The DOI matches its Crossref record; 90 of the 92 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Pretense and representation: The origins of "theory of mind."
Abstract
One of the major developments of the second year of human life is the emergence of the ability to pretend. A child's knowledge of a real situation is apparently contradicted and distorted by pretense. If, as generally assumed, the child is just beginning to construct a system for internally representing such knowledge, why is this system of representation not undermined by its use in both comprehend ing and producing pretense? In this article I present a theoretical analysis of the representational mechanism underlying this ability. This mechanism extends the power of the infant's existing capac-ity for (primary) representation, creating a capacity for metarepresentation. It is this, developing toward the end of infancy, that underlies the child's new abilities to pretend and to understand pretense in others. There is a striking isomorphism between the three fundamental forms of pretend play and three crucial logical properties of mental stale expressions in language. This isomorphism points to a common underlying form of internal representation that is here called metarepresenta-tion. A performance model, the decoupler, is outlined embodying ideas about how an infant might compute the complex function postulated to underlie pretend play. This model also reveals pretense as an early manifestation of the ability to understand mental states. Aspects of later preschool development, both normal and abnormal, are discussed in the light of the new model. This
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Moreover, more theoretically sophisticated accounts of pretense have tended to interpret pretend play as an epiphenomenon of other abilities, such as metarepresentation or theory of mind, rather than as an activity that could shape learning or development (Baron-Cohen, 1995;Currie, 1995;Leslie, 1987;Lillard, 2001;Nichols & Stich, 2000).”
From Pretense and possibility—A theoretical proposal about the effects of pretend play on development: Comment on Lillard et al. (2013). (2013) · cites this paper as Leslie, 1987
In the citing paper
“In PP, this primary representation (real‐world mental model) is raised to a second‐order representation or metarepresentation (mental model of the pretend world).”
From A plausible role of imagination in pretend play, counterfactual reasoning, and executive functions (2023) · cites this paper as Leslie, 1987
In the citing paper
“Both PP and CFR theorists make clear that alternative representations are imaginary representations derived from real‐world premises.”
From A plausible role of imagination in pretend play, counterfactual reasoning, and executive functions (2023) · cites this paper as Leslie (1987)
In the citing paper
“Childhood play also builds enduring intellectual resources by increasing levels of creativity (Sherrod & Singer, 1989), creating theory of mind (Leslie, 1987), and fueling brain development (Panksepp, 1998).”
From The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. (2001) · cites this paper as Leslie, 1987
In the citing paper
“Being playful, for instance, can build physical resources (Boulton & Smith, 1992), social resources (Aron, Norman, Aron, McKenna, & Heyman, 2000;Lee, 1983), and intellectual resources (Leslie, 1987;Panksepp, 1998).”
From The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions (2000) · cites this paper as Leslie, 1987
Citations
Cites
Searle, J. R. (1969) · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139173438 · Cited by 11,718
(1943) · The Nervous child · Cited by 8,870
Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?
Premack, D., & Woodruff, G. (1978) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00076512 · Cited by 8,743
Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind” ?
Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M., & Frith, U. (1985) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 · Cited by 8,599 · cited 6×
“Where will the hider look for the chocolate? This simple test can be easily administered to young children and even to mentally retarded groups (Baron-Cohen et al., 1985).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed
Cooper, A. M., & Michels, R. (1981) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.138.1.128 · Cited by 7,419
Foxman, D., & Bateson, G. (1973) · The Western Political Quarterly · doi:10.2307/446833 · Cited by 7,263
Wimmer, H. (1983) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(83)90004-5 · Cited by 6,305
Play, Dreams And Imitation In Childhood
Piaget, J. (2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315009698 · Cited by 5,404
Fodor, J. A. (1975) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,588
Smith, T. L., & Chomsky, N. (1982) · The Philosophical Review · doi:10.2307/2184681 · Cited by 2,800
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 1,003
The Neuropsychology of Schizophrenia
David, A. S., & Cutting, J. C. (2019) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315785004 · Cited by 154
Understanding cognitive, affective, and intimacy deficits in sexual offenders
Ward, T. J., Keenan, T., & Hudson, S. M. (2000) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/s1359-1789(98)00025-1 · Cited by 151
A Review of Research into Pretend Play in Autism
Jarrold, C. (2003) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361303007004004 · Cited by 211
Toward an evolutionary taxonomy of treatable conditions.
Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (1999) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.108.3.453 · Cited by 151
Wellman, H. M. (2010) · doi:10.1002/9781444325485.ch10 · Cited by 151
Barnat, S. B., Klein, P. J., & Meltzoff, A. N. (1996) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/s0163-6383(96)90023-5 · Cited by 149
Developmental parallels in understanding minds and bodies
Leslie, A. M. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.08.002 · Cited by 149
Self-citationAutism, Hypersystemizing, and Truth
Baron‐Cohen, S. (2007) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470210701508749 · Cited by 155
Herrera, G., Marín, F. A., Jordan, R. R., Blanquer, A., Labajo, G., & de Pablo, C. (2008) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361307086657 · Cited by 149
Asendorpf, J. B., & Baudonnière, P.-M. (1993) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.29.1.88 · Cited by 149
Gilbert, D. T. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.011 · Cited by 153
Metarepresentation in linguistic communication
Wilson, D. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139028370.014 · Cited by 148
The relationship between symbolic play and language acquisition: A meta-analytic review
Quinn, S., Donnelly, S., & Kidd, E. (2018) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2018.05.005 · Cited by 166
Feelings as Information: Moods Influence Judgments and Processing Strategies
Schwarz, N. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.031 · Cited by 149
The calibration of expert judgment: heuristics and biases beyond the laboratory
Koehler, D. J., Brenner, L., & Griffin, D. (2002) · Heuristics and Biases · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.041 · Cited by 146
Concepts and Categories: Memory, Meaning, and Metaphysics
Rips, L. J., Smith, E. E., & Medin, D. L. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199734689.013.0011 · Cited by 148
‘Introspectionism’ and the mythical origins of scientific psychology
Costall, A. P. (2006) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2006.09.008 · Cited by 156
Surian, L., & Leslie, A. M. (1999) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1348/026151099165203 · Cited by 146
Self-citationStatistical learning as a basis for social understanding in children
Ruffman, T., Taumoepeau, M., & Perkins, C. (2011) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-835x.2011.02045.x · Cited by 145
What Cognitive Representations Support Primate Theory of Mind?
Martin, A., & Santos, L. R. (2016) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2016.03.005 · Cited by 147
Δημητρίου, Α., Efklides, A., Πλατσίδου, Μ., & Campbell, R. L. (1993) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1166053 · Cited by 146
Where will the triangle look for it? Attributing false beliefs to a geometric shape at 17 months
Surian, L., & Geraci, A. (2011) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-835x.2011.02046.x · Cited by 154
Autism: A Specific Cognitive Disorder of & lsquo;Mind-Blindness’
Baron‐Cohen, S. (1990) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/09540269009028274 · Cited by 143
Darwin in the madhouse: evolutionary psychology and the classification of mental disorders
Murphy, D., & Stich, S. (2000) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511611926.005 · Cited by 142
Orbital prefrontal cortex volume correlates with social cognitive competence
Powell, J., Lewis, P. A., Dunbar, R., García‐Fiñana, M., & Roberts, N. (2010) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.08.004 · Cited by 136
Blair, J., Veroude, K., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.022 · Cited by 145
Currie, G. (2004) · doi:10.1093/0199256284.001.0001 · Cited by 178
Classification of developmental delays
Petersen, M. C., Kube, D. A., & Palmer, F. B. S. C. (1998) · Seminars in Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1071-9091(98)80012-0 · Cited by 141
Schizophrenia, theory of mind, and persecutory delusions
Langdon, R. A., Siegert, R. J., McClure, J., & Harrington, L. (2005) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546800344000327 · Cited by 141
Joint Attention and Neurodevelopmental Models of Autism
Mundy, P. C., & Burnette, C. P. (2005) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470939345.ch25 · Cited by 140
What's domain-specific about theory of mind?
Stone, V. E., & Gerrans, P. (2006) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470910601029221 · Cited by 138
The Development of Rational Thought: A Taxonomy of Heuristics and Biases
Stanovich, K. E., Toplak, M. E., & West, R. F. (2008) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/s0065-2407(08)00006-2 · Cited by 150
Bouc, R. L., Lenfant, P., Delbeuck, X., Ravasi, L., Lebert, F., Semah, F., & Pasquier, F. (2012) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/aws237 · Cited by 138
Current Research in Children's Conceptions of Death: A Critical Review
Kenyon, B. L. (2001) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.2190/0x2b-b1n9-a579-dvk1 · Cited by 138
Toddlers’ referential understanding of pictures
Ganea, P. A., Allen, M. L., Butler, L. P., Carey, S. E., & DeLoache, J. S. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2009.05.008 · Cited by 137
Trevarthen, C. (2005) · Journal of Child Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/00754170500079651 · Cited by 142
Weak Central Coherence and Its Relations to Theory of Mind and Anxiety in Autism
Burnette, C. P., Mundy, P. C., Meyer, J. A., Sutton, S. K., Hecke, A. V. V., & Charak, D. (2005) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-004-1035-5 · Cited by 137
Executive Function and Theory of Mind in Children with ADHD: a Systematic Review
Pineda‐Alhucema, W., Díaz-Granados, E. T. A., Escudero-Cabarcas, J. M., Acosta-López, J. E., & Velez, J. I. (2018) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-018-9381-9 · Cited by 152
An Analysis of Imitative Learning in Animals
Zentall, T. R. (1996) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012273965-1/50012-1 · Cited by 137
Brief Report: Prompted Pretend Play in Autism
Charman, T., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (1997) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1025806616149 · Cited by 137
Sexual selection and human life history
Geary, D. C. (2003) · Advances in Child Development and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0065-2407(02)80039-8 · Cited by 136
Cognitive Underpinnings of Pretend Play in Autism
Rutherford, M. D., & Rogers, S. J. (2003) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1024406601334 · Cited by 137
Précis ofThe Rational Imagination: How People Create Alternatives to Reality
Byrne, R. M. J. (2007) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x07002579 · Cited by 146
Varieties of off-line simulation
Nichols, S., Stich, S., Leslie, A. M., & Klein, D. (1996) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511597985.005 · Cited by 134
Self-citationFaux Pas Detection and Intentional Action in Asperger Syndrome. A Replication on a French Sample
Zalla, T., Sav, A.-M., Stopin, A., Ahade, S., & Leboyer, M. (2008) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0634-y · Cited by 149
Mothers' Behavior Modifications During Pretense and Their Possible Signal Value for Toddlers.
Lillard, A. S., & Witherington, D. C. (2003) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.40.1.95 · Cited by 135
The Individual in the Fragile Sciences
Wilson, R. A. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511606847.002 · Cited by 134
Taking fiction seriously: Young children understand the normative structure of joint pretence games.
Hannes Rakoczy, B. (2008) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.44.4.1195 · Cited by 134
The past, present and future of social neuroscience: A European perspective
Singer, T. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.109 · Cited by 141
Above and beyond the concrete: The diverse representational substrates of the predictive brain
Gilead, M., Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2019) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x19002000 · Cited by 136
Individual Differences in Theory of Mind, Aggressive Behavior, and Social Skills In Young Children
Capage, L., & Watson, A. C. (2001) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1207/s15566935eed1204_7 · Cited by 145
I COULD BE YOU: THE PHENOMENOLOGICAL DIMENSION OF SOCIAL UNDERSTANDING
Dautenhahn, K. (1997) · Cybernetics & Systems · doi:10.1080/019697297126074 · Cited by 133
Epley, N., & Waytz, A. G. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy001014 · Cited by 148
Humans are not cooperative breeders but practice biocultural reproduction
Bogin, B., Bragg, J., & Kuzawa, C. (2014) · Annals of Human Biology · doi:10.3109/03014460.2014.923938 · Cited by 131
Using Augmented Reality to Elicit Pretend Play for Children with Autism
Bai, Z., Blackwell, A. F., & Coulouris, G. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2014.2385092 · Cited by 131
Allen, J. W. P., & Bickhard, M. H. (2013) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2013.01.002 · Cited by 137
Research review: Goals, intentions and mental states: challenges for theories of autism
Hamilton, A. F. D. C. (2009) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02098.x · Cited by 140
German, T. P., Niehaus, J. L., Roarty, M. P., Giesbrecht, B., & Miller, M. B. (2004) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/0898929042947892 · Cited by 129
A Social-Cognitive Neuroscience Analysis Of The Self
Klein, S. B., Rozendal, K., & Cosmides, L. (2002) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.20.2.105.20991 · Cited by 134
Young Children's Understanding of Realities, Nonrealities, and Appearances
Woolley, J. D., & Wellman, H. M. (1990) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1990.tb02833.x · Cited by 131
Meristo, M., Falkman, K. W., Hjelmquist, E., Tedoldi, M., Surian, L., & Siegal, M. (2007) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.5.1156 · Cited by 147
Prevention, the appropriate target of infant psychotherapy
Fonagy, P. (1998) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0355(199822)19:2 · Cited by 134
Developing the Idea of Intentionality: Children's Theories of Mind
Alison Gopnik, C. (1990) · Canadian Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1080/00455091.1990.10717210 · Cited by 133
Imagining Being Somewhere Else: Neural Basis of Changing Perspective in Space
Lambrey, S., Doeller, C., Berthoz, A., & Burgess, N. (2012) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr101 · Cited by 130
Wright, J. V. (1992) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/0959-4752(92)90005-7 · Cited by 129
Egocentrism versus protocentrism: The status of self in social prediction.
Karniol, R. (2003) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.110.3.564 · Cited by 129
Age-Related Decline in Mentalizing Skills Across Adult Life Span
Pardini, M., & Nichelli, P. (2009) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/03610730802545259 · Cited by 129
Autistic children understand seeing and wanting
Tan, J. O. A., & Harris, P. L. (1991) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400000055 · Cited by 128
Leevers, H. J., & Harris, P. L. (2000) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1006/jecp.1999.2542 · Cited by 128
Trevarthen, C., & Aitken, K. J. (1994) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400004703 · Cited by 128
Précis ofHow monkeys see the world
Cheney, D. L., & Seyfarth, R. M. (1992) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00067911 · Cited by 145
Champagne‐Lavau, M., & Joanette, Y. (2009) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2009.02.002 · Cited by 126
Empathizing: neurocognitive developmental mechanisms and individual differences
Chakrabarti, B., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2006) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(06)56022-4 · Cited by 136
Qualities of Symbolic Play Among Children with Autism: A Social-Developmental Perspective
Hobson, R. P., Lee, A., & Hobson, J. A. (2008) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0589-z · Cited by 126
Davies, M., & Coltheart, M. (1991) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 125
Hannes Rakoczy, B., Tomasello, M., & Striano, T. (2004) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.40.3.388 · Cited by 125
Attribution of Mental States to Others by Schizophrenic Patients
Sarfati, Y., Hardy-Baylé, M. C., Nadel, J., Jf, C., & Widlöcher, D. (1997) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/135468097396388 · Cited by 125
Joint Attention, Social Competence, and Developmental Psychopathology
Mundy, P., & Sigman, M. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470939383.ch9 · Cited by 127
Human Evolution and the Archaeology of the Social Brain
Gowlett, J., Gamble, C., & Dunbar, R. (2012) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/667994 · Cited by 95
Boucher, J. (2012) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361311430403 · Cited by 142
The ontogeny and phylogeny of children’s object and fantasy play
Pellegrini, A. D., & Bjorklund, D. F. (2004) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-004-1002-z · Cited by 123
Constraints on Constraints: Surveying the Epigenetic Landscape
Keil, F. C. (1990) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1016/0364-0213(90)90029-v · Cited by 123
Schlaffke, L., Lissek, S., Lenz, M., Juckel, G., Schultz, T., Tegenthoff, M., Schmidt‐Wilcke, T., & Brüne, M. (2014) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22610 · Cited by 122
Levels of explainable artificial intelligence for human-aligned conversational explanations
Dazeley, R., Vamplew, P. W., Foale, C., Young, C., Aryal, S., & Cruz, F. (2021) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.artint.2021.103525 · Cited by 138
Play in predictive minds: A cognitive theory of play.
Andersen, M. M., Kiverstein, J., Miller, M., & Roepstorff, A. (2023) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000369 · Cited by 122
Trust and social reciprocity in adolescence – A matter of perspective‐taking
Fett, A.-K. J., Shergill, S. S., Gromann, P. M., Dumontheil, I., Blakemore, S., Yakub, F., & Krabbendam, L. (2013) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.11.011 · Cited by 128
Evolution's Pedagogy: An Adaptationist Model of Pretense and Entertainment
Steen, F. F., & Owens, S. A. (2001) · Journal of Cognition and Culture · doi:10.1163/156853701753678305 · Cited by 121
Counterfactual Thought, Regret, and Superstition: How to Avoid Kicking Yourself
Miller, D. T., & Taylor, B. R. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.023 · Cited by 120
A Theory of Autobiographical Memory: Necessary Components and Disorders Resulting from their Loss
Klein, S. B., German, T. P., Cosmides, L., & Gabriel, R. H. (2004) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.22.5.460.50765 · Cited by 121
Co-viewing supports toddlers’ word learning from contingent and noncontingent video
Strouse, G. A., Troseth, G. L., O’Doherty, K., & Saylor, M. M. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2017.09.005 · Cited by 120
Altercentric Cognition: How Others Influence Our Cognitive Processing
Kampis, D., & Southgate, V. (2020) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2020.09.003 · Cited by 134
Shanton, K. L., & Goldman, A. I. (2010) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.33 · Cited by 136
How Good are Fast and Frugal Heuristics?
Gigerenzer, G., Czerlinski, J., & Martignon, L. F. (1999) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-5089-1_6 · Cited by 125
Transgressors, victims, and cry babies: Is basic moral judgment spared in autism?
Leslie, A. M., Mallon, R., & DiCorcia, J. A. (2006) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470910600992197 · Cited by 124
Self-citationAutism and ostensive communication: The relevance of metarepresentation
Leslie, A. M., & Happe, F. G. E. (1989) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400000407 · Cited by 120
Self-citationUnderstanding Misunderstanding: Social Psychological Perspectives
Pronin, E., Puccio, C., & Ross, L. D. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.038 · Cited by 120
Do iconic gestures pave the way for children's early verbs?
Özçalışkan, Ş., Gentner, D., & Susan Goldin-meadow, A. (2013) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716412000720 · Cited by 119
Happe, F. G. E., & Frith, U. (1995) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1286-2_10 · Cited by 119
Use of an iPad Play Story to Increase Play Dialogue of Preschoolers with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Murdock, L. C., Ganz, J. B., & Crittendon, J. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1770-6 · Cited by 132
Natural Pragmatics and Natural Codes
Wharton, T. (2003) · Mind & Language · doi:10.1111/1468-0017.00237 · Cited by 118
Metadata
- Authors
- Leslie, A. M.
- Affiliations
- Medical Research Council (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Leslie, Alan M.
- ORCID
- Leslie, Alan M.
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 1987-10
- Volume
- 94
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 412-426
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W2113669408
- Semantic Scholar
- 1aca0588fb5cf8d512548b4b15d48f1c9de2396d
- Cited by
- 3,379
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 92 · 2024: 105 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 110 · 2021: 116 · 2020: 153 · 2019: 110 · 2018: 89 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 86 · 2015: 107 · 2014: 99 · 2013: 142 · 2012: 123
- FWCI
- 36.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Representations and Identity
- Keywords
- theory of mind, pretense, pretend play, metarepresentation, internal representations, infant cognitive development, preschool development, abnormal development
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
