Structure and Deterioration of Semantic Memory: A Neuropsychological and Computational Investigation.
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Wernicke (1900, as cited in G. H. Eggert, 1977) suggested that semantic knowledge arises from the interaction of perceptual representations of objects and words. The authors present a parallel distributed processing implementation of this theory, in which semantic representations emerge from mechanisms that acquire the mappings between visual representations of objects and their verbal descriptions. To test the theory, they trained the model to associate names, verbal descriptions, and visual representations of objects. When its inputs and outputs are constructed to capture aspects of structure apparent in attribute-norming experiments, the model provides an intuitive account of semantic task performance. The authors then used the model to understand the structure of impaired performance in patients with selective and progressive impairments of conceptual knowledge. Data from 4 well-known semantic tasks revealed consistent patterns that find a ready explanation in the model. The relationship between the model and related theories of semantic representation is discussed.
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Damage simulated by removing neurons in the hidden layer degrades the model's representations, capturing the patterns of errors made by patients with corresponding brain damage.
“Damage (simulated by removing neurons in the hidden layer) degrades the model’s representations, capturing the patterns of errors made by patients with the corresponding brain damage.”
From Placing language in an integrated understanding system: Next steps toward human-level performance in neural language models (2020) · cites this paper as [53]
Models capturing these findings treat this area as the hidden layer of an interactive, recurrent network with bidirectional connections to other layers representing different types of object properties, including the object's name.
“Models capturing these findings (53) treat this area as the hidden layer of an interactive, recurrent network with bidirectional connections to other layers representing different types of object properties, including the object’s name.”
From Placing language in an integrated understanding system: Next steps toward human-level performance in neural language models (2020) · cites this paper as [53]
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“…findings are in line with computational models that account for disruptions at different levels of word production in order to capture word retrieval deficits in monolinguals 18,23,24 and bilinguals 28,29 , as well as behavioral evidence of both performance profiles in post-stroke aphasia 49,50 .”
ResultOhm, D. T., Rhodes, E., Bahena, A., Capp, N., Lowe, M., Sabatini, P., Trotman, W., Olm, C. A., Phillips, J., Prabhakaran, K., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1245886 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
- Authors
- Rogers, T. T., Lambon Ralph, M. A., Garrard, P., Bozeat, S., McClelland, J. L., Hodges, J. R., & Patterson, K.
- Affiliations
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (GB)
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (GB)
- Carnegie Mellon University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 2004
- Volume
- 111
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 205-235
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W2126278534
- Cited by
- 948
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 68 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 57 · 2012: 62
- FWCI
- 13.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-47566, P01MH047566)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Categorization, perception, and language
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Keywords
- semantic memory, connectionist models, visual representation, verbal description, selective impairment, conceptual knowledge, semantic representation
- MeSH terms
- Anomia, Association Learning, Concept Formation, Dementia, Discrimination Learning, Humans, Models, Psychological, Neuropsychological Tests, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Psychometrics, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Mental Recall, Semantics, Verbal Learning
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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