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Goal constructs in psychology: Structure, process, and content.
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“Goal characteristics refer to ways of describing goals, including: goal content, life domains, importance, difficulty, attainability, intrinsic/extrinsic, and temporal range[8].”
From Life goals in patients with cancer: a systematic review of the literature (2016) · cites this paper as [8]
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Cites
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Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress.
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276 · Cited by 12,910
The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system
Conway, M. A., & Pleydell-Pearce, C. W. (2000) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.107.2.261 · Cited by 4,089
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The Role of Emotions in Marketing
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Implementation intentions and goal achievement: a meta-analysis of effects and processes
Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P. (2006) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(06)38002-1 · Cited by 3,236
“The basic assumption is that the strength of a person’s intention determines respective accomplishments (Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Gollwitzer & Moskowitz, 1996; Oettingen & Gollwitzer, 2001; Sheeran, 2002).”
BackgroundPark, C. L. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0018301 · Cited by 3,174
“…what the person wants to have had happen or to which other goals are rendered less attainable) and concomitant loss of sense of purpose may be even more powerful in generating distress (Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Dalgleish, 2004; Martin & Tesser, 1996; Rasmussen, Wrosch, Scheier, & Carver, 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialApproach and avoidance motivation and achievement goals
Elliot, A. J. (1999) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3403_3 · Cited by 3,103
Pintrich, P. R. (2003) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.95.4.667 · Cited by 3,459
“There has been a great deal of research on different goal constructs and their role in motivating and directing human behavior (Austin & Vancouver, 1996), but in research on student motivation, there have been two main programs of research.”
BackgroundThe Contours of Positive Human Health
Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (1998) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0901_1 · Cited by 2,658
“…(Emmons, 1991; Omodei & Wearing, 1990 ), personal goals (Brandtstadter & Renner, 1990), time spent in important identities (Ogilvie, 1987), life meaning (Baumeister, 1991), purpose in life and personal growth (Ryff, 1989b; Ryff & Keyes, 1995), and goal constructs (Austin & Vancouver, 1996).”
BackgroundA taxonomy of behavior change techniques used in interventions
Abraham, C., & Michie, S. (2008) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.3.379 · Cited by 2,525
“Other theories represented by the 26 BCTs include control theory (Carver & Scheier, 1998) and related goal theories (e.g., Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Gollwitzer, 1999; Locke & Latham, 2002), as well as operant conditioning (Skinner, 1974), theories of social comparison (e.g., Festinger, 1954), theoretical accounts of t…”
BackgroundHandbook of Motivation at School
Wentzel, K. R., & Wigfield, A. (2009) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203879498 · Cited by 2,516
Carver, C. S., & Connor-Smith, J. (2010) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100352 · Cited by 2,424
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.006 · Cited by 2,051
A Temporally Based Framework and Taxonomy of Team Processes
Marks, M. A., Mathieu, J. E., & Zaccaro, S. J. (2001) · The Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/259182 · Cited by 3,659
Mind-sets matter: A meta-analytic review of implicit theories and self-regulation.
Burnette, J. L., O'Boyle, E. H., VanEpps, E. M., Pollack, J. M., & Finkel, E. J. (2013) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0029531 · Cited by 1,367
“To gain greater insight into goal achievement, we suggest, scholars can build upon the SOMA model to examine the importance and the specificity of the goals incremental and entity theorists set, two crucial components of the goal setting process (Austin & Vancouver, 1996).”
MethodHulleman, C. S., Schrager, S. M., Bodmann, S. M., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0018947 · Cited by 1,308
Reich, J. W., Zautra, A., & Hall, J. S. (2010) · Cited by 1,291
An Achievement Goal Theory Perspective on Issues in Motivation Terminology, Theory, and Research
Pintrich, P. R. (2000) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1006/ceps.1999.1017 · Cited by 1,271
“…perspective on goals and reflect different goal contents that individuals may be striving for in many contexts, not just achievement contexts (see Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Emmons, 1997 for reviews) A third perspective on goals, achievement goals, reflects an intermediate level between the very…”
BackgroundApproach-avoidance motivation in personality: Approach and avoidance temperaments and goals.
Elliot, A. J., & Thrash, T. M. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.82.5.804 · Cited by 1,280
“A goal may be defined as a concrete cognitive representation of a desired or undesired end state used to guide behavior (Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Elliot, 1997).”
BackgroundVerplanken, B., & Holland, R. W. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.3.434 · Cited by 1,283
Approach-avoidance motivation in personality: Approach and avoidance temperaments and goals.
Elliot, A. J., & Thrash, T. M. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.5.804 · Cited by 1,322
Religion, self-regulation, and self-control: Associations, explanations, and implications.
McCullough, M. E., & Willoughby, B. L. B. (2009) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0014213 · Cited by 1,275
Human Brands: Investigating Antecedents to Consumers’ Strong Attachments to Celebrities
Thomson, M. (2006) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jmkg.70.3.104 · Cited by 1,248
“The need for relatedness is a homonomous tendency; it is a desire to belong to a social sphere (Ryan and Deci 2000) and to avoid feeling isolated (Austin and Vancouver 1996).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDeYoung, C. G. (2015) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2014.07.004 · Cited by 1,057
“The fundamental premise of CB5T is that any adequate theory of personality must be based in cybernetics, the study of goal-directed, self-regulating systems (Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Carver & Scheier, 1998; DeYoung, 2010c; Peterson & Flanders, 2002; Van Egeren, 2009; Wiener, 1961).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAn episodic process model of affective influences on performance.
Beal, D., Weiss, H., Barros, E., & Macdermid, S. (2005) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1054 · Cited by 1,020
Wigfield, A., & Cambria, J. (2010) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2009.12.001 · Cited by 1,145
“However , Austin and Vancouver ( 1996 ) stated that goals can be distinguished with respect to their relative importance to the individual , which ties goals and their value more clearly together .”
BackgroundSpera, C. (2005) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-005-3950-1 · Cited by 1,125
“These, in turn, organize and direct parents’ behaviors toward their children (see Austin and Vancouver, 1996; Wentzel, 1998).”
BackgroundSitzmann, T., & Ely, K. (2011) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0022777 · Cited by 897
The self and autobiographical memory: Correspondence and coherence
Conway, M. A., Singer, J. A., & Tagini, A. (2004) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.22.5.491.50768 · Cited by 897
“However, following the ideas of contemporary self-regulation theorists (Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Carver & Scheier, 1982, 1998, 1999; Vallacher & Nowak, 1997; Vallacher & Wegner, 1987), the working self was principally viewed as an agent for goal processing.”
MethodPhillips, J. M., & Gully, S. M. (1997) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.82.5.792 · Cited by 915
Freund, A. M., & Baltes, P. B. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.4.642 · Cited by 933
Habits as knowledge structures: Automaticity in goal-directed behavior
Aarts, H., & Dijksterhuis, A. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.1.53 · Cited by 972
“Goals refer to desired, or anticipated, outcomes or end states (Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Gollwitzer & Moskowitz, 1996; Locke & Latham, 1990).”
BackgroundA 3 × 2 achievement goal model.
Elliot, A. J., Murayama, K., & Pekrun, R. H. (2011) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023952 · Cited by 970
“Second, goals vary on many dimensions that have little to do with competence per se, such as level of abstraction, time frame, and individual versus group focus (for reviews, see Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Ford, 1992; Locke & Latham, 1990).”
BackgroundRoseth, C. J., Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (2008) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.223 · Cited by 837
“For excellent reviews of micro-level dimensions of goals, we refer readers to E. M. Anderman and Wolters (2006) and J. Austin and Vancouver (1996).”
Zohar, D. M. (2002) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.130 · Cited by 819
The Health Benefits of Writing about Life Goals
King, L. A. (2001) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167201277003 · Cited by 795
“The goals that individuals espouse for themselves have been seen as a window into self-regulatory processes (Austin & Vancouver, 1996).”
BackgroundNew Developments in Social Interdependence Theory
Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (2005) · Genetic Social and General Psychology Monographs · doi:10.3200/mono.131.4.285-358 · Cited by 861
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A systems approach to appraisal mechanisms in emotion
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The good lives model and conceptual issues in offender rehabilitation
Ward, T. J., & BROWN, M. N. (2004) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/10683160410001662744 · Cited by 776
“Support for the ubiquity of goal- or goods-seeking behaviour comes from the self-regulation literature (Austin and Vancouver, 1996).”
BackgroundDweck, C. S. (2017) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000082 · Cited by 683
Action, Emotion, and Personality: Emerging Conceptual Integration
Carver, C. S., Sutton, S. K., & Scheier, M. F. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167200268008 · Cited by 675
Wentzel, K. R. (1999) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.91.1.76 · Cited by 661
“The content of goals (eg, Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Ford, 1992) directs efforts towardspecific outcomes (eg, to learn algebra), and goal standards(eg, Bandura, 1986) defineacceptable levels of accomplishment (eg, to learn enough algebrato pass the exam).”
BackgroundHandbook of Industrial, Work & Organizational Psychology
Anderson, N. R., Öneş, D. S., Sinangil, H. K., & Viswesvaran, C. (2001) · Sage eBooks · Cited by 632
Psychological entropy: a framework for understanding uncertainty-related anxiety
Hirsh, J. B., Mar, R. A., & Peterson, J. B. (2012) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0026767 · Cited by 606
Achievement Goals and the Hierarchical Model of Achievement Motivation
Elliot, A. J., & Thrash, T. M. (2001) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1023/a:1009057102306 · Cited by 621
“The goal concept has a long and rich history in scientific psychology, and has typically been defined as a representation of an end state or result that an individual seeks to attain ( Austin and Vancouver, 1996; Kruglanski, 1996; Pervin, 1983; Tolman, 1926).”
BackgroundThe Role of Affective Experience in Work Motivation
Seo, M., Barrett, L. F., & Bartunek, J. M. (2004) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2004.13670972 · Cited by 624
“Once they choose a goal, people begin to engage in active execution and control of actions in pursuit of the goal —that is, proximal motivational processes (e.g., Austin & Vancouver, 1996;Carver & Scheier, 1998;Hyland, 1988;Klein, 1989;Lord & Levy, 1994).”
DeShon, R. P., Kozlowski, S. W. J., Schmidt, A. M., Milner, K. R., & Wiechmann, D. (2004) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.89.6.1035 · Cited by 639
“Once the intentions have been formed, they affect performance by increasing the effort expended and the development of strategies (Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Bandura, 1997; Locke & Latham, 1990) needed to implement the intentions and achieve the goals.”
BackgroundBrown, S. P., Cron, W. L., & Slocum, J. W. (1998) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.2307/1252289 · Cited by 606
George, L. S., & Park, C. L. (2016) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/gpr0000077 · Cited by 682
“The self-regulation model adopts a hierarchical view of people’s goals as existing in a hierarchy based on their level of abstractness (see also Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Johnson, Chang, & Lord, 2006; Powers, 1973; Scholer & Higgins, 2013, for similar hierarchical views of goals).”
MethodKoopman, J., Lanaj, K., & Scott, B. A. (2015) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2014.0262 · Cited by 637
The Unconscious Will: How the Pursuit of Goals Operates Outside of Conscious Awareness
Custers, R., & Aarts, H. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1188595 · Cited by 573
Lord, R. G., Diefendorff, J. M., Schmidt, A. M., & Hall, R. J. (2009) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100314 · Cited by 576
“Although goals can differ on a large number of attributes (Austin & Vancouver 1996), the dimensions most commonly discussed in organizational research are goal difficulty and specificity.”
BackgroundGoal commitment and the goal-setting process: Conceptual clarification and empirical synthesis.
Klein, H. J., Wesson, M. J., Hollenbeck, J. R., & Alge, B. J. (1999) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.84.6.885 · Cited by 573
Does monitoring goal progress promote goal attainment? A meta-analysis of the experimental evidence.
Harkin, B., Webb, T. L., Chang, B. P. I., Prestwich, A., Conner, M., Kellar, I., Benn, Y., & Sheeran, P. (2016) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000025 · Cited by 564
“Goals are mental representations of desire outcomes (Austin & Vancouver, 1996) – such as to run a marathon or to be happy – and goal intentions are selfinstructions to act towards those outcomes (Sheeran & Webb, 2011; Triandis, 1980).”
BackgroundUnderstanding the emotional labor process: a control theory perspective
Diefendorff, J. M., & Gosserand, R. H. (2003) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.230 · Cited by 589
Two studies examining the negative effect of self-efficacy on performance.
Vancouver, J. B., Thompson, C. M., Tischner, E. C., & Putka, D. J. (2002) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.3.506 · Cited by 543
Self-citationA Motivated Action Theory Account of Goal Orientation.
DeShon, R. P., & Gillespie, J. Z. (2005) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1096 · Cited by 786
“Consistent with the goal dimensions presented by Austin and Vancouver (1996), higher level goals are generally less specific than lower level goals, and so it is more difficult to evaluate progress toward higher level goals than toward lower level goals. Higher level goals typically refer to more distal outcomes than…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPersonal goals, life meaning, and virtue: Wellsprings of a positive life.
Emmons, R. A. (2003) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10594-005 · Cited by 575
“105 motivation (see Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Karoly, 1999, for reviews).”
The longitudinal impact of self-efficacy and career goals on objective and subjective career success
Abele, A. E., & Spurk, D. (2008) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2008.10.005 · Cited by 597
Persuasion by a Single Route: A View From the Unimodel
Kruglanski, A. W., & Thompson, E. P. (1999) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pl100201 · Cited by 520
“However, the relative weight given these two epistemic properties may vary, often outside the individual's awareness (Austin & Vancouver, 1996).”
BackgroundTask values, achievement goals, and interest: An integrative analysis.
Hulleman, C. S., Durik, A. M., Schweigert, S. A., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (2008) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.100.2.398 · Cited by 498
Gluszek, A., & Dovidio, J. F. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868309359288 · Cited by 497
“An extensive body of literature shows the profound influence of goals on people’s thoughts, attitudes, and actions (e.g., Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Bargh, Gollwitzer, Lee-Chai, Barndollar, & Trötschel, 2001; Gollwitzer & Moskowitz, 1996).”
BackgroundFrom Use to Effective Use: A Representation Theory Perspective
Burton‐Jones, A., & Grangé, C. (2012) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.1120.0444 · Cited by 529
“In light of recent discussions (e.g., Ortiz de Guinea and Markus 2009), it is worth noting that teleology assumes that users can seek goals consciously and/or unconsciously (Austin and Vancouver 1996).”
BackgroundToward a Systems Theory of Motivated Behavior in Work Teams
Chen, G., & Kanfer, R. (2006) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0191-3085(06)27006-0 · Cited by 493
Striving for the Sacred: Personal Goals, Life Meaning, and Religion
Emmons, R. A. (2005) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00429.x · Cited by 487
“Over the past two decades, psychologists have learned how goals, as key integrative and analytic units in the study of human motivation (see Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Karoly, 1999, for reviews), contribute to long-term levels of well-being.”
BackgroundZohar, D., Tzischinsky, O., Epstein, R., & Lavie, P. (2005) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/28.1.47 · Cited by 478
Are patient expectations still relevant for psychotherapy process and outcome
Greenberg, R. P., Constantino, M. J., & Bruce, N. (2006) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.03.002 · Cited by 477
Dynamics of multiple-goal pursuit.
Louro, M. J., Pieters, R., & Zeelenberg, M. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.93.2.174 · Cited by 465
The changing signs in the relationships among self-efficacy, personal goals, and performance.
Vancouver, J. B., Thompson, C. M., & Williams, A. A. (2001) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.4.605 · Cited by 474
Self-citationOn the Structure of Behavioral Self-Regulation
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2000) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012109890-2/50032-9 · Cited by 493
Goal orientation and goal content as predictors of performance in a training program.
Brett, J. F., & Vandewalle, D. (1999) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.84.6.863 · Cited by 470
The perceived benefits of agritourism: The provider’s perspective
Tew, C., & Barbieri, C. (2011) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2011.02.005 · Cited by 465
The distinction between desires and intentions
Perugini, M., & Bagozzi, R. P. (2004) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.186 · Cited by 482
When self-efficacy negatively relates to motivation and performance in a learning context.
Vancouver, J., & Kendall, L. N. (2006) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.5.1146 · Cited by 499
Self-citationMann, T. L., de Ridder, D. T. D., & Fujita, K. (2013) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028533 · Cited by 497
Approach and Avoidance Motivation in the Social Domain
Elliot, A. J., Gable, S. L., & Mapes, R. R. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167205282153 · Cited by 471
“In the past two decades, goal constructs have become central, if not predominant, explanatory constructs in psychologically oriented models of motivation (Carver & Scheier, 1998; Dweck, 1986; Elliot, in press; Kruglanski, 1996; Locke & Latham, 1990; for a review, see Austin & Vancouver, 1996).”
BackgroundGetting older, getting better? Personal strivings and psychological maturity across the life span.
Sheldon, K. M., & Kasser, T. (2001) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.37.4.491 · Cited by 460
CONFLICT IN MARRIAGE: Implications for Working with Couples
Fincham, F. D., & Beach, S. R. H. (1999) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.50.1.47 · Cited by 486
“Moreover, the study of goals is both longstanding and ubiquitous in psychology and may even serve as a vehicle to transcend traditional, subdisciplinary boundaries (Austin & Vancouver 1996).”
BackgroundInfluentialBurton, K. D., Lydon, J. E., D’Alessandro, D. U., & Koestner, R. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.4.750 · Cited by 442
“Internalizing a goal into the self, as is done when an individual has an identified self-regulation, is necessary for establishing the importance of the goal and also for developing and maintaining commitment to, and persistence at working toward, the goal ( Austin & Vancouver, 1996 ).”
BackgroundSelf-regulation of goal-setting: turning free fantasies about the future into binding goals
Oettingen, G., Pak, H.-J., & Schnetter, K. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.5.736 · Cited by 619
Gärling, T., & Schuitema, G. (2007) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2007.00500.x · Cited by 413
The Handbook of Behavior Change
Hagger, M. S., Cameron, L. D., Hamilton, K., Hankonen, N. E., & Lintunen, T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318 · Cited by 446
How Interpersonal Motives Clarify the Meaning of Interpersonal Behavior: A Revised Circumplex Model
Horowitz, L. M., Wilson, K. R., Turan, B., Zolotsev, P., Constantino, M. J., & Henderson, L. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr1001_4 · Cited by 405
The theory of planned behavior in entrepreneurship research: what we know and future directions
Lortie, J., & Castogiovanni, G. (2015) · International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal · doi:10.1007/s11365-015-0358-3 · Cited by 404
“2003), psychology (Austin and Vancouver 1996), and marketing (Pavlou and Fygenson 2006).”
Keeping pain in mind: A motivational account of attention to pain
Damme, S. V., Legrain, V., Vogt, J., & Crombez, G. (2009) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.01.005 · Cited by 431
“A goal can be understood as the mental representation of a desired end state that differs from the current state of an individual (Austin and Vancouver, 1996; Fishbach and Ferguson, 2007).”
Setting, elaborating, and reflecting on personal goals improves academic performance.
Morisano, D., Hirsh, J. B., Peterson, J. B., Pihl, R. O., & Shore, B. M. (2010) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018478 · Cited by 452
The cessation of rumination through self-affirmation.
Koole, S. L., Smeets, K., van Knippenberg, A., & Dijksterhuis, A. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.1.111 · Cited by 403
Mechanisms of motivation–cognition interaction: challenges and opportunities
Braver, T. S., Krug, M. K., Chiew, K. S., Kool, W., Westbrook, J. A., Clement, N. J., Adcock, R. A., Barch, D. M., Botvinick, M., Carver, C. S., et al. (2014) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-014-0300-0 · Cited by 452
“Here, goals are considered to be mental representations of desired states, which serve as an intermediate construct that actually generates the activational and directional components of motivation (Austin & Vancouver, 1996; R. Custers & Aarts, 2005; Elliot & Fryer, 2008).”
Coyne, J. C., & Racioppo, M. W. (2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.55.6.655 · Cited by 414
Interpersonal foundations of psychopathology.
Horowitz, L. M. (2004) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10727-000 · Cited by 391
Broad Dispositions, Broad Aspirations: The Intersection of Personality Traits and Major Life Goals
Roberts, B. W., & Robins, R. W. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167200262009 · Cited by 494
“Instead, many motive and goal researchers have focused on the hierarchical structure of the motive domain (e.g., Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Rounds, 1995; Winnel, 1987).”
BackgroundAttaining personal goals: Self-concordance plus implementation intentions equals success.
Koestner, R., Lekes, N., Powers, T. A., & Chicoine, E. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.1.231 · Cited by 526
“As in many previous studies ( Austin & Vancouver, 1996 ), commitment and efficacy were both positively related to goal progress in our studies.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe role of motives in exercise participation
Ingledew, D. K., & Markland, D. (2008) · Psychology & Health · doi:10.1080/08870440701405704 · Cited by 375
“Austin and Vancouver (1996, p. 340) define goal content as ‘‘classifications of outcomes or states that individuals approach or avoid’’, distinguishing this from goal structure (‘‘the properties, organization, and dimensions of multiple goals within and between persons’’) and goal process (‘the temporal cycle of estab…”
BackgroundInfluentialBarbieri, C., & Mahoney, E. (2008) · Journal of Rural Studies · doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2008.06.001 · Cited by 374
“The greater the degree of attachment the less likelihood that a person will abandon the quest to achieve a goal (Slocum et al., 2002; Austin and Vancouver, 1996).”
BackgroundControl Processes and Self-Organization as Complementary Principles Underlying Behavior
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0604_05 · Cited by 388
“Consider the recent re-emergence of the goal construct (in various forms) as a focus for theory (e.g., Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Carver & Scheier, 1998, 1999a; Elliott & Dweck, 1988; Higgins, 1987, 1996; Markus & Nurius, 1986; Miller & Read, 1987; Pervin, 1989; Ryan, Sheldon, Kasser, & Deci, 1996).”
The Assessment of Goal Commitment: A Measurement Model Meta-Analysis
Klein, H. J., Wesson, M. J., Hollenbeck, J. R., Wright, P. M., & DeShon, R. P. (2001) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.2000.2931 · Cited by 370
“Goals have emerged as a central, pervasive construct in the motivation literature (Austin & Vancouver, 1996) and task goal theory (Locke & Latham, 1990) has received the bulk of this attention.”
BackgroundCognitive-behavioral, solution-focused life coaching: Enhancing goal striving, well-being, and hope
Green, L. S., Oades, L. G., & Grant, A. M. (2006) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760600619849 · Cited by 296
“Research on goal constructs has a longstanding history in psychological literature, particularly in regard to goal-commitment, goaldifficulty, and goal-expectancy (see Austin & Vancouver, 1996, for an extensive review).”
BackgroundAutomatic for the people: How representations of significant others implicitly affect goal pursuit.
Shah, J. Y. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.661 · Cited by 365
The architecture of personality.
Cervone, D. (2004) · Psychology Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.111.1.183 · Cited by 359
Metadata
- Authors
- Austin, J. T., & Vancouver, J. B.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1996-11
- Volume
- 120
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 338-375
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2075289001
- Semantic Scholar
- 0539efa59c31b4c9b22f866f1b3c65eedb554856
- Cited by
- 2,319
- References
- 474
- Citations by year
- 2026: 62 · 2025: 76 · 2024: 76 · 2023: 224 · 2022: 90 · 2021: 108 · 2020: 148 · 2019: 93 · 2018: 89 · 2017: 110 · 2016: 93 · 2015: 117 · 2014: 85 · 2013: 94 · 2012: 118
- FWCI
- 23.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cognitive and psychological constructs research
- Keywords
- goal setting, goal structure, goal content, motivation, achievement motivation
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