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Maxims or myths of beauty? A meta-analytic and theoretical review
Abstract
Common maxims about beauty suggest that attractiveness is not important in life. In contrast, both fitness-related evolutionary theory and socialization theory suggest that attractiveness influences development and interaction. In 11 meta-analyses, the authors evaluate these contradictory claims, demonstrating that (a) raters agree about who is and is not attractive, both within and across cultures; (b) attractive children and adults are judged more positively than unattractive children and adults, even by those who know them; (c) attractive children and adults are treated more positively than unattractive children and adults, even by those who know them; and (d) attractive children and adults exhibit more positive behaviors and traits than unattractive children and adults. Results are used to evaluate social and fitness-related evolutionary theories and the veracity of maxims about beauty.
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“Physical attractiveness is one of the most powerful demographic variables known to science (Langlois et al., 2000), and it is substantially genetic (Gangestad & Scheyd, 2005).”
From A process-based approach to psychological diagnosis and treatment:The conceptual and treatment utility of an extended evolutionary meta model (2020) · cites this paper as Langlois et al., 2000
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Papio, M. A., Fields, H. W., Beck, F. M., Firestone, A. R., & Rosenstiel, S. (2019) · American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics · doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2018.10.021 · Cited by 31
Jiang, Z., Xu, J., Gorlin, M., & Dhar, R. (2021) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/00222437211033179 · Cited by 29
Wilkins, S., & Epps, A. (2011) · International Journal of Educational Management · doi:10.1108/09513541111146341 · Cited by 29
“Furthermore, Langlois et al. (2000) found that physical attractiveness is correlated with intelligence, self-confidence and occupational success.”
BackgroundTsukiura, T. (2012) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2012.00050 · Cited by 31
Agthe, M., Strobel, M., Spörrle, M., Pfundmair, M., & Maner, J. K. (2016) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/1474704916653968 · Cited by 29
“Neuberg, Kenrick, Maner, & Schaller, 2004; Kenrick, Delton, Robertson, Becker, & Neuberg, 2007) are relatively universal across cultures and ethnicities (Buss, 1989): Despite cultural differences in the importance of attractiveness (Anderson, Adams, & Plaut, 2008), persons from different cultures still regard attracti…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-perceptions of romantic appeal in adolescents with a cleft lip and/or palate
Feragen, K. B., Stock, N. M., Sharratt, N. D., & Kvalem, I. L. (2016) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.06.009 · Cited by 30
Accuracy of Self‐Esteem Judgments at Zero Acquaintance
Hirschmüller, S., Schmukle, S. C., Krause, S., Back, M. D., & Egloff, B. (2017) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12316 · Cited by 32
Söderlund, M., & Sagfossen, S. (2017) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2017.06.006 · Cited by 30
Ingold, P. V., Dönni, M., & Lievens, F. (2018) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000333 · Cited by 38
“Besides dual process theories, various other theories (see Langlois et al., 2000 for an overview) also posit that one quickly develops positive expectancies of attractive and professionally dressed people.”
Sheppard, L. D., & Johnson, S. K. (2019) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-019-01031-1 · Cited by 31
Attractiveness qualifies the effect of observation on trusting behavior in an economic game
Smith, F. G., DeBruine, L. M., Jones, B. C., Krupp, D. B., Welling, L. L. M., & Conway, C. A. (2009) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2009.06.003 · Cited by 29
Impression management tactics and affective context: influence on sales performance appraisal
Bande, B., González, J. A. V., Ferrín, P. F., & Araújo, M. L. D. R. (2007) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/03090560710737651 · Cited by 29
Initial impressions of compatibility and mate value predict later dating and romantic interest
BAXTER, A. B., Maxwell, J. A., Bales, K. L., Finkel, E. J., Impett, E. A., & Eastwick, P. W. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2206925119 · Cited by 28
Appel, M., Hutmacher, F., Politt, T., & Stein, J.-P. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.107871 · Cited by 33
Ioi, H., Kang, S.-W., Shimomura, T., Kim, S., Park, S., Son, W., & Takahashi, I. (2013) · Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry · doi:10.1111/jerd.12032 · Cited by 28
Apparent health encourages reciprocity
Krupp, D. B., DeBruine, L. M., & Jones, B. C. (2011) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2010.10.001 · Cited by 31
“Exchange decisions, including P1 trust, are often associated with the attractiveness of social partners (Andreoni & Petrie, 2008; Solnick & Schweitzer, 1999; Takahashi, Yamagishi, Tanida, Kiyonari, & Kanazawa, 2006; Wilson & Eckel, 2006), a finding in line with studies of character attributions (Eagly, Ashmore, Makhij…”
ResultPerceptual and Social Attributes Underlining Age-Related Preferences for Faces
Kiiski, H. S. M., Cullen, B. H., Clavin, S. L., & Newell, F. N. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00437 · Cited by 27
“Such knowledge can, in turn, provide a better insight into the perceptual basis of social outcomes in everyday life situations (Langlois et al., 2000; Cornwell et al., 2006; Olivola et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWhat kind of love is love at first sight? An empirical investigation
Zsok, F., Haucke, M. N., WIT, C. Y. D., & Barelds, D. P. H. (2017) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/pere.12218 · Cited by 28
“They are typically assigned more positive character traits, a phenomenon referred to as the halo effect (Langlois et al., 2000).”
BackgroundPosnick, J. C., & Kinard, B. E. (2018) · Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.joms.2018.10.005 · Cited by 29
Why genome-wide associations with cognitive ability measures are probably spurious
Richardson, K., & Jones, M. C. (2019) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2019.04.005 · Cited by 28
Crerand, C. E., Rumsey, N., Kazak, A. E., Clarke, A. M., Rausch, J. R., & Sarwer, D. B. (2020) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.01.005 · Cited by 27
Clarke, A. K., & STERMAC, L. E. (2010) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260510383039 · Cited by 34
“As a group, attractive individuals tend to receive better treatment; are better liked; receive more attention, rewards, and assistance; and experience less negative interactions and fewer punishments than their unattractive peers (Langlois et al., 2000).”
BackgroundBeauty captures the attention of the beholder
Lindell, A. K., & Lindell, K. L. (2014) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2014.963111 · Cited by 32
“Thus, as Langlois et al. (2000) note, “the effects of facial Correspondence should be addressed to Annukka Lindell, School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora VIC 3086, Australia.”
BackgroundInfluentialUgly Duckling by Day, Super Model by Night: The Influence of Body Image on the Use of Virtual Worlds
Becerra, E. P., & Stutts, M. A. (2008) · Journal of Virtual Worlds Research · doi:10.4101/jvwr.v1i2.346 · Cited by 30
“Evidence suggests that less physically attractive individuals are less liked and less sought by others (Reis et al., 1982; Langlois et al., 2000).”
BackgroundComputational Models of Facial Attractiveness Judgments
Bronstad, P. M., Langlois, J. H., & Russell, R. P. (2008) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p5805 · Cited by 29
Self-citationLee, M., Pitesa, M., Pillutla, M. M., & Thau, S. (2017) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000114 · Cited by 27
Optimizing Facial Esthetics in the Orthognathic Surgery Patient
O’Ryan, F., & Lassetter, J. (2011) · Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.joms.2010.11.012 · Cited by 29
Does dental indifference influence the oral health-related quality of life of prisoners?
Marshman, Z., Baker, S. R., & Robinson, P. G. (2014) · Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/cdoe.12097 · Cited by 27
Physical attractiveness and sex as modulatory factors of empathic brain responses to pain
Jankowiak-Siuda, K., Rymarczyk, K., Żurawski, Ł., Jednoróg, K., & Marchewka, A. (2015) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00236 · Cited by 28
“The ‘‘Beauty-is-Good’’ stereotype indicates that attractive people are perceived as having better personalities and being morally good, as revealed by the results of many studies (Dion et al., 1972; Eagly et al., 1991; Langlois et al., 2000; Tsukiura and Cabeza, 2011).”
BackgroundResult
Metadata
- Authors
- Langlois, J. H., Kalakanis, L., Rubenstein, A. J., Larson, A., Hallam, M., & Smoot, M.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2000
- Volume
- 126
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 390-423
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2088165831
- Cited by
- 2,429
- References
- 297
- Citations by year
- 2026: 84 · 2025: 105 · 2024: 111 · 2023: 131 · 2022: 116 · 2021: 148 · 2020: 127 · 2019: 131 · 2018: 132 · 2017: 118 · 2016: 126 · 2015: 135 · 2014: 121 · 2013: 129 · 2012: 138
- FWCI
- 20.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD021332)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Aesthetic Perception and Analysis
- Keywords
- physical attractiveness, beauty, attractiveness judgments, evolutionary psychology, socialization theory
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Animals, Beauty, Child, Biological Evolution, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Self Concept, Social Behavior, Social Perception
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
