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Goal constructs in psychology: Structure, process, and content.

Austin, James T., Vancouver, Jeffrey B.·1996·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.120.3.338

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“Goals serve as the end-states, standards, or reference points that guide behavior (Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Carver & Scheier, 1998; Kruglanski et al., 2002).”
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“Thus, as with any other consumer decision-making process, a BSR process may be driven more by goalrelated practical concerns (e.g., ran out of coffee) (e.g., Austin & Vancouver, 1996) than by value-related ones (e.g., need to help small farmers in Third World countries).”
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“Goals, which are ‘‘internal representations of desired outcomes,’’ play a crucial role in adaptive self-regulation and individual development throughout the life span (Austin & Vancouver, 1996, p. 338).”
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“and importance [24, 26].”
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“Goals, which are defined as ‘‘internal representations of desired states, where states are broadly construed as outcomes, events, or processes’’ (Austin & Vancouver, 1996, p. 338), are at the center of motivational analysis (Bargh, Gollwitzer, & Oettingen, 2010).”
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Daily Goal Pursuits Predict Cortisol Secretion and Mood States in Employed Parents With Preschool Children
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“As such, personal goals guide behavior over time and serve as an individual reference frame against which success in important life domains is evaluated (7,8).”
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“Life goals are defined as internal representations of desired outcomes, events, and processes and as the personally meaningful objectives people pursue in their daily lives (Austin & Vancouver, 1996).”
Background
Cohort Differences in Personal Goals and Life Satisfaction in Young Adulthood: Evidence for Historical Shifts in Developmental Tasks
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“Although much is known about structure, process and content of goals (Austin and Vancouver 1996), less is known about where they come from.”
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“Diese subjektiven Argumente beziehen sich darauf, was mit einem intendierten Verhalten erreicht werden soll, weshalb diese qualitativen Begründungen auch dem Bereich der Zielinhalte (goal content, Austin & Vancouver, 1996) zugeordnet werden.”
Background
Self-regulatory processes within and between diverse goals: The multiple goals regulation framework
Kim, Y., Yu, S. L., Wolters, C. A., & Anderman, E. M. (2023) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2022.2158828 · Cited by 47
“Based on different theoretical perspectives, researchers typically focus on a specific type of goal for their studies (Austin & Vancouver, 1996).”
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“A central construct in self-regulation theories are goals, which are internally represented desired states (Austin & Vancouver, 1996), and a central process in these theories is discrepancy reduction (Vancouver, 2005).1 In particular, the individual maintains or achieves goals by perceiving the…”
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“A goal is an internal representation of a desired outcome, event, or process (Austin & Vancouver, 1996).”
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“Goals can be broadly defined as ‘internal representations of desired states’ (Austin & Vancouver, 1996).”
Background
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“More specifically, goal choice and goal striving are the processes that describe motivated behavior in self-regulation theories (Austin & Vancouver, 1996).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Identifying goals in patients with chronic pain: A European survey
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“In particular, the literature review for this study found no study that has examined the incremental effect on performance as the number of goals increase for departmental managers in business organisations (Austin and Vancouver, 1996)[1].”
Background
Clinical action: Introduction to the special section on the action perspective in clinical psychology
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The effects of customer consumption goals on artificial intelligence driven recommendation agents: evidence from Stitch Fix
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“Thus, fulfilling a consumption goal can be suggested as an important factor in the association of attitude (Austin and vancouver 1996; Huffman, Ratneshwar, and Mick 1997; Martin and Stewart 2001).”
Background
Can Personal Values Predict Performance? Evidence in an Academic Setting
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“Further, goals are arranged hierarchically, such that broader, longerterm goals influence the selection of specific, shorter-term goals (Austin & Vancouver, 1996).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
What shall I be, what must I be: neural correlates of personal goal activation
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“In an influential review, Austin and Vancouver (1996) defined goals as internal representations of desired states and identified approach and avoidance goals as among the most important classes of goals.”
Background
What psychological and behaviour changes are initiated by ‘expert patient’ training and what training techniques are most helpful?
Abraham, C., & Gardner, B. (2008) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870440802521110 · Cited by 42
“Self-definition of goals is important because theory indicates such goals are more likely to be prioritised (e.g. Austin & Vancouver, 1996).”
Background
Early adolescents’ social goals and school adjustment
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“…is compared to the internalized representation of one’s current state and that difference, between the desired and current state, is what drives the organism toward reducing any gap and provides the basis for behavior motivation (i.e., achieving the goal; Austin and Vancouver, 1996; Nurmi, 1993).”
BackgroundInfluential
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“Despite being a crucial aspect of a goal structure (Austin & Vancouver, 1996), goal models have not yet been a formal topic of study in the multiple-goal literature.”
BackgroundInfluential
Defining the Nature and Impact of Goals in Children and Adolescents with a Chronic Health Condition: A Review of Research and a Theoretical Framework
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“Goals are defined as internal representations of desired states (Austin & Vancouver, 1996).”
Background
The Application of HLM to the Analysis of the Dynamic Interaction of Environment, Person and Behavior
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“Living systems and control theory have arisen as explanatory models of goal striving processes (Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Naylor & Ilgen, 1984).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Les motifs d’entrée en formation des adultes en reprise d’études universitaires
Vertongen, G., Bourgeois, É., Nils, F., de Viron, F., & Traversa, J. (2009) · L’Orientation scolaire et professionnelle · doi:10.4000/osp.1829 · Cited by 39
“Les taxonomies de motifs se sont largement inspirées des classifications existantes sur les buts que poursuivent les adultes dans les divers domaines de la vie (voir Austin & Vancouver, 1996 pour une revue).”
Background
Testing a Computational Model of the Goal-Level Effect: An Example of a Neglected Methodology
Vancouver, J. B., Putka, D. J., & Scherbaum, C. A. (2004) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428104271998 · Cited by 40
“3 Finally, the model refers to elementary goal processes (Austin & Vancouver, 1996), which appear in many specific theories in OB (Vancouver, 1996).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
A hierarchical investigation of personality and behavior: Examining Neo-Socioanalytic models of health-related outcomes
Bogg, T., Voss, M. W., Wood, D., & Roberts, B. W. (2007) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.05.003 · Cited by 39
“One way values differ from goals is that values are transsituational (Schwartz, 1992), whereas goals are internal representations of desired states of being and the activities that help achieve them ( Austin & Vancouver, 1996 ).”
Background
Life and treatment goals of patients with advanced, incurable cancer
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Shifting priorities
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“Goal pursuit in romantic relationships People invest a lot of time and energy into their goal pursuits, which give structure and purpose to their everyday activities (Austin & Vancouver, 1996).”
Background
Predicting individuals' digital autopreneurship: Does educational intervention matter?
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“support the goals of the other party, which facilitates mutual concern [38].”
Background
Don't put all your eggs in one basket: Testing an integrative model of household food waste
Bretter, C., Unsworth, K. L., Russell, S. V., Quested, T. E., Doriza, A., & Kaptan, G. (2022) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106442 · Cited by 46
Impact of a personal goals management program on the subjective well-being of young retirees
Dubé, M., Lapierre, S., Bouffard, L., & Alain, M. (2007) · European Review of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.erap.2005.04.004 · Cited by 40
“Austin and Vancouver (1996) identified different goal-related dimensions.”
Background
Education-related goal appraisals and self-esteem during the transition to secondary education: A longitudinal study
Vasalampi, K., Salmela‐Aro, K., & Nurmi, J. (2010) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025409359888 · Cited by 45
“…strivings, and future goals (Cantor, Norem, Niedenthal, Langston, & Brower, 1987; Emmons, 1986; Little, 1983; Nurmi, 1989), and how people appraise their goals along several dimensions, such as importance, commitment, progress, effort and stress (for a review, see Austin & Vancouver, 1996).”
Background
Motives and goals, or: The joys and meanings of life
Schultheiss, O. C. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813995-0.00012-1 · Cited by 39
The Service Robot Customer Experience (SR-CX): A Matter of AI Intelligences and Customer Service Goals
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“…labeled as shopping motivation) is de ﬁ ned as the inner depiction of a desired state that motivates customers to engage in a service journey (Austin and Vancouver, 1996; Harris et al., 2018) and acts separately from the speci ﬁ c service setting. et al. Although customers can pursue…”
Aggregating to the between-person level in idiographic research designs: Personal goal research as an example of the need to distinguish between reliability and homogeneity
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Motivation to perform in a multiple-project environment: The impact of autonomy, support, goal clarity, and opportunities for learning
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Self-Control as the Fuel for Effective Self-Regulation at Work: Antecedents, Consequences, and Boundary Conditions of Employee Self-Control
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Changing Behavior: A Theory- and Evidence-Based Approach
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“In fact, a great many theories depend squarely on the notion that mental concepts such as goals are the immediate precursors of behavior (Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Greene, 1997).”
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Spousal Goals, Affect Quality, and Collaborative Problem Solving: Evidence from a Time-Sampling Study With Older Couples
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“Specifically, goals are endpoints that ‘‘. . . define the pursuits of individuals’ (Austin & Vancouver, 1996, p. 339), plans are the intended means for achieving goals, and intentions are ‘‘. . . representations of a future course of action’’ (Bandura, 2001, p. 6), while a core definition of future…”
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“Goals are concrete representations of intended endpoints, which fill the perceived gap between the current and desired end state [1].”
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“Temporal range , or when a goal will be achieved, is another important dimension of intent [4, 14].”
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“Keywords Coping Goal adjustment Depression Young people Diabetes”
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“Theories of personal goal pursuit conceptualize goals as interlinked and organized in a hierarchy (Figure 1(a)) [22,23].”
Background
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“commitment: determination to persist, intention to devote effort, and an unwillingness to abandon the pursuit (see also Austin and Vancouver 1996; Brunstein 1993; Hollenbeck and Klein 1987; Locke and Latham 1990).”
Background
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“Goals refer to future-oriented states, outcomes, or representations of what young adults are striving to achieve (see Austin & Vancouver, 1996).”
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“Needs, desires, attitudes, and values influence the goals that people set and strive to attain (Austin & Vancouver, 1996).”
Background
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Authors: Austin, J. T., & Vancouver, J. B.
Affiliations: The Ohio State University (US)
ORCID: Vancouver, Jeffrey B.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1996-11
Volume: 120
Issue: 3
Pages: 338-375
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.120.3.338
OpenAlex: W2075289001
Semantic Scholar: 0539efa59c31b4c9b22f866f1b3c65eedb554856
Cited by: 2,319
References: 474
Citations by year: 2026: 62 · 2025: 76 · 2024: 76 · 2023: 224 · 2022: 90 · 2021: 108 · 2020: 148 · 2019: 93 · 2018: 89 · 2017: 110 · 2016: 93 · 2015: 117 · 2014: 85 · 2013: 94 · 2012: 118
FWCI: 23.42
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cognitive and psychological constructs research
Keywords: goal setting, goal structure, goal content, motivation, achievement motivation

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