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Goal constructs in psychology: Structure, process, and content.

Austin, James T., Vancouver, Jeffrey B.·1996·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.120.3.338

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Goal structures and interpersonal influence
Schrader, D. C., & Dillard, J. P. (1998) · Communication Studies · doi:10.1080/10510979809368538 · Cited by 60
The self-regulation of emotion
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Mäkikangas, A., Hyvönen, K., & Feldt, T. (2017) · Burnout Research · doi:10.1016/j.burn.2017.04.002 · Cited by 60
“In line with Austin & Vancouver (1996), we consider personal work goals as internal representations of desired states, which can be outcomes, events, or processes.”
Background
Relations between Students’ Motivation, and Perceptions of the Learning Environment
Radovan, M., & Radovan, D. M. (2015) · Center for Educational Policy Studies Journal · doi:10.26529/cepsj.145 · Cited by 69
“Moreover, certain meta-analyses have shown that this field has become predominant in the research of motivation (Austin & Vancouver, 1996).”
Background
Goals for Teaching: Towards a Framework for Examining Motivation of Graduating Teachers.
Mansfield, C. F., Wosnitza, M., & Beltman, S. (2012) · RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen) · Cited by 59
Motivation and self-regulation: two close friends
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Eco-Anxiety motivates pro-environmental behaviors: a Two-Wave Longitudinal Study
Pavani, J., Nicolas, L., & Bonetto, É. (2023) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-023-10038-x · Cited by 83
“Ecological identity was examined as a control variable because it can consist of a common cause of eco-anxiety and pro-environmental behaviors (Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Moussaoui et al., 2016).”
Background
Environmental morale and motivation
Frey, B. S., & Stutzer, A. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511490118.017 · Cited by 62
Shifting goals in medical communication. Determinants of goal detection and response formation
Hulsman, R. L. (2009) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2008.12.001 · Cited by 60
“on cognitive schemata or scripts [21,22–24,48–50].”
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The impact of information technology on the financial performance of third‐party logistics firms in China
Wang, Q., Lai, F., & Zhao, X. (2008) · Supply Chain Management An International Journal · doi:10.1108/13598540810860976 · Cited by 59
“), known as the importance-as-valence interpretation ( Austin and Vancouver, 1996”
Background
Climbing the goal ladder: How upcoming actions increase level of aspiration.
Koo, M., & Fishbach, A. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019443 · Cited by 60
Influences of Age and Gender on Workers' Goals for Retirement
Hershey, D. A., Jacobs‐Lawson, J. M., & Neukam, K. A. (2002) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.2190/6wcp-tmjr-ar8b-bfc6 · Cited by 59
“In a recent review of the literature on goals, Austin and Vancouver (1996) defined goals as “internal representations of desired states” (p. 338).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
The Solution-Focused Inventory: A tripartite taxonomy for teaching, measuring and conceptualising solution-focused approaches to coaching
Grant, A. M. (2011) · The Coaching Psychologist · doi:10.53841/bpstcp.2011.7.2.98 · Cited by 59
“Goals, as internal representations of desired states or outcomes (Austin & Vancouver, 1996), are central to solutionfocused practice (see de Jong & Berg, 1998, for some useful and detailed descriptions of goal setting protocols as used in solutionfocused practice).”
Background
Information Processing
Greene, J. O. (2012) · The International Encyclopedia of Communication · doi:10.1002/9781405186407.wbieci023.pub2 · Cited by 60
Development of the Team Workload Questionnaire (TWLQ)
Sellers, J., Helton, W. S., Näswall, K., Funke, G. J., & Knott, B. A. (2014) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/1541931214581207 · Cited by 58
“Whenever a task is tied to important goals, an emotional reaction is generated (Austin & Vancouver, 1996).”
Background
Situational Materialism: How Entering Lotteries May Undermine Self-Control
Kim, H. (2013) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/673191 · Cited by 57
Explication of the coping goal construct: Implications for coping and reemployment.
Prussia, G. E., Fugate, M., & Kinicki, A. J. (2001) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.6.1179 · Cited by 58
“Employment commitment appears to represent a higher order goal that has its preliminary effect on reemployment goals before indirectly affecting lower order goals (cf. Austin & Vancouver, 1996 ).”
BackgroundInfluential
How Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Interact in Selectivity: Investigating the Moderating Effects of Situational Information Processing Goals in Issue Publics' Web Behavior
Kim, Y. M. (2007) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650206298069 · Cited by 58
“The goal manipulation followed the procedures used in previous research (for a review of major studies, see Austin & Vancouver, 1996).”
BackgroundMethod
The road to heaven is paved with effort: Perceived effort amplifies moral judgment.
Bigman, Y., & Tamir, M. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000230 · Cited by 65
Long-term profiles of work-related rumination associated with leadership, job demands, and exhaustion: A three-wave study
Perko, K., Kinnunen, U. M., & Feldt, T. (2017) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678373.2017.1330835 · Cited by 68
“Goals can be broadly defined as internal representations of desired states of affairs (Austin & Vancouver, 1996).”
Background
Righting a wrong: Retaliation on a voodoo doll symbolizing an abusive supervisor restores justice
Liang, L. H., Brown, D. J., Lian, H., Hanig, S., Ferris, D. L., & Keeping, L. M. (2018) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.01.004 · Cited by 65
The role of pretreatment outcome expectancies and cognitive–behavioral skills in symptom improvement in an acute psychiatric setting
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“Goal theorists have also suggested ways in which expectancies may influence future outcomes (e.g., Austin and Vancouver, 1996; Eccles and Wigfield, 2002).”
Trauma and Meaning Making: Converging Conceptualizations and Emerging Evidence
Park, C. L. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6527-6_5 · Cited by 57
Effects of consumer goals on attribute weighting, overall satisfaction, and product usage
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The Development and Initial Validation of a Scale to Assess Career Goal Discrepancies
Creed, P. A., & Hood, M. (2014) · Journal of Career Assessment · doi:10.1177/1069072714535175 · Cited by 57
“Goals, including career goals, are internal representations of future, desired states (Austin & Vancouver, 1996).”
Down or up? Explaining positive and negative emotions in parents of children with Down's syndrome: Goals, cognitive coping, and resources
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The Mind and the Future
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Johnson, R. E., Chang, C.-H. D., Meyer, T., Lanaj, K., & Way, J. D. (2012) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1883 · Cited by 63
“Because goals are mental representations of specific states or objects (Austin & Vancouver, 1996), their effects are limited to processes and behaviours that are directly tied to those states or objects.”
Background
Decision-making and behavior fluidity: How focus on completion and emphasis on safety changes over the course of projects
Humphrey, S. E., Moon, H. K., Conlon, D. E., & Hofmann, D. A. (2003) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2003.08.003 · Cited by 56
“There is a substantial body of literature establishing that people are somewhat limited in what they can evaluate (Kanfer & Ackerman, 1989) and process at any given point in time, and that multiple goals tend to be structured in a hierarchy of importance ( Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Markman & Brendl, 2000).”
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The role of goal attainment expectancies in achievement goal pursuit.
Senko, C., & Hulleman, C. S. (2013) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031136 · Cited by 55
Cognitive Coping, Goal Adjustment, and Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in People Undergoing Infertility Treatment
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“Goals can be defined as internal representations of desired outcomes (Austin & Vancouver, 1996).”
Background
Terminal decline in well-being: The role of social orientation.
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“Despite differences in goal contents, goals are highly important in shaping well-being and other mental health outcomes across adulthood because they form the basis for subjective evaluations of whether a person is moving in a desired direction (Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Nurmi & Salmela-Aro, 2006).”
Understanding multichannel shopper journey configuration: An application of goal theory
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“6 Goal theory (Pervin, 1983; 1989; Gollwitzer, 1993; Austin and Vancouver, 1996; Carver and Scheier, 1998) provides an alternative theoretical lens through which to examine shopper journey configuration.”
Background
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Olsen, C. F., Debesay, J., Bergland, A., Bye, A., & Langaas, A. G. (2020) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-020-05150-4 · Cited by 59
On Gains and Losses, Means and Ends: Goal Orientation and Goal Focus Across Adulthood
Freund, A. M., Hennecke, M., & Mustafić, M. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195399820.013.0016 · Cited by 59
Response shifts in prostate cancer patients: An evaluation of suppressor and buffer models.
Lepore, S. J., & Eton, D. T. (2000) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10382-003 · Cited by 56
Attributions in Close Relationships: From Balkanization to Integration
Fincham, F. D. (2003) · doi:10.1002/9780470998557.ch1 · Cited by 56
Approach and Avoidance Relationship Commitment
Strachman, A. N., & Gable, S. L. (2006) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-006-9026-9 · Cited by 55
“A goal is an “internal representation of desired states where states are broadly construed as outcomes, events, or processes “( Austin & Vancouver, 1998, p. 338 ).”
Background
Autobiographical memory and future thinking
D’Argembeau, A. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139021937.022 · Cited by 60
Action Change Theory: A Reinforcement Learning Perspective on Behavior Change
Vlaev, I., & Dolan, P. (2015) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/gpr0000029 · Cited by 61
“The goal construct is central to theories of self-regulation (see Austin & Vancouver, 1996, for definitions and reviews of the literature) and hence changing goals is assumed to result in behavior change.”
Background
Looking forward: The role of hope in information system continuance
Ding, Y. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.09.002 · Cited by 55
Understanding classroom competence: The role of social-motivational and self-processes
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Structure and Relationships of University Instructors’ Achievement Goals
Daumiller, M. H., Grassinger, R., Dickhäuser, O., & Dresel, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00375 · Cited by 53
“Achievement goals can be defined as cognitive representations of results or end states in achievementrelated tasks and settings that the individual is committed to either approach or avoid (Austin and Vancouver, 1996; Maehr and Zusho, 2009; Hulleman et al., 2010).”
Background
Antecedents, Boundary Conditions and Consequences of Flow
Barthelmäs, M., & Keller, J. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-53468-4_3 · Cited by 54
With a little help from my goals: Integrating intergoal facilitation with the theory of planned behaviour to predict physical activity
Presseau, J., Sniehotta, F. F., Francis, J., & Gebhardt, W. A. (2010) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/135910710x494105 · Cited by 61
Development and psychometric evaluation of the Milwaukee Psychotherapy Expectations Questionnaire
Norberg, M. M., Wetterneck, C. T., Sass, D. A., & Kanter, J. W. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20781 · Cited by 53
“Theoretically, positive expectancies are thought to motivate individuals to work towards goals (Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Carver & Scheier, 1998; Kirsch, 1990).”
Background
The importance of velocity, or why speed may matter more than distance
Johnson, R. E., Howe, M. D., & Chang, C.-H. D. (2012) · Organizational Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/2041386612463836 · Cited by 55
“Given the importance of goals, a considerable amount of research both within and outside organizational psychology has studied their effects (Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Johnson et al., 2006; Locke & Latham, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluential
Health-Related Hindrance of Personal Goal Pursuit and Well-Being of Young Adults with Cystic Fibrosis, Pediatric Cancer Survivors, and Peers without a History of Chronic Illness
Schwartz, L. A., & Drotar, D. (2009) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsn144 · Cited by 58
“Goals are internal representations of desired states or what an individual hopes to achieve in his or her current life situation (Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Brunstein, 1993).”
Investigating business-IT alignment through multi-disciplinary goal concepts
Singh, S. N., & WOO, C. C. (2009) · Requirements Engineering · doi:10.1007/s00766-009-0081-0 · Cited by 53
“It has been revealed in personnel psychology and human resource management literature [ 51 , 78] that stakeholders’ interpretation of assigned goals exhibits varying degrees of congruency to the assigned goals, which in turn may positively or negatively impact the realization of firm objectives.”
Background
The role of basic need satisfaction for junior academics’ goal conflicts and teaching motivation
Esdar, W., Gorges, J., & Wild, E. (2015) · Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10734-015-9944-0 · Cited by 53
Self-Efficacy Interventions
Warner, L. M., & French, D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.032 · Cited by 62
The future of person–situation integration in the interface between traits and goals: A bottom-up framework
Heller, D. A., Perunovic, W. Q. E., & Reichman, D. (2008) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.12.011 · Cited by 57
“…goals worth investigating in relation to personality states include: (a) goal difficulty—defined as one’s subjective probability for attaining a goal (Austin & Vancouver, 1996)—and (b) performance versus mastery goal orientation—defined as an orientation toward developing or demonstrating…”
Background
Ethical Organisational Culture as a Context for Managers’ Personal Work Goals
Huhtala, M., Feldt, T., Hyvönen, K., & Mauno, S. (2012) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-012-1346-y · Cited by 69
Personality and riskier sexual behaviour: Motivational mediators
Ingledew, D. K., & Ferguson, E. (2007) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/14768320600941004 · Cited by 57
“In a hierarchy of goal constructs ( Austin & Vancouver, 1996 ), they would be mid-level goals, applying to a domain of behaviour rather than to life in general or to a specific act of behaviour.”
Background
Personal goal pursuit as an antecedent to social network structure
Shea, C. T., & Fitzsimons, G. M. (2016) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2016.07.002 · Cited by 53
Accounting for Individual Differences in Decision-Making Competence: Personality and Gender Differences
Weller, J. A., Ceschi, A., Hirsch, L., Sartori, R., & Costantini, A. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02258 · Cited by 61
Mindset and Relationship Illusions: The Moderating Effects of Domain Specificity and Relationship Commitment
Gagné, F. M., & Lydon, J. E. (2001) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167201279007 · Cited by 52
Issues in the study of stress and coping in rehabilitation settings.
Ptacek, J. T., & Pierce, G. R. (2003) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/0090-5550.48.2.113 · Cited by 52
Grundlagen und Empirie der Neuropsychologischen Therapie: Neuropsychotherapie oder Hirnjogging?
Gauggel, S. (2003) · Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie · doi:10.1024/1016-264x.14.4.217 · Cited by 54
Personal goal appraisals vary across both individuals and goal contents
Nurmi, J., Salmela‐Aro, K., & Aunola, K. (2009) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.04.028 · Cited by 52
Rage and revenge: Highly aggressive boys' explanations for their responses to ambiguous provocation
de Castro, B. O., Verhulp, E. E., & Runions, K. (2012) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405629.2012.680304 · Cited by 51
“According to Austin and Vancouver (1996), latent goals may exist, that is, individuals may pursue goals even though they are not aware of this.”
Background
Understanding sexual pain: A cognitive-motivational account
Dewitte, M. D., van Lankveld, J. J. D. M., & Crombez, G. (2010) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2010.10.051 · Cited by 51
“In addition to identifying the content of the motives associated with dyspareunia, it is also useful to study goal processes, among them goal commitment, goal importance, and perceived progress and attainability [2].”
An empirical validation of a dynamic systems model of interaction: do children of different sociometric statuses differ in their dyadic play?
Steenbeek, H., & van Geert, P. L. C. (2008) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00655.x · Cited by 52
Self‐Regulatory Perspectives on Personality
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei0508 · Cited by 50
Forecasting Success: Patients' Expectations for Improvement and Their Relations to Baseline, Process and Outcome Variables in Group Cognitive–Behavioural Therapy for Depression
Tsai, M. V., Ogrodniczuk, J. S., Söchting, I., & Mirmiran, J. (2012) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1831 · Cited by 50
“As argued by Meyers et al. (2002), these findings are consistent with the ideas put forth by goal theorists (e.g., Austin & Vancouver, 1996) that suggest that people will strive towards a goal as long as they expect that the goal can be attained.”
Result
Antecedents to and outcomes of reverse logistics metrics
Hazen, B. T., Overstreet, R. E., Hall, D. J., Huscroft, J. R., & Hanna, J. B. (2015) · Industrial Marketing Management · doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2015.01.017 · Cited by 50
“Nonetheless, we recommend future research in this area to develop and usemore robustmeasures of goal andmetric commitment, formulation, utilization, complexity and effectiveness (Austin, 1996).”
Method
Changing Behavior Using Ecological Models
Salmon, J., Hesketh, K. D., Arundell, L., Downing, K. L., & Biddle, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.017 · Cited by 57
GOALIATH: a theory of goal-directed behavior
Hommel, B. (2021) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-021-01563-w · Cited by 58
Prädiktoren des Belastungserlebens im Lehrerberuf
Abele, A. E., & Candova, A. (2007) · Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie · doi:10.1024/1010-0652.21.2.107 · Cited by 50
Goals for the care of frail older adults: do caregivers and clinicians agree?
Bogardus, S. T., Bradley, E. H., Williams, C. S., Maciejewski, P. K., van Doorn, C., & Inouye, S. K. (2001) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(00)00668-9 · Cited by 50
Interpersonal and Noninterpersonal Interactions, Interpersonal Motives, and the Effect of Frustrated Motives
Shechtman, N., & Horowitz, L. M. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167206288669 · Cited by 50
“This way of conceptualizing motivation is common in contemporary psychology (Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Cantor & Kihlstrom, 1987; Cropanzano, James, & Citera, 1992; Emmons, 1989; Klinger, 1987; Little, 1983).”
Women’s Situational Coping With Acquaintance Sexual Assault
Nurius, P. S., Norris, J., Macy, R. J., & Huang, B. (2004) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801204264367 · Cited by 50
“Individuals interpret situations consistent with the context in which they see themselves and the goals and expectancies salient in that context (Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Lazarus, 1994).”
Background
Heterarchy and Hierarchy: A Critical Appraisal of the “Levels of Evidence” as a Tool for Clinical Decision Making
Tickle‐Degnen, L., & Bedell, G. M. (2003) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.57.2.234 · Cited by 50
“Information goals in clinical practice are heterarchical in organization rather than hierarchical (see Austin & Vancouver, 1996, for a relevant review).”
Background
Optimism, Coping, and Well‐Being
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2017) · doi:10.1002/9781118993811.ch24 · Cited by 50
Changing Simple Energy-Related Consumer Behaviors: How the Enactment of Intentions Is Thwarted by Acting and Non-Acting Habits
de Vries, P., Aarts, H., & Midden, C. J. H. (2011) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916510369630 · Cited by 48
“The enactment of intentions is a crucial aspect in the process underlying the control of goal-directed behavior (e.g., Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975; Gollwitzer, 1993; Locke & Latham, 1990).”
Background
A Virtual Assistive Companion for Older Adults: Design Implications for a Real-World Application
Tsiourti, C., Ben Moussa, M., Quintas, J., Loke, B., Jochem, I., Lopes, J. A., & Konstantas, D. (2018) · Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56994-9_69 · Cited by 45
Thinking into the future: how a future time perspective improves self-control
Dreves, P. A., & Blackhart, G. C. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.05.049 · Cited by 52
Indirect effect of patient outcome expectation on improvement through alliance quality: A meta-analysis
Constantino, M. J., Coyne, A. E., Goodwin, B. J., Vîslă, A., Flückiger, C., Muir, H. J., & Gaines, A. N. (2020) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2020.1851058 · Cited by 49
“Thus, goal theory (Austin & Vancouver, 1996) would suggest that the forms of optimism and hope discussed here could facilitate the personal use of the psychological resources necessary to negotiate, use, and benefit from a novel and potentially corrective relational engagement with an important…”
Background
Value Fulfillment from a Cybernetic Perspective: A New Psychological Theory of Well-Being
DeYoung, C. G., & Tiberius, V. (2022) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/10888683221083777 · Cited by 70
“Another important fact about goals is that they are hierarchically organized, with broad, high-level goals achieved by narrower subgoals that constitute components of or steps toward the goals above them in the hierarchy (Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Carver & Scheier, 1998).”
Background
Motivational Climate and Achievement Goals at the Situational Level of Generality
Papaioannou, A. G., Milosis, D. C., Kosmidou, E., & Tsigilis, N. (2007) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200601113778 · Cited by 59
Goal Setting and Self-Efficacy Among Delinquent, At-Risk and Not At-Risk Adolescents
Carroll, A., Gordon, K., Haynes, M. A., & Houghton, S. J. (2012) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-012-9799-y · Cited by 49
“Moreover, characteristic of effective goal setting is specificity, commitment, challenge, and motivation to achieve the outcome (Austin and Vancouver 1996).”
Background
Understanding Hope and Its Implications for Consumer Behavior: I Hope, Therefore I Consume
MacInnis, D. J., & Chun, H. E. (2007) · Foundations and Trends® in Marketing · doi:10.1561/1700000005 · Cited by 56
Leisure travel outcomes and life satisfaction: An integrative look
Wang, S. (2017) · Annals of Tourism Research · doi:10.1016/j.annals.2017.01.009 · Cited by 49
“Goal researchers regard the achievement of personally chosen goals as the source of life satisfaction (e.g., Austin & Vancouver, 1996), and agree that having important goals and pursuing them are reliable indicators of life satisfaction (Emmons, 1986).”
Background
Psychological Antecedents of Retirement Planning: A Systematic Review
Kerry, M. J. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01870 · Cited by 61
What Time May Tell: An Exploratory Study of the Relationship Between Religiosity, Temporal Orientation, and Goals in Family Business
Pieper, T. M., Williams, R. I., Manley, S. C., & Matthews, L. M. (2019) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-019-04386-3 · Cited by 49
Dodging Monsters and Dancing with Dreams: Success and Failure at Different Levels of Approach and Avoidance
Scholer, A. A., & Higgins, E. T. (2013) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073913477506 · Cited by 55
The best laid plans: Examining the conditions under which a planning intervention improves learning and reduces attrition.
Sitzmann, T., & Johnson, S. K. (2012) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0027977 · Cited by 52
Multiple Goal Management Starts With Attention
Vogt, J., Houwer, J. D., & Crombez, G. (2010) · Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) · doi:10.1027/1618-3169/a000066 · Cited by 54
“There are other characteristics of goals as well as individual preferences or situational demands that determine the relevance of a goal (Austin & Vancouver, 1996).”
Explaining Nascent Entrepreneurs’ Goal Commitment: An Exploratory Study
Clercq, D. D., Menzies, T. V., Diochon, M. C., & Gasse, Y. (2009) · Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1080/08276331.2009.10593446 · Cited by 48
Building Better Digital Badges
McDaniel, R., & Fanfarelli, J. R. (2016) · Simulation & Gaming · doi:10.1177/1046878115627138 · Cited by 62
“For example, goal setting necessitates prioritization, mental representations, problem solving, and other complex cognitive processes (Austin & Vancouver, 1996).”
Background
The pursuit of multiple goals
Kung, F. Y. H., & Scholer, A. A. (2019) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12509 · Cited by 53
Analyzing Goal-Striving Processes and a Test of the Generalizability of Perceptual Control Theory
Vancouver, J. B., & Putka, D. J. (2000) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.2000.2901 · Cited by 50
Self-citation
When moral identity undermines moral behavior: An integrative framework
Krettenauer, T. (2022) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12655 · Cited by 50
Goal Disturbance, Cognitive Coping and Psychological Distress in HIV-infected Persons
van der Veek, S., Kraaij, V., Koppen, W. V., Garnefski, N., & Joekes, K. (2007) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105307074249 · Cited by 47
“Although ample literature describes the more theoretical issues concerned with goals (Austin & Vancouver, 1996), few studies explore goal frustration in clinical populations and these tend to focus on illness-related goals (Echteld, van Elderen, & van der Kamp, 2001; Kuijer & de Ridder, 2003;…”
Background
The why and the how of goal pursuit: Self-determination, goal process cognition, and participation in physical exercise
Lutz, R. S., Karoly, P., & Okun, M. A. (2007) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.07.006 · Cited by 54
“Karoly (1999) proposed that the complex system of goals and self-regulatory skills articulated by numerous investigators over the past 25 years (cf. Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Bandura, 1986; Carver & Scheier, 1998; Karoly, 1993; Mischel & Shoda, 1995) might enable researchers to study motivationally…”
Background
Goal pursuit, goal adjustment, and affective well‐being following lower limb amputation
Coffey, L., Gallagher, P., Desmond, D. M., & Ryall, N. H. (2013) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12051 · Cited by 47
Reduced Specificity of Personal Goals and Explanations for Goal Attainment in Major Depression
Dickson, J. M., & Moberly, N. J. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064512 · Cited by 48
“, ‘to pass my driving test’) have been defined as internal representations of desired states [19], which are important in organising long-term behaviour and providing meaning in life [20].”
Background
Only because I love you: Why people make and why they break promises in romantic relationships.
Peetz, J., & Kammrath, L. K. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021857 · Cited by 48

Authors: Austin, J. T., & Vancouver, J. B.
Affiliations: The Ohio State University (US)
ORCID: Vancouver, Jeffrey B.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1996-11
Volume: 120
Issue: 3
Pages: 338-375
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.120.3.338
OpenAlex: W2075289001
Semantic Scholar: 0539efa59c31b4c9b22f866f1b3c65eedb554856
Cited by: 2,319
References: 474
Citations by year: 2026: 62 · 2025: 76 · 2024: 76 · 2023: 224 · 2022: 90 · 2021: 108 · 2020: 148 · 2019: 93 · 2018: 89 · 2017: 110 · 2016: 93 · 2015: 117 · 2014: 85 · 2013: 94 · 2012: 118
FWCI: 23.42
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cognitive and psychological constructs research
Keywords: goal setting, goal structure, goal content, motivation, achievement motivation

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