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Cited by 2,983Memory Processes and InfluencesMemory and Neural MechanismsCognitive Functions and Memory

Implicit memory: History and current status.

Schacter, Daniel L.·1987·Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
DOI 10.1037/0278-7393.13.3.501
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Abstract

Memory for a recent event can be expressed explicitly, as conscious recollection, or implicitly, as a facilitation of test performance without conscious recollection. A growing number of recent studies have been concerned with implicit memory and its relation to explicit memory. This article presents an historical survey of observations concerning implicit memory, reviews the findings of contemporary experimental research, and delineates the strengths and weaknesses of alternative theoretical accounts of implicit memory. It is argued that dissociations between implicit and explicit memory have been documented across numerous tasks and subject populations, represent an important challenge for research and theory, and should be viewed in the context of other dissociations between implicit and explicit expressions of knowledge that have been documented in recent cognitive and neuropsychological research. Psychological studies of memory have traditionally relied on tests such as free recall, cued recall, and recognition. A prominent feature of these tests is that they make explicit reference to, and require conscious recollection of, a specific learning episode. During the past several years, however, increasing attention has been paid to experimental situations in which information that was encoded during a particular episode is subsequently expressed without conscious or deliberate recollection. Instead of being asked to try to remember recently presented information, subjects are simply required to perform a task, such as completing a graphemic fragment of a word, indicating

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  • Explicit and implicit knowledge involve different types of representation and are substantiated in separate parts of the brain.

    “they involve different types of representation and are substantiated in separate parts of the brain”

    From AT THE INTERFACE: DYNAMIC INTERACTIONS OF EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT LANGUAGE KNOWLEDGE (2005) · cites this paper as Schacter, 1987

  • Psychological research independently investigated the dissociations between implicit and explicit memory and between implicit and explicit learning.

    “psychological research was independently investigating the dissociations between implicit and explicit memory ~Schacter, 1987! and between implicit and explicit learning ~Reber, Kassin, Lewis, & Cantor, 1980!”

    From AT THE INTERFACE: DYNAMIC INTERACTIONS OF EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT LANGUAGE KNOWLEDGE (2005) · cites this paper as Schacter, 1987

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Authors
Schacter, D. L.
Corresponding author
Schacter, Daniel L.
ORCID
Schacter, Daniel L.
Venue
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
Publisher
American Psychological Association (APA)
Published
1987-07
Volume
13
Issue
3
Pages
501-518
ISSN
  • 0278-7393 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-1285
DOI
10.1037/0278-7393.13.3.501
OpenAlex
W2166869510
Cited by
2,983
References
177
Citations by year
2026: 20 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 90 · 2019: 88 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 69 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 74 · 2012: 85
FWCI
56.24
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
Keywords
implicit memory, declarative memory, memory dissociation, conscious recollection, free recall, recognition memory, cued recall

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