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Maxims or myths of beauty? A meta-analytic and theoretical review
Abstract
Common maxims about beauty suggest that attractiveness is not important in life. In contrast, both fitness-related evolutionary theory and socialization theory suggest that attractiveness influences development and interaction. In 11 meta-analyses, the authors evaluate these contradictory claims, demonstrating that (a) raters agree about who is and is not attractive, both within and across cultures; (b) attractive children and adults are judged more positively than unattractive children and adults, even by those who know them; (c) attractive children and adults are treated more positively than unattractive children and adults, even by those who know them; and (d) attractive children and adults exhibit more positive behaviors and traits than unattractive children and adults. Results are used to evaluate social and fitness-related evolutionary theories and the veracity of maxims about beauty.
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“Physical attractiveness is one of the most powerful demographic variables known to science (Langlois et al., 2000), and it is substantially genetic (Gangestad & Scheyd, 2005).”
From A process-based approach to psychological diagnosis and treatment:The conceptual and treatment utility of an extended evolutionary meta model (2020) · cites this paper as Langlois et al., 2000
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Markowitz-Elfassi, D., Yarchi, M., & Samuel-Azran, T. (2019) · Online Information Review · doi:10.1108/oir-02-2018-0043 · Cited by 21
Election systems, the “beauty premium” in politics, and the beauty of dissent
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Human mate choice is a complex system
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“[18–20].”
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“The theoretical background of these effects can be deduced from socialization theory, social expectancy theory and fitness-related evolutionary theories like mate selection theory (Langlois et al., 2000).”
BackgroundImmediate relativity: EEG reveals early engagement of comparison in social information processing.
Ohmann, K., Stähl, J., Mussweiler, T., & Kedia, G. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000222 · Cited by 17
The effect of unrelated social exchanges on facial attractiveness judgments
Faust, N. T., Chatterjee, A. K., & Christopoulos, G. I. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2018.08.010 · Cited by 17
“also other social functions, such as professional success and leadership (Hamermesh & Biddle, 1994; Langlois et al., 2000).”
BackgroundInfluentialNedelec, J. L., & Beaver, K. M. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.07.025 · Cited by 18
Morphology and Behavior: Phrenology Revisited
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“All of this supports the “what is beautiful is good” phenomenon (Dion, Berscheid, & Walster, 1972; Langlois et al., 2000) as it relates to the reproductive benefits of facial attractiveness.”
BackgroundPhysische Attraktivität und individuelles Leistungsverhalten
Rosar, U., Hagenah, J., & Klein, M. (2010) · Soziale Welt · doi:10.5771/0038-6073-2010-1-51 · Cited by 17
“…1973; Deseran / Chung 1979; Dion et al. 1972; Downs / Lyons 1991; Efran 1974; Esses / Webster 1988; Klein / Rosar 2007; 2009; Landy / Sigall 1974; Langlois et al. 1995; 2000; Mace 1972; Maisonneuve / Bruchon-Schweitzer 1999; Rosar 2009; Ross / Salvia 1975; Rost 1993; Steffensmeier / Terry 1973).”
BackgroundThe looks of a winner: beauty, gender, and electoral successPreprint
Berggren, N., Jordahl, H., & Poutvaara, P. (2006) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 17
Mark, K. P., & Herbenick, D. (2014) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-013-0184-z · Cited by 23
Physical Attractiveness, Halo Effects, and Social Joining
Palmer, C. L., & Peterson, R. D. (2020) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/ssqu.12892 · Cited by 21
Effects of deviations in the nose and chin prominence on facial attractiveness
Rezaei, N., Abbasi, H., Khaksar, A., & Golshah, A. (2021) · Journal of Orthodontics · doi:10.1177/1465312520981985 · Cited by 17
“Higher social acceptance of attractive individuals triggered the researchers’ interest in soft tissue analysis and its role in facial aesthetics (Bashour, 2006; Langlois et al., 2000).”
BackgroundRoth, T. S., Samara, I., & Kret, M. E. (2021) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2021.04.004 · Cited by 20
Rotundo, R., Nieri, M., Lamberti, E., Covani, U., Peñarrocha‐Oltra, D., & Diago, M. P. (2021) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/jcpe.13531 · Cited by 17
Moche, H., & Västfjäll, D. (2021) · Social Influence · doi:10.1080/15534510.2021.1995482 · Cited by 17
“This suggestion is in line with previous studies showing that attractive children are rated more positively (Langlois et al., 2000) and receive more help (Cryder et al., 2017) than less attractive children.”
ResultVoit, M., Weiss, M. H., & Hewig, J. S. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02366-3 · Cited by 23
Breil, S. M., Lievens, F., Forthmann, B., & Back, M. D. (2023) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/peps.12507 · Cited by 22
Niimi, R., & Goto, M. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0281758 · Cited by 22
Hofmann, B. (2023) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-023-05401-4 · Cited by 23
“Raters within and across cultures seem to agree about who is attractive and who is not, and attractive children and adults are (a) judged more positively, (b) treated more positively, and (c) exhibit more positive behaviors and traits than unattractive children and adults (Langlois et al., 2000).”
Seigner, B. D. C., & Milanov, H. (2023) · Journal of Business Venturing Insights · doi:10.1016/j.jbvi.2023.e00399 · Cited by 17
Implicit measures of anthropomorphism: affective priming and recognition of apparent animal emotions
Dacey, M., & Coane, J. H. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1149444 · Cited by 20
“Attractiveness in human faces has powerful effects on multiple judgments (Langlois et al., 2000); we aimed to control for that effect (or its analog in perception of nonhumans) here.”
BackgroundMcClintock, E. A. (2011) · Biodemography and Social Biology · doi:10.1080/19485565.2011.615172 · Cited by 21
“Presumably because they are preferred as partners, the physically attractive have more romantic experience (Langlois et al. 2000; Berscheid and Dion 1971; Halpern et al. 1999; Wiederman and Hurst 1998).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGeometrical Factors in the Perception of Sacredness
Costa, M., & Bonetti, L. (2016) · Perception · doi:10.1177/0301006616654159 · Cited by 17
“The attractiveness halo effect occurs cross-culturally and it is mainly implicit, without intervention of the conscious level (Dion, Berscheid, & Walster, 1972; Langlois et al. 2000; Verhulst, Lodge, & Lavine, 2010).”
BackgroundStorms, A.-S., Vansant, L., Shaheen, E., Coucke, W., de Llano‐Pérula, M. C., Jacobs, R., Politis, C., & Willems, G. (2017) · International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ijom.2017.07.002 · Cited by 17
“The inclusion criteria for patient selection were restricted to the following: (1) skeletal class II patients, (2) who had undergone orthognathic surgery at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of the University Hospitals Leuven between August 2014 and April 2016, and (3) for whom 3D facial images of suffi…”
BackgroundMethodMaxillofacial prostheses challenges in resource constrained regions
Tetteh, S., Bibb, R., & Martin, S. J. (2017) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2017.1390697 · Cited by 17
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Chivalry and attractiveness bias in police officer forensic judgments in Israel
Bitton, M. S., & Zvi, L. (2018) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2018.1509043 · Cited by 18
“…unattractiveness and criminality, on the one hand, and between attractiveness and social and occupational success, on the other (Judge, Hurst, & Simon, 2009; Langolis et al., 2000; Mocan & Tekin, 2010), suggests that perceptions of motive may be different for attractive and unattractive swindlers.”
BackgroundInfluentialLetzring, T. D., & Funder, D. C. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190912529.013.2 · Cited by 17
Can Cosmetics’ Advertisements Be An Indicator of Different Perceptions of Beauty Amongst Countries?
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Attractive memory: High destination memory for attractive faces
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The perception bias of aesthetic providers
Greywal, T., Dayan, S. H., Goldie, K., & Fabi, S. G. (2020) · Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology · doi:10.1111/jocd.13785 · Cited by 17
Zhao, P., & Yan, K. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107203 · Cited by 18
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Blinding curiosity: Exploring preferences for “blinding” one’s own judgment
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Serotoninergic effects on judgments and social learning of trustworthiness
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“…(Adolphs et al. 1998), trust-based economic behaviour (Van't Wout and Sanfey 2008) and other trait judgments such as competence, attractiveness and intelligence (Oosterhof and Todorov 2008; Todorov 2008) that are known to affect social outcomes (Langlois et al. 2000; Todorov et al. 2005).”
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“Positive social characteristics are more often attributed to attractive than unattractive individuals (Langlois et al., 2000), and such stereotypical beliefs often result in better treatment of attractive individuals from infancy (e.”
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Are social judgements made by children in relation to orthodontic appliances?
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Abbas, O. L., Kürkçüoğlu, A., Aytop, Ç. D., Uysal, C., & Pelin, C. (2017) · Perception · doi:10.1177/0301006617714214 · Cited by 17
“However, many studies have documented that people from different cultures share common standards of attractiveness (Langlois et al., 2000), suggesting that these standards are not culture bound.”
BackgroundCultural effects on the association between election outcomes and face-based trait inferences
Lin, C., Adolphs, R., & Alvarez, R. M. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0180837 · Cited by 19
French, J. E., & Meltzer, A. L. (2019) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167219832337 · Cited by 17
“, 2014b) and social skills/extraversion (Langlois et al., 2000; Meier, Robinson, Carter, & Hinsz, 2010), we assessed partner age and extraversion at baseline and controlled for each (Study 1 utilized the 10-item version of the International Personality Item Pool’s [Goldberg, 1999] Extraversion subscale, α = .”
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A Brief Overview of Psychological Issues in Cleft Lip and Palate
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Sexual selection and human geographic variation.
Fröst, P. (2008) · Journal of Social Evolutionary and Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0099346 · Cited by 17
“Children as young as 2-3 months old look longer at female faces that adults have rated as attractive, be they white infants looking at faces of black women rated by black men or black infants looking at faces of white women rated by white men (Langlois et al., 2000; Langlois et al., 1991; Langlois et al., 1987; Langlo…”
BackgroundImplicit Bias in Judicial Decision Making How It Affects Judgment and What Judges Can Do About ItPreprint
Wistrich, A. J., & Rachlinski, J. J. (2017) · LawArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31228/osf.io/sz5ma · Cited by 18
The Stability of Students’ Academic Achievement in School: A Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies
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Schröder–Abé, M., Rentzsch, K., Asendorpf, J. B., & Penke, L. (2015) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2029 · Cited by 18
“For example, physical attractiveness can be perceived quickly (Willis & Todorov, 2006) and with high inter-rater consensus (Langlois et al., 2000), and for both sexes, average attractiveness ratings are the strongest predictor of initial attraction in speed-dating paradigms (Kurzban & Weeden, 2005;…”
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“Physical attractiveness is considered to be of fundamental importance in social life and to have overall positive effects (Langlois et al., 2000).”
BackgroundCommitting to a romantic partner: Does attractiveness matter? A dyadic approach
Avilés, T. G., Burriss, R. P., Weidmann, R., Bühler, J. L., Wünsche, J., & Grob, A. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.110765 · Cited by 19
Effect of skin colors due to hemoglobin or melanin modulation on facial expression recognition
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“Meta-analyses show that attractive people (regardless of their gender or the gender of the participants evaluating them) are seen as professionally more competent than unattractive ones (Hosoda, Stone-Romero, & Coats, 2003; Langlois et al., 2000).”
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“Similar mean attractiveness ratings across different cultures (Cunningham, Roberts, Barbee, Druen, & Wu, 1995; Langlois et al., 2000) and age groups (Cross & Cross, 1971) suggests a degree of consensus regarding which faces are most versus least attractive.”
BackgroundSchwitzgebel, E. (2019) · Res Philosophica · doi:10.11612/resphil.1806 · Cited by 19
Does an attractive partner make you a better leader? Only if you are a male!
Kocoglu, I., & Mithani, M. (2020) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2019.101339 · Cited by 15
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Women’s Preferences for Strong Men Under Perceived Harsh Versus Safe Ecological Conditions
Garza, R., Pazhoohi, F., & Byrd‐Craven, J. (2021) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/14747049211032351 · Cited by 16
“Although research has suggested a “universal preference” for attractive physical features (Langlois et al., 2000), women’s preferences for attractive features in men may vary as a function of ecological conditions where trade-offs are made between choosing a mate with high-quality features (e.”
BackgroundDifferences in expressivity based on attractiveness: Target or perceiver effects?
Rennels, J. L., & Kayl, A. J. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2015.05.012 · Cited by 16
“These discrepant judgments should contribute to the more negative interactions and lesser attention low attractive females experience compared with high attractive females (Langlois et al., 2000; Snyder et al., 1977) and could result in more negative displays of expressivity over time.”
BackgroundInfluentialMurphy, C., MacCarthaigh, S., & Barnes‐Holmes, D. (2014) · Maynooth University ePrints and eTheses Archive (Maynooth University) · Cited by 16
Laypersons’ ratings of appearance in children with and without single suture craniosynostosis
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“Despite high agreement about which faces are generally attractive (LANGLOIS et al. 2000; RHODES 2006), there seems to be considerable variation in women’s preferences for male masculinity and some evidence of variation in men’s preferences for female femininity (see LITTLE, JONES and DEBRUINE 2011 for review).”
BackgroundRosén, L., Underwood, M. K., & Beron, K. J. (2011) · Merrill-palmer Quarterly · doi:10.1353/mpq.2011.0016 · Cited by 16
“(Langlois et al., 2000) and are more sought after as romantic partners than are less attractive individuals (Walster, Aronson, Abrahams, & Rottman, 1966).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCurrent status and future directions of research on facial attractiveness
Kościński, K. (2009) · Anthropological Review · doi:10.2478/v10044-008-0015-3 · Cited by 16
“(3) Such favoring and discriminating on the grounds of FacA may impact on people’s personality according to the mechanism of self-fulfilling prophecy [Eagly et al. 1991, Feingold 1992, Langlois et al. 2000].”
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Mixed-Ethnicity Face Shape and Attractiveness in Humans
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“Stuttgart, July 2013 www.schweizerbart.de 0003-5548/12/0284 $ 3.75 2013 E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, Germany DOI: 10.1127/0003-5548/2013/0284 Associations between body morphology, mating success and mate preferences among Slovak males and females”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Origins of Aesthetics: A Neurobiological Basis for Affective Feelings and Aesthetics
Rolls, E. T. (2011) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199691517.003.0009 · Cited by 16
“…cultures; (b) attractive children and adults are judged and treated more positively than unattractive children and adults, even by those who know them; and (c) attractive children and adults exhibit more positive behaviours and traits than unattractive children and adults (Langlois et al. 2000).”
BackgroundDoes physical attractiveness buy happiness? Women’s mating motivation and happiness
Ko, A., & Suh, E. (2018) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-018-9717-z
Data-Driven Research on the Matching Degree of Eyes, Eyebrows and Face Shapes
Zhao, J. G., Zhang, M., He, C., & Zuo, K. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01466 · Cited by 20
“…the long-held argument that beauty is subjective, and a great number of experiments have discovered that there is a high extent of agreement between what faces are beautiful, which is highly consistent with culture, race, age, gender (Langlois et al., 2000; Aarabi et al., 2001; Koscinski, 2009).”
BackgroundChen, J. M., Fine, A., Norman, J. B., Frick, P. J., & Cauffman, E. E. (2021) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128721999347 · Cited by 18
“The face perception literature has consistently demonstrated that people regularly make social judgments based on others’ appearances without any other supporting information, such as actual behaviors that would be more diagnostic of their internal states (Langlois et al., 2000).”
BackgroundExamining the Validity of a Swedish Version of the Self-Presentation in Exercise Questionnaire
Lindwall, M. (2005) · Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science · doi:10.1207/s15327841mpee0902_3 · Cited by 16
“The advantages associated with being physically attractive seem quite robust and clearly go beyond common myths (e.g., Langlois et al., 2000).”
BackgroundAttractiveness of Blonde Women in Evolutionary Perspective: Studies with Two Polish Samples
Sorokowski, P. (2008) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.106.3.737-744 · Cited by 16
The “beauty is good” for children with autism spectrum disorders too
Fonséca, D. D., Santos, A., Rosset, D. B., & Deruelle, C. (2010) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2010.04.012 · Cited by 16
“, greater intellectual qualities) to attractive than to unattractive faces (for reviews see Eagly et al., 1991; Langlois et al., 2000).”
BackgroundThe evolution of sex discrimination
Hopcroft, R. L. (2002) · Psychology Evolution & Gender · doi:10.1080/1461666021000013733 · Cited by 16
The Effect of Target Attractiveness and Rating Method on the Accuracy of Trait Ratings
Sheppard, L. D., Goffin, R. D., Lewis, R. J., & Olson, J. M. (2011) · Journal of Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1027/1866-5888/a000030 · Cited by 20
“Similarly, attractive individuals are found to experience superior levels of professional (DickeyBryant, Lautenschlager, Mendoza, & Abrahams, 1986) and academic development (Langlois et al., 2000).”
BackgroundSwami, V. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444343120.ch29 · Cited by 16
Wasmer, M., Blohm, M., Walter, J., Jutz, R., & Scholz, E. (2017) · Social Science Open Access Repository (GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences) · doi:10.21241/ssoar.53370 · Cited by 18
The journal of physiological sciences : JPS
日本生理学会 (2006) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 16
Sierminska, E. M., & Liu, X. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.94015-7 · Cited by 16
Understanding the purchase intention in live streaming from the perspective of social image
Zou, J., & Fu, X. (2024) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-024-04054-6 · Cited by 33
“Moreover, physically attractive people are perceived more positively in fi rst impressions and are likely to bene fi t from this enhanced positivity (Langlois et al., 2000; Lorenzo et al., 2010).”
Cosmetic and Reconstructive Facial Plastic Surgery Related Simulation and Optimization Efforts
Tokgöz, E., & Carro, M. A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-31168-0_7 · Cited by 15
The Effects of Male Attractiveness and Sexual Attitudes on Women’s Risk Perception
Rinehart, J. K., & Yeater, E. A. (2012) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801212443949 · Cited by 15
“Findings from these studies indicate that attractive people in general are seen as more socially desirable, happier, and sexually warmer than unattractive people (e.g., Dion, Bersheid, & Walster, 1972; Feingold, 1992; Langlois et al., 2000).”
BackgroundDo employers reward physical attractiveness in transition countries?
Mavisakalyan, A. (2017) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2017.10.002 · Cited by 15
“, evidence in Mocan and Tekin, 2010; Scholz and Sicinski, 2015 from the US, Harper, 2000 from the UK, Cipriani and Zago, 2011 from Italy) and are consistent with research findings that suggest attractiveness at young age may contribute to subsequent human capital investment since attractive children apparently receive…”
ResultA robust implicit measure of facial attractiveness discrimination
Luo, Q., Rossion, B., & Dzhelyova, M. P. (2019) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsz043 · Cited by 15
Altering age and gender stereotypes by creating the Halo and Horns Effects with facial expressions
Radeke, M. K., & Stahelski, A. J. (2020) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-020-0504-6 · Cited by 17
The Good-looking Giver Effect: The Relationship Between Doing Good and Looking Good
Konrath, S., & Handy, F. (2020) · Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0899764020950835 · Cited by 16
“Beautiful Is Good and the Halo Effect This first halo effect literature is fairly extensive with an interdisciplinary review and four meta-analyses to date (Eagly et al., 1991; Feingold, 1992; Jackson et al., 1995; Langlois et al., 2000; Maestripieri et al., 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialNeural responses to facial attractiveness in the judgments of moral goodness and moral beauty
Cheng, Q., Han, Z., Liu, S., Kong, Y., Weng, X., & Mo, L. (2021) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-021-02422-5 · Cited by 11
“In general, the more attractive a person's face is, the more likely he or she is to be perceived as possessing socially desirable personalities, moral traits, such as kindness, honesty, friendliness and trustworthiness and higher moral standards (Dion et al. 1972; Feingold, 1992; Griffin and Langlois 2006; Langlois et…”
BackgroundCues of Social Status: Associations Between Attractiveness, Dominance, and Status
Rahal, D., Fales, M. R., Haselton, M. G., Slavich, G. M., & Robles, T. F. (2021) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/14747049211056160 · Cited by 19
“, the degree of power one exerts in a group) are two observable cues that influence judgments of other individuals’ social status because they each provide a means for individuals to gain status (e.g., Cheng et al., 2013; Henrich & Gil-White, 2001; Jæger, 2011; Langlois et al., 2000).”
BackgroundWhat’s in a face? Facial appearance associated with emergence but not success in entrepreneurship
Stefanidis, D., Nicolaou, N., Charitonos, S. P., Pallis, G., & Dikaiakos, M. D. (2022) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2021.101597 · Cited by 15
Nusbaum, E. C., & Silvia, P. J. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139207058.025 · Cited by 15
Facial beauty affects implicit and explicit learning of men and women differently
Ziori, E., & Dienes, Z. P. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01124 · Cited by 15
Can Agents Influence Property Perceptions Through Their Appearance and Use of Pathos?
Arndt, A. D., Harrison, D. M., Lane, M. A., Seiler, M. J., & Seiler, V. L. (2013) · Housing Studies · doi:10.1080/02673037.2013.802292 · Cited by 15
“Langlois et al. (2000) and Feingold (1992) document that the level of physical attractiveness causes evaluators to project positively perceived attributes onto both males and females (and for both adults and children) who are evaluated.”
BackgroundComparison of Three Methods of Rating Nasolabial Appearance in Cleft Lip and Palate
Fudalej, S. A., Desmedt, D. J., Bronkhorst, E. M., & Fudalej, P. S. (2017) · The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal · doi:10.1597/14-189 · Cited by 16
Wirtz, B. W., Piehler, R., Rieger, V., & Daiser, P. (2016) · Public Administration Quarterly · doi:10.1177/073491491604000102 · Cited by 15
“Self-perception and the perception of others exhibited strong effects in various settings (Langlois et al. 2000).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Langlois, J. H., Kalakanis, L., Rubenstein, A. J., Larson, A., Hallam, M., & Smoot, M.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2000
- Volume
- 126
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 390-423
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2088165831
- Cited by
- 2,429
- References
- 297
- Citations by year
- 2026: 84 · 2025: 105 · 2024: 111 · 2023: 131 · 2022: 116 · 2021: 148 · 2020: 127 · 2019: 131 · 2018: 132 · 2017: 118 · 2016: 126 · 2015: 135 · 2014: 121 · 2013: 129 · 2012: 138
- FWCI
- 20.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD021332)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Aesthetic Perception and Analysis
- Keywords
- physical attractiveness, beauty, attractiveness judgments, evolutionary psychology, socialization theory
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Animals, Beauty, Child, Biological Evolution, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Self Concept, Social Behavior, Social Perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
