The DOI matches its Crossref record; 17 of the 17 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept.
Open accessAbstract
This theoretical integration of social psychology's main cognitive and affective constructs was shaped by 3 influences: (a) recent widespread interest in automatic and implicit cognition, (b) development of the Implicit Association Test (IAT; A. G. Greenwald, D. E. McGhee, & J. L. K. Schwartz. 1998), and (c) social psychology's consistency theories of the 1950s, especially F. Heider's (1958) balance theory. The balanced identity design is introduced as a method to test correlational predictions of the theory. Data obtained with this method revealed that predicted consistency patterns were strongly apparent in the data for implicit (IAT) measures but not in those for parallel explicit (self-report) measures. Two additional not-yet-tested predictions of the theory are described.
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Citations
Cites
Society and the Adolescent Self-Image
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Festinger, L. (1957) · doi:10.1515/9781503620766 · Cited by 24,241
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“Complementing these empirical attacks on self-report measures, Nisbett and Wilson (1977) offered a theoretical and methodological critique of the flawed introspectionism of self-report methods.”
BackgroundImplicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes
Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.1.4 · Cited by 6,682
Self-citationBem, D. J. (1972) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60024-6 · Cited by 5,241 · cited 1×
“The set of competitors included Bem’s (1972) self-perception theory, Jones and Davis’s (1965) correspondent inference theory, Tedeschi, Schlenker, and Bonoma’s (1971) impression management theory, and especially Kelley’s (1967) attribution theory, which was itself profoundly shaped by Heider’s work.”
BackgroundOrne, M. T. (1962) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/h0043424 · Cited by 4,041
From acts to dispositions the attribution process in person perception
Jones, E. E., & Davis, K. E. (1965) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60107-0 · Cited by 3,424
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Schacter, D. L. (1987) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.13.3.501 · Cited by 2,983 · cited 1×
“Several of the new indirect measures were inspired by developments in implicit cognition research (e.g., Jacoby, Lindsay, & Toth, 1992; Schacter, 1987).”
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“rary. The article’s implicit– explicit distinction draws on a distinction between automatic and deliberate processes that has been made frequently in recent social psychological theory (see Chaiken & Trope, 1999; Wilson, Lindsey, & Schooler, 2000 ).”
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“The most influential ones had appeared in the 1950s, including Osgood and Tannenbaum’s (1955) congruity theory, Festinger’s (1957) cognitive dissonance theory, and Heider’s (1958) balance theory.”
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Osgood, C. E., & Tannenbaum, P. H. (1955) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0048153 · Cited by 1,700
Using the implicit association test to measure self-esteem and self-concept
Greenwald, A. G., & Farnham, S. D. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.6.1022 · Cited by 1,393 · cited 1×
“Correlations of IAT measures with semantic priming measures of association strengths show that these two procedures converge as measures of strength of automatic associations (Cunningham, Preacher, & Banaji, 2001; Mellott, Cunningham, Rudman, Banaji, & Greenwald, 2001; Rudman & Kilianski, 2000).”
MethodSelf-citationPerformance on Indirect Measures of Race Evaluation Predicts Amygdala Activation
Phelps, E. A., O'Connor, K. J., Cunningham, W. A., Funayama, E. S., Gatenby, J. C., Gore, J. C., & Banaji, M. R. (2000) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892900562552 · Cited by 1,001
Self-citationImplicit attitude measures: Consistency, stability, and convergent validity
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Cited by
Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm.
Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.197 · Cited by 5,815
Self-citationMotivated Skepticism in the Evaluation of Political Beliefs
Taber, C. S., & Lodge, M. (2006) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00214.x · Cited by 4,344
Reflective and Impulsive Determinants of Social Behavior
Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0803_1 · Cited by 3,984
Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity.
Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E. L., & Banaji, M. R. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015575 · Cited by 3,257
Self-citationThe Social Psychology of Stigma
Major, B., & O'Brien, L. T. (2005) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070137 · Cited by 3,114
Metadata
- Authors
- Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., Rudman, L. A., Farnham, S. D., Nosek, B. A., & Mellott, D. S.
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 2002
- Volume
- 109
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-25
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W2147816918
- Cited by
- 1,559
- References
- 17
- FWCI
- 166.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
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