The DOI matches its Crossref record; 90 of the 92 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Pretense and representation: The origins of "theory of mind."
Abstract
One of the major developments of the second year of human life is the emergence of the ability to pretend. A child's knowledge of a real situation is apparently contradicted and distorted by pretense. If, as generally assumed, the child is just beginning to construct a system for internally representing such knowledge, why is this system of representation not undermined by its use in both comprehend ing and producing pretense? In this article I present a theoretical analysis of the representational mechanism underlying this ability. This mechanism extends the power of the infant's existing capac-ity for (primary) representation, creating a capacity for metarepresentation. It is this, developing toward the end of infancy, that underlies the child's new abilities to pretend and to understand pretense in others. There is a striking isomorphism between the three fundamental forms of pretend play and three crucial logical properties of mental stale expressions in language. This isomorphism points to a common underlying form of internal representation that is here called metarepresenta-tion. A performance model, the decoupler, is outlined embodying ideas about how an infant might compute the complex function postulated to underlie pretend play. This model also reveals pretense as an early manifestation of the ability to understand mental states. Aspects of later preschool development, both normal and abnormal, are discussed in the light of the new model. This
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Moreover, more theoretically sophisticated accounts of pretense have tended to interpret pretend play as an epiphenomenon of other abilities, such as metarepresentation or theory of mind, rather than as an activity that could shape learning or development (Baron-Cohen, 1995;Currie, 1995;Leslie, 1987;Lillard, 2001;Nichols & Stich, 2000).”
From Pretense and possibility—A theoretical proposal about the effects of pretend play on development: Comment on Lillard et al. (2013). (2013) · cites this paper as Leslie, 1987
In the citing paper
“In PP, this primary representation (real‐world mental model) is raised to a second‐order representation or metarepresentation (mental model of the pretend world).”
From A plausible role of imagination in pretend play, counterfactual reasoning, and executive functions (2023) · cites this paper as Leslie, 1987
In the citing paper
“Both PP and CFR theorists make clear that alternative representations are imaginary representations derived from real‐world premises.”
From A plausible role of imagination in pretend play, counterfactual reasoning, and executive functions (2023) · cites this paper as Leslie (1987)
In the citing paper
“Childhood play also builds enduring intellectual resources by increasing levels of creativity (Sherrod & Singer, 1989), creating theory of mind (Leslie, 1987), and fueling brain development (Panksepp, 1998).”
From The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. (2001) · cites this paper as Leslie, 1987
In the citing paper
“Being playful, for instance, can build physical resources (Boulton & Smith, 1992), social resources (Aron, Norman, Aron, McKenna, & Heyman, 2000;Lee, 1983), and intellectual resources (Leslie, 1987;Panksepp, 1998).”
From The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions (2000) · cites this paper as Leslie, 1987
Citations
Cites
Searle, J. R. (1969) · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139173438 · Cited by 11,718
(1943) · The Nervous child · Cited by 8,870
Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?
Premack, D., & Woodruff, G. (1978) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00076512 · Cited by 8,743
Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind” ?
Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M., & Frith, U. (1985) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 · Cited by 8,599 · cited 6×
“Where will the hider look for the chocolate? This simple test can be easily administered to young children and even to mentally retarded groups (Baron-Cohen et al., 1985).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed
Cooper, A. M., & Michels, R. (1981) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.138.1.128 · Cited by 7,419
Foxman, D., & Bateson, G. (1973) · The Western Political Quarterly · doi:10.2307/446833 · Cited by 7,263
Wimmer, H. (1983) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(83)90004-5 · Cited by 6,305
Play, Dreams And Imitation In Childhood
Piaget, J. (2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315009698 · Cited by 5,404
Fodor, J. A. (1975) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,588
Smith, T. L., & Chomsky, N. (1982) · The Philosophical Review · doi:10.2307/2184681 · Cited by 2,800
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 1,003
Ramus, F., & Ahissar, M. (2012) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643294.2012.677420 · Cited by 224
The sense of should: A biologically-based framework for modeling social pressure
Theriault, J. E., Young, L., & Barrett, L. F. (2021) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2020.01.004 · Cited by 201
Enactive Metaphors: Learning Through Full-Body Engagement
Gallagher, S., & Lindgren, R. (2015) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-015-9327-1 · Cited by 200
The power of possibility: causal learning, counterfactual reasoning, and pretend play
Buchsbaum, D., Bridgers, S., Skolnick Weisberg, D., & Gopnik, A. (2012) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0122 · Cited by 200
Mental state discourse, theory of mind, and the internalization of self–other understanding
Symons, D. K. (2004) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2004.03.001 · Cited by 198
Defining features versus incidental correlates of Type 1 and Type 2 processing
Stanovich, K. E., & Toplak, M. E. (2012) · Mind & Society · doi:10.1007/s11299-011-0093-6 · Cited by 226
Linking theory of mind and central coherence bias in autism and in the general population.
Jarrold, C., Butler, D. W., Cottington, E. M., & Jimenez, F. (2000) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.36.1.126 · Cited by 198
The Development of a Theory of Mind in Autism: Deviance and Delay?
Baron‐Cohen, S. (1991) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(18)30323-x · Cited by 196
Development of Self-Recognition, Personal Pronoun Use, and Pretend Play During the 2nd Year
Lewis, M., & Ramsay, D. S. (2004) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00819.x · Cited by 211
Dissociation of Social Cognition and Executive Function in Frontal Variant Frontotemporal Dementia.
Lough, S., Gregory, C. A., & Hodges, J. R. (2001) · Neurocase · doi:10.1093/neucas/7.2.123 · Cited by 197
Creativity and Imagination in Autism and Asperger Syndrome
Craig, J., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (1999) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1022163403479 · Cited by 207
Defective Self and/or Other Mentalising in Schizophrenia: A Cognitive Neuropsychological Approach
Langdon, R. A., Michie, P. T., Ward, P. B., McConaghy, N., Catts, S. V., & Coltheart, M. (1997) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/135468097396324 · Cited by 203
Asendorpf, J. B., Warkentin, V., & Baudonnière, P.-M. (1996) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.32.2.313 · Cited by 196
Taking a Closer Look at Functional Play in Children with Autism
Williams, E., Reddy, V., & Costall, A. P. (2001) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1005665714197 · Cited by 195
Young Children's Conceptualization of Pretense: Action or Mental Representational State?
Lillard, A. S. (1993) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1993.tb02915.x · Cited by 194
Charman, T., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (1992) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00929.x · Cited by 195
Emotional competence in children with autism: Diagnostic criteria and empirical evidence
Begeer, S., Koot, H. M., Rieffe, C. J., Terwogt, M. M., & Stegge, H. (2008) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2007.09.001 · Cited by 212
The theoretical implications of joint-attention deficits in autism
Mundy, P. C., & Sigman, M. (1989) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400000365 · Cited by 193
Mentalization‐based Therapeutic Interventions for Families
Asen, E., & Fonagy, P. (2011) · Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6427.2011.00552.x · Cited by 195
Sympathetic Magical Thinking: The Contagion and Similarity “Heuristics”
Rozin, P. N., & Nemeroff, C. J. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.013 · Cited by 195
Developmental Relationships Between Language and Theory of Mind
Miller, C. (2006) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/1058-0360(2006/014 · Cited by 192
Social Story Interventions for Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Kuoch, H., & Mirenda, P. (2003) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/10883576030180040301 · Cited by 191
A neurobiological mapping of theory of mind
Abu-Akel, A. (2003) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(03)00190-5 · Cited by 189
Theories and computational models of affordance and mirror systems: An integrative review
Thill, S., Caligiore, D., Borghi, A. M., Ziemke, T., & Baldassarre, G. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.01.012 · Cited by 198
How alike is it versus how likely is it: A disjunction fallacy in probability judgments.
Bar‐Hillel, M., & Neter, E. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.6.1119 · Cited by 192
van der Meer, L., Groenewold, N. A., Nolen, W. A., Pijnenborg, G. H. M., & Aleman, A. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.03.053 · Cited by 187
Geurts, H. M., Verté, S., Oosterlaan, J., Roeyers, H., Hartman, C. A., Mulder, E. J., van Berckelaer‐Onnes, I. A., & Sergeant, J. A. (2004) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00326.x · Cited by 188
Sexual selection and sex differences in spatial cognition
Geary, D. C. (1995) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/1041-6080(95)90003-9 · Cited by 193
Klein, S. B., & Gangi, C. E. (2010) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05441.x · Cited by 185
Minds, Modules, and Meta-Analysis
Scholl, B. J., & Leslie, A. M. (2001) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00308 · Cited by 185
Self-citationThe Theoretical Foundations of Evolutionary Psychology
Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (2015) · The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1002/9781119125563.evpsych101 · Cited by 185
Mutlu, B., Yamaoka, F., Kanda, T., Ishiguro, H., & Hagita, N. (2009) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1145/1514095.1514110 · Cited by 191
The complexity of developmental predictions from dual process models
Stanovich, K. E., West, R. F., & Toplak, M. E. (2011) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2011.07.003 · Cited by 202
A Longitudinal Study of Pretend Play in Autism
Rutherford, M. D., Young, G. S., Hepburn, S., & Rogers, S. J. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0240-9 · Cited by 195
Affective Computing and Autism
el Kaliouby, R., Picard, R. W., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2006) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1382.016 · Cited by 184
Adenzato, M., Cavallo, M., & Enrici, I. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.08.001 · Cited by 189
Memory retrieval by 18-30-month-olds: Age-related changes in representational flexibility.
Herbert, J. S., & Hayne, H. (2000) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.36.4.473 · Cited by 179
Williams, D. (2010) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361310366314 · Cited by 213
15-month-old infants detect violations in pretend scenarios
Onishi, K. H., Baillargeon, R., & Leslie, A. M. (2007) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2006.09.009 · Cited by 178
Self-citationSpontaneous Play in Children with Autism: A Reappraisal
Libby, S. J., Powell, S. D., Messer, D. J., & Jordan, R. R. (1998) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1026095910558 · Cited by 180
Theory of Mind in Non‐Retarded Children with Autism and Asperger's Syndrome. A Research Note
Dahlgren, S. O., & Trillingsgaard, A. (1996) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01469.x · Cited by 189
Infants’ reasoning about others’ false perceptions
Song, H.-J., & Baillargeon, R. (2008) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013774 · Cited by 179
“Until recently, it was generally assumed that this ability did not emerge until about 4 years of age (e.g., Flavell, 1988; Gopnik & Wellman, 1994; Perner, 1995; Wellman, Cross, & Watson, 2001; for exceptions, see Leslie, 1987, 2000; Premack & Premack, 1995).”
BackgroundInfluentialAction Understanding in the Superior Temporal Sulcus Region
Wyk, B. C. V., Hudac, C. M., Carter, E. J., Sobel, D. M., & Pelphrey, K. A. (2009) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02359.x · Cited by 190
Hardy-Baylé, M. C., Sarfati, Y., & Passerieux, C. (2003) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007019 · Cited by 177
Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders
Gillberg, C. (1990) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1990.tb02275.x · Cited by 179
“Pretend you didn't know”: Preschoolers' talk about mental states in pretend play
Hughes, C. H., & Dunn, J. (1997) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/s0885-2014(97)90019-8 · Cited by 172
Newcombe, N. S. (2002) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00471 · Cited by 176
Mental state inference using visual control parameters
Öztop, E., Wolpert, D. M., & Kawato, M. (2004) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.08.004 · Cited by 175
Pretense: The form and function of make-believe play
Bretherton, I. (1989) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/0273-2297(89)90036-1 · Cited by 174
Detecting deception: adversarial problem solving in a low base-rate world
Johnson, P. E., Grazioli, S., Jamal, K., & Berryman, R. G. (2001) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1207/s15516709cog2503_2 · Cited by 183
Joint Attention in Children With Autism
Jones, E. A., & Carr, E. G. (2004) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/10883576040190010301 · Cited by 197
Baker, C. A., Peterson, E., Pulos, S., & Kirkland, R. A. (2014) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2014.03.001 · Cited by 174
Tremlin, T. (2006) · doi:10.1093/0195305345.001.0001 · Cited by 173
PERSPECTIVES IN IMAGINATIVE ENGAGEMENT WITH FICTION
Camp, E. (2017) · Philosophical Perspectives · doi:10.1111/phpe.12102 · Cited by 183
Scientific Thinking and Science Literacy
Lehrer, R., & Schauble, L. (2007) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0405 · Cited by 170
Why Presence Occurs: Evolutionary Psychology, Media Equation, and Presence
Lee, K. M. (2004) · PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality · doi:10.1162/1054746041944830 · Cited by 171
Conceptual Coherence in the Child's Theory of Mind: Training Children to Understand Belief
Slaughter, V. P., & Alison Gopnik, C. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01898.x · Cited by 171
Theory of mind deficits in patients with acquired brain injury: A quantitative review
Martin‐Rodríguez, J. F., & León‐Carrión, J. (2010) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.02.009 · Cited by 181
The 38th Sir Frederick Bartlett Lecture Why we need cognitive explanations of autism
Frith, U. (2012) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2012.697178 · Cited by 170
The unanticipated resilience of trait self-knowledge in the face of neural damage
Klein, S. B., & Lax, M. L. (2010) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2010.524651 · Cited by 178
Theory of Mind in Adults with HFA and Asperger Syndrome
Spek, A. A., SCHOLTE, E. M., & van Berckelaer‐Onnes, I. A. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0860-y · Cited by 185
Jeannerod, M. (1999) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/027249899391205 · Cited by 343
LEWIS, V. A., Boucher, J., Lupton, L., & Watson, S. (2000) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1080/136828200247287 · Cited by 170
Hadwin, J., Baron-Cohen, S., Howlin, P., & Hill, K. (1997) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1025826009731 · Cited by 169
On the Spatial Foundations of the Conceptual System and Its Enrichment
Mandler, J. M. (2012) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/j.1551-6709.2012.01241.x · Cited by 167
Stanovich, K. E. (2012) · The Oxford Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199734689.013.0022 · Cited by 169
Using gaze patterns to predict task intent in collaboration
Huang, C., Andrist, S., Sauppé, A., & Mutlu, B. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01049 · Cited by 181
Imagining and Believing: The Promise of a Single Code
Nichols, S. (2004) · Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism · doi:10.1111/j.1540-594x.2004.00146.x · Cited by 167
A review of visual perspective taking in autism spectrum disorder
Pearson, A., Ropar, D., & Hamilton, A. F. D. C. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00652 · Cited by 166
Pretense, Counterfactuals, and Bayesian Causal Models: Why What Is Not Real Really Matters
Weisberg, D. S., & Gopnik, A. (2013) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.12069 · Cited by 166
Seeing the World Through the Other's Eye: An Online Intervention Reducing Ethnic Prejudice
Simonovits, G., Kézdi, G., & Kardoš, P. (2017) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055417000478 · Cited by 174
Individual Differences in Reasoning: Implications for the Rationality Debate?
Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.026 · Cited by 178
Inside the Planning Fallacy: The Causes and Consequences of Optimistic Time Predictions
Buehler, R., Griffin, D., & Ross, M. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.016 · Cited by 169
Resistance of personal risk perceptions to debiasing interventions.
Weinstein, N. D., & Klein, W. M. P. (1995) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.14.2.132 · Cited by 614
Systematic Review and Inventory of Theory of Mind Measures for Young Children
Beaudoin, C., Leblanc, É., Gagner, C., & Beauchamp, M. H. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02905 · Cited by 187
Pretend Play and Cognitive Development
Lillard, A. S., Pinkham, A. M., & Smith, E. (2010) · doi:10.1002/9781444325485.ch11 · Cited by 165
Semerari, A., Carcione, A., Dimaggio, G., Nicolò, G., & Procacci, M. (2007) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503300500536953 · Cited by 163
Theory of Mind in normal ageing and neurodegenerative pathologies
Kemp, J., Després, O., Sellal, F., & Dufour, A. (2011) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2011.12.001 · Cited by 184
The Acquisition of Modal Concepts
Leahy, B., & Carey, S. E. (2019) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2019.11.004 · Cited by 170
Perry, A., Troje, N. F., & Bentin, S. (2010) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470910903395767 · Cited by 161
Robson, A. J. (2002) · The Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/0895330027274 · Cited by 161
Mental Contamination and the Debiasing Problem
Wilson, T. D., Centerbar, D. B., & Brekke, N. (2002) · Heuristics and Biases · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.012 · Cited by 160
Nielsen, M., & Dissanayake, C. (2004) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2003.12.006 · Cited by 160
Uta Frith, A. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0882-7_4 · Cited by 159
Stich, S. G. W. (2008) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195332834.001.0001 · Cited by 160
Tisseron, S. (2011) · Communications · doi:10.3917/commu.088.0083 · Cited by 158
Organization and Development of Self-Understanding and Self-Regulation
Δημητρίου, Α. (2000) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012109890-2/50036-6 · Cited by 158
Dyadic orienting and joint attention in preschool children with autism
Leekam, S. R., & Ramsden, C. A. H. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-005-0054-1 · Cited by 156
Theory of Mind Abilities and Deficits in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Kimhi, Y. (2014) · Topics in Language Disorders · doi:10.1097/tld.0000000000000033 · Cited by 181
New directions for research on pragmatics and modularity
Wilson, D. (2004) · Lingua · doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2004.02.005 · Cited by 157
Happe, F. G. E. (2003) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1279.008 · Cited by 159
Social Affordances and Interaction II: Autism and the Affordances of the Human Environment
Loveland, K. A. (1991) · Ecological Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15326969eco0302_3 · Cited by 170
Russell, J., Jarrold, C., & Hood, B. M. (1999) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1023084425406 · Cited by 157
Social cognition and language in children with specific language impairment (SLI)
Marton, K., Abramoff, B., & Rosenzweig, S. (2004) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2004.06.003 · Cited by 157
Language and communication in autistic disorders
Frith, U., & Happe, F. G. E. (1994) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1994.0133 · Cited by 160
Autistic Social Dysfunction: Some Limitations of the Theory of Mind Hypothesis
Klin, A. J., Volkmar, F. R., & Sparrow, S. S. (1992) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb01961.x · Cited by 164
Is it life or is it Memorex? Video as a representation of reality
Troseth, G. L. (2010) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2010.03.007 · Cited by 154
Pilowsky, T., Yirmiya, N., Arbelle, S., & Mozes, T. (2000) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(99)00101-2 · Cited by 154
Empathy with Inanimate Objects and the Uncanny Valley
Misselhorn, C. (2009) · Minds and Machines · doi:10.1007/s11023-009-9158-2 · Cited by 153
Morgan, B., Maybery, M. T., & Durkin, K. (2003) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.39.4.646 · Cited by 160
Metadata
- Authors
- Leslie, A. M.
- Affiliations
- Medical Research Council (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Leslie, Alan M.
- ORCID
- Leslie, Alan M.
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 1987-10
- Volume
- 94
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 412-426
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W2113669408
- Semantic Scholar
- 1aca0588fb5cf8d512548b4b15d48f1c9de2396d
- Cited by
- 3,379
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 92 · 2024: 105 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 110 · 2021: 116 · 2020: 153 · 2019: 110 · 2018: 89 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 86 · 2015: 107 · 2014: 99 · 2013: 142 · 2012: 123
- FWCI
- 36.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Representations and Identity
- Keywords
- theory of mind, pretense, pretend play, metarepresentation, internal representations, infant cognitive development, preschool development, abnormal development
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
