CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 334Regulation of Appetite and ObesityEating Disorders and BehaviorsDietary Effects on Health

The physiological psychology of hunger: a physiological perspective

Friedman, Mark I., Stricker, Edward M.·1976·Psychological Review
DOI 10.1037/0033-295x.83.6.409
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Hunger and satiety are usually discussed from the perspective of the central nervous system. In this paper we instead find the foundation for an understanding of hunger in the basic biochemical and physiological processes of energy metabolism. Such considerations suggest that the stimulus for hunger should be sought among changes that occur in the supply of metabolic fuels rather than in the utilization of specific nutrients or in the levels of fuel reserves. This line of reasoning diverts attention from the brain, which is not usually subject to dramatic fluctuations in its fuel supply, and focuses instead on the intestines, adipose tissue, and liver, the three peripheral organs that are most involved in the production or delivery of metabolic fuels. We propose that the stimulus for hunger derives from information provided to the brain by the liver in the course of normal hepatic function. More specifically, the stimulus for hunger may be associated with an alteration in oxidative metabolism within the liver, with food intake reversing that change. This view of hunger conforms closely to the fundamental features of caloric homeostasis and makes

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0033-295x.83.6.409

Cites

217 of 217 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Immediately after injury to the ventromedial hypothalamus, hyperinsulinemia develops without systemic insulin resistance, and sympathetic nervous system tone is decreased.

    “Immediately after injury to the ventromedial hypothalamus, hyperinsulinemia develops without systemic insulin resistance, and sympathetic nervous system tone is decreased.”

    From The carbohydrate-insulin model: A physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [48]

  • Spontaneous physical activity is reduced during development of ventromedial hypothalamic obesity and increased fat deposition occurs even with restriction of food intake to that of controls.

    “Importantly, spontaneous physical activity is reduced during development of ventromedial hypothalamic obesity and increased fat deposition occurs even with restriction of food intake to that of controls.”

    From The carbohydrate-insulin model: A physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [48]

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Friedman, M. I., & Stricker, E. M.
Affiliations
University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
ORCID
Friedman, Mark I.
Venue
Psychological Review
Publisher
American Psychological Association (APA)
Published
1976
Volume
83
Issue
6
Pages
409-431
ISSN
  • 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-1471
DOI
10.1037/0033-295x.83.6.409
OpenAlex
W1973332748
Cited by
334
References
217
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 1
FWCI
10.60
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
Keywords
hunger, satiety, energy metabolism, liver, food intake regulation, adipose tissue, fuel reserves
MeSH terms
Animals, Energy Metabolism, Feeding Behavior, Humans, Hunger, Hypothalamus, Middle, Liver

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review