Cited by 1,481Psychometric Methodologies and TestingMental Health Research TopicsPsychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction

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On the bipolarity of positive and negative affect.

Russell, James A., Carroll, James M.·1999·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.125.1.3

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Abstract

Is positive affect (PA) the bipolar opposite of, or is it independent of, negative affect (NA)? Previous analyses of this vexing question have generally labored under the false assumption that bipolarity predicts an invariant latent correlation between PA and NA. The predicted correlation varies with time frame, response format, and items selected to define PA and NA. The observed correlation also varies with errors inherent in measurement. When the actual predictions of a bipolar model are considered and error is taken into account, there is little evidence for independence of what were traditionally thought opposites. Bipolarity provides a parsimonious fit to existing data.

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Authors: Russell, J. A., & Carroll, J. M.
Affiliations: University of British Columbia (CA)
ORCID: Russell, James A.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1999
Volume: 125
Issue: 1
Pages: 3-30
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.125.1.3
OpenAlex: W2062530052
Cited by: 1,481
References: 90
Citations by year: 2026: 31 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 102 · 2019: 79 · 2018: 87 · 2017: 70 · 2016: 55 · 2015: 59 · 2014: 82 · 2013: 67 · 2012: 90
FWCI: 55.66
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Keywords: positive affect, negative affect, bipolarity, bipolar model, affective states, measurement error, latent correlations, response format
MeSH terms: Affect, Bipolar Disorder, Depression, Humans, Personality Inventory, Psychometrics

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On the bipolarity of positive and negative affect.

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