. L., & George, L. S. (2013) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2013.830762 · Cited by 155
“Global goals are internal representations of desired processes, events, or outcomes (Austin & Vancouver, 1996).”
Background
RESEARCH: "A Higher Purpose: The Sanctification of Strivings in a Community Sample"
Mahoney, A., Pargäment, K. I., Cole, B. S., Jewell, T., Magyar‐Russell, G., Tarakeshwar, N., Murray‐Swank, N. A., & Phillips, R. E. (2005) · International Journal for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1207/s15327582ijpr1503_4 · Cited by 133
“Researchers from diverse backgrounds have adopted a goals orientation in an effort to better understand peoples’ daily behaviors, motivation, personality, well-being, and maladjustment (Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Emmons, 1999, Karoly, 1993).”
Background
APPLYING SELF-DETERMINATION THEORY TO ORGANIZATIONAL RESEARCH
Sheldon, K. M., Turban, D. B., Brown, K. G., Barrick, M. R., & Judge, T. A. (2004) · Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management · doi:10.1016/s0742-7301(03)22008-9 · Cited by 214
“Goal Commitment Goals are a central concept in work motivation research (Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Locke & Latham, 1999).”
Background
When Teams Agree While Disagreeing: Reflexion and Reflection in Shared Cognition
Healey, M. P., Vuori, T. O., & Hodgkinson, G. P. (2015) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2013.0154 · Cited by 139
Goal-Setting Paradoxes? Trade-Offs Between Working Hard and Working Smart: The United States Versus China
Fang, E., Palmatier, R. W., & Evans, K. R. (2004) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1177/0092070303261413 · Cited by 133
Improving the Generation of Decision Objectives
Bond, S., Carlson, K. A., & Keeney, R. L. (2010) · Decision Analysis · doi:10.1287/deca.1100.0172 · Cited by 129
“…have argued that decisions are best understood as attempts by which people strive to meet their objectives or goals (Drucker 1954, Payne et al. 1988, Austin and Vancouver 1996, Keeney 1992, Higgins 1997, Bettman et al. 1998, Carver and Scheier 1999, Gollwitzer 1999, Morton and Fasolo 2009).”
Background
Facilitating decomposition and recomposition in practice-based teacher education: The power of modularity
Janssen, F., Grossman, P., & Westbroek, H. (2015) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2015.06.009 · Cited by 118
Randomized controlled trial of a brief research‐based intervention promoting fruit and vegetable consumption
Kellar, I., & Abraham, C. (2005) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/135910705x42940 · Cited by 128
“Goal theory (Austin & Vancouver, 1996) may help to clarify cognitive processes that account for the 'gap' between intention and behaviour (Abraham & Sheeran, 2003; Sheeran & Abraham, 2003).”
Background
Self‐Regulation in Health Behavior: Concepts, Theories, and Central Issues
de Ridder, D. T. D., & de Wit, J. B. F. (2006) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470713150.ch1 · Cited by 132
The Happy Mind: Cognitive Contributions to Well-Being
Schuz, N., & Schüz, B. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-58763-9 · Cited by 144
Implications of goal theories for the theories of reasoned action and planned behaviour
Abraham, C., & Sheeran, P. (2003) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-003-1021-7 · Cited by 136
So Far Away: The Role of Subjective Temporal Distance to Future Goals in Motivation and Behavior
Peetz, J., Wilson, A. E., & Strahan, E. J. (2009) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2009.27.4.475 · Cited by 136
Perceiving school performance as instrumental to future goal attainment: Effects on graded performance
Malka, A., & Covington, M. V. (2004) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2004.04.001 · Cited by 133
“Goal perspectives on motivation focus on the mental representations of desired outcomes that initiate and direct behavior (Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Emmons, 1997; Ford & Nichols, 1987).”
Background
Where Do We Go From Here? The Goal Perspective in Psychotherapy.
Michalak, J., & Holtforth, M. G. (2006) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2006.00048.x · Cited by 135
The 3P Model: A General Theory of Subjective Well-Being
Durayappah, A. (2010) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-010-9223-9 · Cited by 136
Moving beyond job search quantity
van Hooft, E. A. J., Wanberg, C. R., & Hoye, G. V. (2012) · Organizational Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/2041386612456033 · Cited by 145
“Austin and Vancouver (1996) noted that planning serves two functions.”
Influential
Contextualized personality, beyond traits.
Dunlop, W. L. (2015) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1995 · Cited by 120
“There exist several methods to assess motivation (for a review, see Austin & Vancouver, 1996; McClelland, Koestner, & Weinberger, 1989).”
BackgroundMethod
Sensory Imagery in Craving: From Cognitive Psychology to New Treatments for Addiction
Andrade, J., May, J., & Kavanagh, D. J. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.024611 · Cited by 136
Career identity and the complex mediating relationships between career preparatory actions and career progress markers
Praskova, A., Creed, P. A., & Hood, M. (2015) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2015.01.001 · Cited by 125
“Exploration activities are purposeful, goal directed, and carried out according to the individual’s conscious or unconscious plans (Autin & Vancouver, 1996).”
Background
Purposes and mechanisms of goal planning in rehabilitation: The need for a critical distinction
Levack, W., Dean, S. G., Siegert, R. J., & McPherson, K. M. (2005) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638280500265961 · Cited by 125
“Second, it was assumed that manipulation of latent goals (defined as goals that influence action or behaviour regardless of awareness or volition [16], such as in the case of functional goaltasks influencing motor control [17]), while relevant to therapeutic activities, does not constitute rehabilitation goal planning…”
Background
Happiness revisited: ontological well-being as a theory-based construct of subjective well-being
Şimşek, Ö. F. (2009) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-008-9105-6 · Cited by 124
“The concept of goal has been defined as desired states or ‘internal representations of desired states, where states are broadly construed as outcomes, events, or processes’ ( Austin and Vancouver 1996, p. 338 ).”
Background
Performance Objectives Selection Model in Public-Private Partnership Projects Based on the Perspective of Stakeholders
Yuan, J., Skibniewski, M. J., Li, Q., & Zheng, L. (2009) · Journal of Management in Engineering · doi:10.1061/(asce)me.1943-5479.0000011 · Cited by 124
Towards a hierarchical theory of shopping motivation
Wagner, T., & Rudolph, T. J. (2010) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2010.04.003 · Cited by 128
How to turn a hawk into a dove and vice versa: Interactions between emotions and goals in a give-some dilemma game
Nelissen, R. M. A., Dijker, A. J. M., & de Vries, N. K. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.01.009 · Cited by 123
Implicit motives, explicit traits, and task and contextual performance at work.
Lang, J. W. B., Zettler, I., Ewen, C., & Hulsheger, U. R. (2012) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0029556 · Cited by 131
Daily Goals, Life Goals, and Worst Fears: Means, Ends, and Subjective Well‐Being
King, L. A., Richards, J. H., & Stemmerich, E. (1998) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00030 · Cited by 124
“Although this hierarchical arrangement of goals has been widely assumed, this assumption of means–end relations between daily goals and long-term life goals has been subjected to very little empirical testing in the personality literature (Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Sheldon & Kasser, 1995).”
Background
Gain without pain? Expressive writing and self-regulation.
King, L. A. (2004) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10451-006 · Cited by 124
When goals conflict but people prosper: The case of dispositional optimism
Segerstrom, S. C., & Nes, L. S. (2005) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2005.08.001 · Cited by 120
“Austin and Vancouver (1996) noted that “single goals cannot be understood when isolated from other goals” (p. 338).”
Background
Dispositional optimism and engagement: The moderating influence of goal prioritization.
Geers, A. L., Wellman, J. A., & Lassiter, G. D. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014830 · Cited by 120
“For brevity, we do not provide complete detail of goal hierarchy systems but note that we are concerned with what Austin and Vancouver (1996) and Carver and Scheier (1998) refer to as higher or middle-level goals.”
Background
Thriving With Social Purpose: An Integrative Approach to the Development of Optimal Human Functioning
Ford, M. E., & Smith, P. R. (2007) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520701416280 · Cited by 130
“Moreover, there does appear to be increasing interest in understanding related ideas emanating from different approaches (e.g., Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Bong & Clark, 1999; Elliot & Dweck, 2005).”
Background
Why religion? Meaning as motivation.
Park, C. L., Edmondson, D. E., & Hale, A. E. (2012) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/14045-008 · Cited by 121
Does Personality Matter? A Review of Individual Differences in Occupational Well-Being
Mäkikangas, A., Feldt, T., Kinnunen, U. M., & Mauno, S. (2013) · Advances in positive organizational psychology · doi:10.1108/s2046-410x(2013)0000001008 · Cited by 140
The Concept of Situations
Yu, Y., Read, S. J., & Miller, L. C. (2009) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00236.x · Cited by 126
“It is described by the ways in which people's goals succeed or fail and the specific trajectories associated with those processes, such as the establishment, planning, striving, monitoring, attainment , revision, and persistence of people's goal pursuit (cf., Austin & Vancouver, 1996).”
Background
Goal-setting in clinical medicine
Bradley, E. H., Bogardus, S. T., Tinetti, M. E., & Inouye, S. K. (1999) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00107-0 · Cited by 116
The experimental analysis of the interruptive, interfering, and identity-distorting effects of chronic pain
Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Morley, S., & Crombez, G. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.08.016 · Cited by 117
“Future research may reveal when and how exactly this is accomplished, but we plea for a systematic exploration of the role of goal characteristics in this endeavor (Austin & Vancouver, 1996).”
Background
Multiple goals: A review and derivation of general principles
Unsworth, K. L., Yeo, G., & Beck, J. W. (2014) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.1963 · Cited by 127
Compensatory consumption and consumer compromises: a state-of-the-art review
Koles, B., Wells, V. K., & Tadajewski, M. (2017) · Journal of Marketing Management · doi:10.1080/0267257x.2017.1373693 · Cited by 89
“Goals have been defined by Austin and Vancouver (1996) as ‘internal representations of desired states, where states are broadly construed as outcomes, events or processes’ (p. 338).”
Background
Rightly crossing the Rubicon: Evaluating goal self-concordance prior to selection helps people choose more intrinsic goals
Sheldon, K. M., Prentice, M. S., & Осин, Е. Н. (2019) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2019.03.001 · Cited by 116

Authors: Austin, J. T., & Vancouver, J. B.
Affiliations: The Ohio State University (US)
ORCID: Vancouver, Jeffrey B.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1996-11
Volume: 120
Issue: 3
Pages: 338-375
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.120.3.338
OpenAlex: W2075289001
Semantic Scholar: 0539efa59c31b4c9b22f866f1b3c65eedb554856
Cited by: 2,319
References: 474
Citations by year: 2026: 62 · 2025: 76 · 2024: 76 · 2023: 224 · 2022: 90 · 2021: 108 · 2020: 148 · 2019: 93 · 2018: 89 · 2017: 110 · 2016: 93 · 2015: 117 · 2014: 85 · 2013: 94 · 2012: 118
FWCI: 23.42
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cognitive and psychological constructs research
Keywords: goal setting, goal structure, goal content, motivation, achievement motivation

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Goal constructs in psychology: Structure, process, and content.

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks