A temporal ratio model of memory

Brown, Gordon D. A.; Neath, Ian; Chater, Nick

doi:10.1037/0033-295x.114.3.539

Cited by 798Memory Processes and InfluencesMemory and Neural MechanismsCognitive Functions and Memory

A temporal ratio model of memory

Brown, Gordon D. A., Neath, Ian, Chater, Nick·2007·Psychological Review

DOI 10.1037/0033-295x.114.3.539

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Abstract

A model of memory retrieval is described. The model embodies 4 main claims: (a) temporal memory--traces of items are represented in memory partly in terms of their temporal distance from the present; (b) scale-similarity--similar mechanisms govern retrieval from memory over many different timescales; (c) local distinctiveness--performance on a range of memory tasks is determined by interference from near psychological neighbors; and (d) interference-based forgetting--all memory loss is due to interference and not trace decay. The model is applied to data on free recall and serial recall. The account emphasizes qualitative similarity in the retrieval principles involved in memory performance at all timescales, contrary to models that emphasize distinctions between short-term and long-term memory.

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Models of free recall such as Search of Associative Memory and SIMPLE use the previously recalled word to cue the next word, and have been productively used to account for the dependencies seen when people attempt to recall a list of words.
“Models of free recall such as Search of Associative Memory [95] and SIMPLE [96] use the previously recalled word to cue the next word, and has been productively used to account for the dependencies seen when people attempt to recall a list of words.”
From Bayesian Brains without Probabilities (2016) · cites this paper as [96]

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Toward an explanation of the power law artifact: Insights from response surface analysis
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Temporal Grouping, Rehearsal and Short-Term Memory
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Insights into Working Memory from the Perspective of the EPIC Architecture for Modeling Skilled Perceptual-Motor and Cognitive Human Performance
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Adaptive Thinking
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Positional uncertainty in long-term memory
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SERIAL ORDER INTRUSIONS IN IMMEDIATE MEMORY
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The Loss of Positional Certainty in Long-Term Memory
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On the dangers of averaging across observers when comparing decision bound models and generalized context models of categorization
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SIMPLE: Further Applications of A Local Distinctiveness Model of Memory
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Temporal Codes for Memories: Issues and Problems
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Contextual and Distinctive Processes and the Serial Position Function
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The Spacing Effect Depends on an Encoding Deficit, Retrieval, and Time in Working Memory: Evidence
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The role of absolute and relative amounts of time in forgetting within immediate memory: The case of tone-pitch comparisons
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The consistency model: A process model for absolute judgments.
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Phonemic coding and rehearsal in short-term memory for letter strings
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Interference or decay over short retention intervals?
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Scale-invariance as a unifying psychological principle
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Short Term Forgetting in the Absence of Proactive Interference
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Perceptual organization and precategorical acoustic storage.
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Memory for Temporal Information
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Positional Distinctiveness and the Ratio Rule in Free Recall
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Short-term verbal memory and learning.
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Testing the Idea of Distinct Storage Mechanisms in Memory
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Processing of recency items for free recall.
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Absolute judgments as a function of stimulus range and number of stimulus and response categories.
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Coding of temporal-spatial patterns in short-term memory
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Grouping in short-term verbal memory: Is position coded temporally?
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Timeless memory: Evidence against temporal distinctiveness models of short-term memory for serial order
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Binding in human memory: A neurocognitive approach
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Redintegration and Response Suppression in Serial Recall: A Dynamic Network Model
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Rehearsal training and developmental differences in memory.
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Temporal gradient of release from proactive inhibition.
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Proactive interference as a function of time between tests.
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The cognitive structure of a social structure.
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Identification of Tone Duration, Line Length, and Letter Position: An Experimental Approach to Timing and Working Memory Deficits in Schizophrenia.
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Mixed-list phonological similarity effects in delayed serial recall
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Reversing the phonological similarity effect
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Identification and Bisection of Temporal Durations and Tone Frequencies: Common Models for Temporal and Nontemporal Stimuli.
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Anchor effects in absolute judgments.
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Controlled rehearsal in single-trial free recall
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Dissimilar items benefit from phonological similarity in serial recall.
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The time-based word length effect and stimulus set specificity
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Proactive Interference in Short-Term Memory as a Function of Prior-Item Retention Interval
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Position mediated transfer between serial learning and a spatial discrimination task.
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The Foundations of Remembering
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Working Memory Underpins Cognitive Development, Learning, and Education
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The Now-or-Never bottleneck: A fundamental constraint on language
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Does Wage Rank Affect Employees’ Well‐being?
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What limits working memory capacity?
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Memory for serial order across domains: An overview of the literature and directions for future research
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An interference model of visual working memory.
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A Survey of Model Evaluation Approaches With a Tutorial on Hierarchical Bayesian Methods
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The mechanisms of working memory capacity: Primary memory, secondary memory, and attention control
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Bayesian Brains without Probabilities
Sanborn, A. N., & Chater, N. (2016) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2016.10.003 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
On the law relating processing to storage in working memory.
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Forgetting in immediate serial recall: Decay, temporal distinctiveness, or interference?
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Short-term memory and long-term memory are still different.
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What’s magic about magic numbers? Chunking and data compression in short-term memory
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The form of the forgetting curve and the fate of memories
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Temporal clustering and sequencing in short-term memory and episodic memory.
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No temporal decay in verbal short-term memory
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Short-Term Memory: New Data and a Model
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A Unified Mathematical Framework for Coding Time, Space, and Sequences in the Hippocampal Region
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In search of decay in verbal short-term memory.
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Understanding the Intrinsic Memorability of Images
Isola, P., Parikh, D., Torralba, A. B., & Oliva, A. (2011) · doi:10.21236/ada554133 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
The computational nature of memory modification
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Models of verbal working memory capacity: What does it take to make them work?
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Decay Theory of Immediate Memory: From Brown (1958) to Today (2014)
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A model linking immediate serial recall, the Hebb repetition effect and the learning of phonological word forms
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Cowan, N. (2019) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000199 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Central and peripheral components of working memory storage
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Modeling working memory: a computational implementation of the Time-Based Resource-Sharing theory
Oberauer, K., & Lewandowsky, S. (2010) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-010-0020-6 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
The hippocampus, time, and memory across scales.
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Finding the answer in space: the mental whiteboard hypothesis on serial order in working memory
Abrahamse, E. L., van Dijck, J., Majerus, S., & Fias, W. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00932 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Subjective Time
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Contiguity in episodic memory
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Authors: Brown, G. D. A., Neath, I., & Chater, N.
Affiliations: University of Warwick (GB)
Memorial University of Newfoundland (CA)
Venue: Psychological Review
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2007
Volume: 114
Issue: 3
Pages: 539-576
ISSN: 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
1939-1471
DOI: 10.1037/0033-295x.114.3.539
OpenAlex: W2109740547
Semantic Scholar: 00e9e3984599b9ab357ac69af4f1a47fd23112f1
Cited by: 798
References: 262
Citations by year: 2026: 21 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 54 · 2014: 57 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 41
FWCI: 19.15
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (R000239351; RES 000231038)
Economic and Social Research Council (R000239351; RES 000231038)
Leverhulme Trust (F/215/AY)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
Keywords: memory retrieval, temporal memory, temporal distance, scale similarity, local distinctiveness, free recall, serial recall, short-term memory, long-term memory
MeSH terms: Attention, Humans, Models, Psychological, Neuropsychological Tests, Mental Recall, Retention, Psychology, Serial Learning

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A temporal ratio model of memory

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