The DOI matches its Crossref record; 210 of the 212 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Suicide as escape from self.
Abstract
Suicide is analyzed in terms of motivations to escape from aversive self-awareness. The causal chain begins with events that fall severely short of standards and expectations. These failures are attributed internally, which makes self-awareness painful. Awareness of the self's inadequacies generates negative affect, and the individual therefore desires to escape from self-awareness and the associated affect. The person tries to achieve a state of cognitive deconstruction (constricted temporal focus, concrete thinking, immediate or proximal goals, cognitive rigidity, and rejection of meaning), which helps prevent meaningful self-awareness and emotion. The deconstructed state brings irrationality and disinhibition, making drastic measures seem acceptable. Suicide can be seen as an ultimate step in the effort to escape from self and world.
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“Some of the behavioral manifestations found in previous research are avoidance (Moskalenko and Heine 2003), self-harm (Baumeister 1990; Morin and Craig 2000), increased emotional intensity (Silvia 2002), and -particularly pertinent to our research -self-regulation (Bandura 1978; Carver and Scheier 2004; Kanfer 1977).”
From Paradoxical effects of self-awareness of being observed: testing the effect of police body-worn cameras on assaults and aggression against officers (2018) · cites this paper as Baumeister 1990
In the citing paper
“Some of the predominant psychological frameworks that attempt to explain suicide, particularly the entrapment/cry of pain model, include escape from pain as a key factor [17-19].”
From Efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy in reducing suicidal ideation and deliberate self-harm: Systematic review (2018) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Accepting reality and reducing avoidance are fundamental aims of ACT, and this therapeutic work is aligned with the theories of suicide that focus on an individual’s sense of entrapment and/or desire to escape their current reality [17-19].”
From Efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy in reducing suicidal ideation and deliberate self-harm: Systematic review (2018) · cites this paper as [17]
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Validating Machine Learning Algorithms for Twitter Data Against Established Measures of Suicidality
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BackgroundResultRisk and Protective Factors of Internet Addiction: A Meta-Analysis of Empirical Studies in Korea
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Rumination and future thinking in depression
Lavender, A., & Watkins, E. R. (2004) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466504323088015 · Cited by 200
“Such a speculation may be consistent with suggestions that hopelessness is the result of avoidance of thinking about the future or ‘switching off’ from the future (Baumeister, 1990; MacLeod et al., 1993), as a way to avoid painful affect and that rumination, by focusing on the self, minimizes such avoidance.”
BackgroundIdentity Formation and Self‐Development in Adolescence
Côté, J. E. (2009) · doi:10.1002/9780470479193.adlpsy001010 · Cited by 185
Pisani, A. R., Wyman, P. A., Petrova, M., Schmeelk-Cone, K., Goldston, D. B., Xia, Y., & Gould, M. S. (2013) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-012-9884-2 · Cited by 183
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On Introspection and Self-Perception: Does Self-Focused Attention Enable Accurate Self-Knowledge?
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“Several mini-theories of self-awareness specify how self-focus is implicated in different problems, particularly depression (Pyszczynski & Greenberg, 1987), test anxiety (Wine, 1971), and suicide (Baumeister, 1990).”
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De Beurs, D., Fried, E. I., Wetherall, K., Cleare, S., O’ Connor, D. B., Ferguson, E., O'Carroll, R. E., & O’ Connor, R. C. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103419 · Cited by 171
“Traditional attempts at understanding suicide risk have tended to focus on single risk factors for suicidal behaviour (e.g., escape: Baumeister, 1990), or have attended to a specific domain of risk such as cognition (Wenzel, Brown, & Beck, 2009).”
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Frewen, P., Schroeter, M. L., Riva, G., Cipresso, P., Fairfield, B., Padulo, C., Kemp, A. H., Palaniyappan, L. K., Owolabi, M. O., Kusi‐Mensah, K., et al. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.023 · Cited by 186
“, (Baumeister, 1990)), in turn potentially associated with shame, hopelessness, and other markedly negative selffeelings.”
Lynam, D. R., Miller, J. D., Miller, D. J., Bornovalova, M. A., & Lejuez, C. W. (2011) · Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment · doi:10.1037/a0019978 · Cited by 176
Conquest by Force: A Narcissistic Reactance Theory of Rape and Sexual Coercion
Baumeister, R. F., Catanese, K. R., & Wallace, H. M. (2002) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.6.1.92 · Cited by 176
“…e is in te nd ed so le ly fo r t he p er so na l u se o f t he in di vi du al u se r a nd is n ot to b e di ss em in at ed b ro ad ly . when problems cause them to evaluate themselves negatively, and in that state they are prone to succumb to impulses and temptations (see Baumeister, 1990, 1991).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAn fMRI study on mental pain and suicidal behavior
Reisch, T., Seifritz, E., Esposito, F., Wiest, R., Valach, L., & Michel, K. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.03.005 · Cited by 173
“, 2003a), escape from self (Baumeister, 1990), and deficits in problem-solving (Pollock and Williams, 2001).”
BackgroundMandel, N., & Smeesters, D. (2008) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/587626 · Cited by 175
Dimensions of perfectionism and suicide ideation
Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L., & Weber, C. (1994) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf02357753 · Cited by 172
“As Baumeister (1990) has suggested, such failures can result in self-focused attention which directly confronts the perfectionist with his or her shortcomings.”
BackgroundInfluentialPredicting hopelessness and psychological distress: The role of perfectionism and coping.
O’Connor, R. C., & O'Connor, D. B. (2003) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.50.3.362 · Cited by 170
“finding supports Baumeister’s (1990) escape theory that implicates”
BackgroundReflective mirrors: perspective-taking in autoscopic phenomena
Brugger, P. (2002) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546800244000076 · Cited by 167
Ward, T. J., Hudson, S. M., & Marshall, W. L. (1995) · Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1177/107906329500700107 · Cited by 166
“The concept of cognitive deconstruction was developed by Baumeister (1989, 1990, 1991) in his recent work on suicide, alcoholism, sexual masochism, and binge eating (Heatherton & Baumeister, 1991).”
BackgroundInfluentialResidents of Poor Nations Have a Greater Sense of Meaning in Life Than Residents of Wealthy Nations
Oishi, S., & Diener, E. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613507286 · Cited by 251
“We expected that meaning in life and religiosity should be inversely associated with suicide rate (Baumeister, 1990; Durkheim, 1897/1951; Edwards & Holden, 2001; Stack, 1983), whereas they should be positively associated with fertility rate (Hayford & Morgan, 2008; Umberson & Gove, 1989).”
BackgroundAssessment and treatment of suicidal clients in a university counseling center.
Jobes, D. A., Jacoby, A. M., Cimbolic, P., & Hustead, L. A. T. (1997) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.44.4.368 · Cited by 165
Possible risk factors for increased suicide following bariatric surgery
Mitchell, J. E., Crosby, R. D., de Zwaan, M., Engel, S. G., Roerig, J. L., Steffen, K. J., Gordon, K. H., Karr, T. M., Lavender, J. M., & Wonderlich, S. A. (2013) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20066 · Cited by 171
“Escape from self Baumeister (97) hypothesized that suicide attempts occur when people experience a failure or severe disappointment that results from either unrealistically high standards or severely unfortunate circumstances and then blame themselves for it.”
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“These included: (i) type of SH, (ii) suicidal intent (measured via the suicidal intent question from Beck’s Suicide Intent Scale (Beck Weissman, Lester, & Trexler, 1974), and (iii) SH history.”
MethodInfluentialSuicide Risk and Addiction: The Impact of Alcohol and Opioid Use Disorders
Rizk, M., Herzog, S., Dugad, S., & Stanley, B. (2021) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-021-00361-z · Cited by 195
Problematic Instagram Use: The Role of Perceived Feeling of Presence and Escapism
Kırcaburun, K., & Griffiths, M. D. (2018) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-018-9895-7 · Cited by 184
“Escape theory—originally suggested as an explanation for suicidal behaviors (Baumeister 1990)—asserts that individuals who have higher standards and ideals than they can ever actually obtain are more likely to experience a need to escape from themselves or their reality (Lee 2017).”
BackgroundPerfectionism and Suicide Ideation in Adolescent Psychiatric Patients
Hewitt, P. L., Newton, J., Flett, G. L., & Callander, L. (1997) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1023/a:1025723327188 · Cited by 159
“These factors involve perfection that is demanded by oneself (Delisle, 1990; Mack, 1986; Shaffer, 1974) and perfection that is demanded for oneself by others ( Baumeister, 1990; Hayes & Sloat, 1989).”
BackgroundRoxborough, H. M., Hewitt, P. L., Kaldas, J., Flett, G. L., Caelian, C., Sherry, S., & Sherry, D. L. (2012) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1943-278x.2012.00084.x · Cited by 185
“Although specific mechanisms explaining the connection between perfectionistic behavior and suicide behaviors have not been fully explicated, several authors have presented models of suicide that suggest that perfectionism plays a role in suicide outcomes (e.g., Arie, Haruvi-Catalan, & Apter, 2005; Baumeister, 1990; O…”
BackgroundA test of the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide in a large community-based cohort
Christensen, H. M., Batterham, P. J., Soubelet, A., & Mackinnon, A. J. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.07.002 · Cited by 156
“…research could also address the hypotheses that other predictors of suicide, including mental pain (Shneidman, 1985), aversive self-awareness (Baumeister, 1990), and hopelessness (Cornette et al., 2000), are related to suicidal desire through their relationships with thwarted belongingness…”
Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., & Heisel, M. J. (2014) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/gpr0000011 · Cited by 155
Suicide Crisis Syndrome: A review of supporting evidence for a new suicide‐specific diagnosis
Schuck, A., Calati, R., Barzilay, S., Bloch‐Elkouby, S., & GALYNKER, I. I. (2019) · Behavioral Sciences & the Law · doi:10.1002/bsl.2397 · Cited by 173
Shepherd, D. A., & Williams, T. A. (2020) · Organization Theory · doi:10.1177/2631787720967678 · Cited by 177
“…deconstruction refers to an attempt to blot “out threatening implications . . . [through] a refusal of insights and a denial of implications or contexts” and thus put oneself in a numb state to escape the negative emotions generated by thoughts of an event or situation (Baumeister, 1990, p. 92).”
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Orbach, I., Mikulincer, M., King, R. A., Cohen, D. J., & Stein, D. J. (1997) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.65.4.646 · Cited by 153
Thresholds and tolerance of physical pain in suicidal and nonsuicidal adolescents
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Chronic Pain and Suicide: Understanding the Association
Hooley, J. M., Franklin, J. C., & Nock, M. K. (2014) · Current Pain and Headache Reports · doi:10.1007/s11916-014-0435-2 · Cited by 150
Suicidal Behavior as a Cry of Pain: Test of a Psychological Model
O'Conno, R. C. (2003) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/713848941 · Cited by 148
“In an attempt to extend the theoretical perspectives on suicide to include current research in social and personality theory, Baumeister (1990) put forward his theory of Suicide as Escape from Self .”
BackgroundGalynker, I., Yaseen, Z. S., Cohen, A., Benhamou, O., Hawes, M., & Briggs, J. (2017) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22559 · Cited by 165
“…SB: the affective state of “frantic hopelessness” characterized by an urge to escape one’s situation and hopelessness of doing so, akin to entrapment (Baumeister, 1990; Gilbert & Allan, 1998; Williams&Pollock, 2000), and the cognitive state of “ruminative flooding” characterized by loss of…”
Background“Impulsive” youth suicide attempters are not necessarily all that impulsive
Witte, T. K., Merrill, K. A., Stellrecht, N. E., Bernert, R. A., Hollar, D. L., Schatschneider, C., & Joiner, T. E. (2008) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.08.010 · Cited by 145
“For example, Baumeister (1990) conceptualized suicide as being an escape from meaningful awareness about negative interpretations one makes about the self, a state he refers to as “cognitive deconstruction.””
BackgroundJobes, D. A., Wong, S. A., Conrad, A. K., Drozd, J. F., & Neal‐Walden, T. A. (2005) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.2005.35.5.483 · Cited by 148
“We also hy-Rush, Shaw, and Emery (1979); Baumeister (1990); Linehan, Goodstein, Nielsen, and pothesized additional advantages for CAMS on various indirect treatment variables.”
BackgroundGonzalez, V. M., Reynolds, B. A., & Skewes, M. C. (2011) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/a0022720 · Cited by 155
The Cost of Being Perfect: Perfectionism and Suicide Ideation in University Students
Hamilton, T. K., & Schweitzer, R. (2000) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2000.00801.x · Cited by 142
“Individuals with high perfectionism and high levels of self-criticism are apparently also vulnerable to experiences of failure, reacting with increased levels of depression [3,4,6].”
BackgroundShepherd, D. A., & Patzelt, H. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-71782-1 · Cited by 203
Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective
Cox, W. T. L., Abramson, L. Y., Devine, P. G., & Hollon, S. D. (2012) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691612455204 · Cited by 142
“Whereas some commit escapist suicide to escape physical pain and suffering, Beckian Depressives may also try to escape aversive self-awareness (see Baumeister, 1990; Maris, 1992).”
BackgroundHopelessness and future thinking in parasuicide: The role of perfectionism
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Difficulties in emotion regulation and suicide ideation and attempt in adolescent inpatients
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“Theories of suicide-related phenomena and underlying emotion processes (Baumeister, 1990; Linehan, 1993; Selby et al., 2008; Williams, 2001) are aligned with the multidimensional approach to”
BackgroundInfluentialDepression as a risk marker for aggression: A critical review
Dutton, D. G., & Karakanta, C. (2012) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2012.12.002 · Cited by 143
Risk Factors for Repetition of Self-Harm: A Systematic Review of Prospective Hospital-Based Studies
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“Despite the wide variety of theoretical frameworks within the self-harm literature [78–84], there is a dearth of theories that attempt to explain why a minority of those who present with selfharm will go on to repeat self-harm.”
Dysregulation in level of goal and action identification across psychological disorders
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“Baumeister (1990) reviews evidence that genuine suicide notes tend to be relatively concrete, with a narrow immediate focus, specific instructions, and more references to concrete objects, than simulated notes.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNonsuicidal Self‐Injury in College Students: The Role of Perfectionism and Rumination
Hoff, E. R., & Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2009) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.2009.39.6.576 · Cited by 158
Advancing the Understanding of Suicide: The Need for Formal Theory and Rigorous Descriptive Research
Millner, A. J., Robinaugh, D. J., & Nock, M. K. (2020) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2020.06.007 · Cited by 161
“For example, Baumeister [15] argued suicide was a means to escape aversive self-awareness, Linehan [16] proposed it was a means of relieving aversive emotions, and Williams [17] suggested it served to escape feelings of defeat and entrapment.”
BackgroundBrown, M. Z., Linehan, M. M., Comtois, K. A., Murray, A., & Chapman, A. L. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.06.008 · Cited by 138
“Therefore, our findings provided partial support for our hypothesis that shame is a specific and unique predictor of SII among persons with BPD, supporting the theories of Linehan (1993), Baumeister (1990) and Maris (1981), all of which emphasize the role of self-conscious emotions in SII.”
Maladaptive emotion regulation and aggression in adult offenders
Roberton, T., Daffern, M., & Bucks, R. S. (2014) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/1068316x.2014.893333 · Cited by 157
“Second, to avoid emotions, an individual may engage in thought processes that are less meaningful than usual (Ward et al., 2008), leading to a narrow, concrete focus on the present that does not include long-term goals (Baumeister, 1990), reducing inhibitions against aggression (Day, 2009).”
BackgroundToward an Integrative Model of Suicide Attempt: A Cognitive Psychological Approach
Dieserud, G., Røysamb, E., Ekeberg, Ø., & Kraft, P. (2001) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.31.2.153.21511 · Cited by 143
Tossani, E. (2013) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000343003 · Cited by 137
Participant Self-Selection Biases as a Function of Individual Differences in Time Perspective
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“Present-oriented people, in contrast, attend more to the concrete reality of the immediate present (Baumeister, 1990; Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999; Zimbardo, Keough, & Boyd, 1997).”
BackgroundModel of psychosocial risk factors leading to suicidal ideation in young adolescents
Harter, S., Marold, D. B., & Whitesell, N. R. (1992) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400005629 · Cited by 136
“Cognitions involving hopelessness have also been strongly associated with depression and suicidal behaviors (Baumeister, 1990; Beck, 1975, 1987; Kovacs & Beck, 1977, 1978).”
BackgroundSuicidal Ideation Among American Indian Youths
Yoder, K. A., Whitbeck, L. B., Hoyt, D. R., & LaFromboise, T. D. (2006) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811110600558240 · Cited by 133
“For instance, substance use and suicidal ideation might be related because both represent ways of coping with stressful life events and negative affect or because both emerge as a result of psychological problems (Baumeister, 1990; Goldston, 2004; Hussong & Chassin, 1994).”
BackgroundThe Genetics of Suicide: A Critical Review of Molecular Studies
Brezo, J., Klempan, T., & Turecki, G. (2008) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.008 · Cited by 133
The trouble with language: Experiential avoidance, rules, and the nature of verbal events
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“…expenences such as guilt, anxiety, inadequacy, or feelings of worthlessness into a verbally construed future relatively free of these expenences (Baumeister, 1990) Suicide is arguably absent in nonhumans, yet a majonty of the general human population will either attempt suicide or struggle…”
BackgroundMaltsberger, J. T. (2004) · The International Journal of Psychoanalysis · doi:10.1516/3c96-uret-tlwx-6lwu · Cited by 132
“With or without a clear precipitating event, intense affects, singly but more commonly in combinations, can drive patients to desperation (Baumeister, 1990).”
BackgroundHeisel, M. J., Neufeld, E., & Flett, G. L. (2015) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2015.1078279 · Cited by 132
Baumeister, R. F. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3994-3_8 · Cited by 137
Self-citationEmpathy, social skills, and other relevant cognitive processes in rapists and child molesters
Geer, J. H., Estupinan, L., & Manguno‐Mire, G. M. (2000) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/s1359-1789(98)00011-1 · Cited by 129
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“Escape theory ( Baumeister, 1990 ) also could be evaluated only in part because important components were not measured here.”
BackgroundInfluentialPsychological Models of Suicide
Barzilay, S., & Apter, A. (2014) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2013.824825 · Cited by 158
“Shneidman’s conceptualization of suicide as a problem-solving behavior (Shneidman, 1993) influenced other psychological theories of suicide, such as the escape theory (Baumeister, 1990) and the cry of pain model (Williams, 1997).”
BackgroundInfluentialActivity Engagement as Escape from Self: The Role of Self-Suppression and Self-Expansion
Stenseng, F., Rise, J., & Kraft, P. (2012) · Leisure Sciences · doi:10.1080/01490400.2012.633849 · Cited by 158
“As described in the escape theory of Baumeister (1990, 1991), activities may be pursued in order to remove disturbing elements from consciousness.”
InfluentialCreemers, D. H. M., Scholte, R. H. J., Engels, R. C. M. E., Prinstein, M. J., & Wiers, R. W. H. J. (2011) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.09.006 · Cited by 126
“Furthermore, suicidal people often show high standards or expectations combined with recent failure (Baumeister, 1990).”
BackgroundCoppersmith, D. D. L., Dempsey, W., Kleiman, E. M., Bentley, K. H., Murphy, S. A., & Nock, M. K. (2022) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.2022.2092828 · Cited by 136
“For example, emotion dysregulation, sleep, and social connectedness are dynamic, modifiable constructs that have been associated with STB risk (Baumeister, 1990; C. L. Dempsey et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMental pain and its communication in medically serious suicide attempts: an “impossible situation”
Levi, Y., Horesh, N., Fischel, T., Treves, I., Or, E., & Apter, A. (2008) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.02.022 · Cited by 125
Suicide-related behaviors and anxiety in children and adolescents: a review
Hill, R. M., Castellanos, D., & Pettit, J. W. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.07.008 · Cited by 124
Ghorbani, F., Khosravani, V., Sharifi Bastan, F., & Jamaati Ardakani, R. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.03.005 · Cited by 124
Hitting Rock Bottom After Job Loss: Bouncing Back to Create a New Positive Work Identity
Shepherd, D. A., & Williams, T. A. (2016) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2015.0102 · Cited by 134
“Finally, although fantasy in a cognitively deconstructed state of escape can be damaging (Baumeister, 1990), fantasy as an input to identity play can be highly constructive.”
BackgroundInfluentialMultiple pathways to self-reported depression and psychological adjustment among adolescents
Harter, S., & Whitesell, N. R. (1996) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400007410 · Cited by 124
Escaping the Self: The Moderating Effect of Self-Complexity
Dixon, T. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1991) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167291174002 · Cited by 122
Self-citationLife lacks meaning without acceptance: Ostracism triggers suicidal thoughts.
Chen, Z., Poon, K., DeWall, C. N., & Jiang, T. (2020) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000238 · Cited by 137
A network perspective on suicidal behavior: understanding suicidality as a complex system
de Beurs, D., Bockting, C., Kerkhof, A., Scheepers, F., O’Connor, R., Penninx, B., & van de Leemput, I. (2021) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12676 · Cited by 119
“Whereas earlier theories focused on a single risk factor for suicidal behavior, such as entrapment (Williams 2001), escape from self (Baumeister, 1990), or a specific domain of risk such as cognition, the integrated motivational–volitional (IMV) model is one such approach that combines key factors…”
BackgroundSelf‐Esteem and Suicide Ideation in Psychiatric Outpatients
Bhar, S. S., Ghahramanlou‐Holloway, M., Brown, G. K., & Beck, A. T. (2008) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.2008.38.5.511 · Cited by 120
Culture of Honor and Violence Against the Self
Osterman, L. L., & Brown, R. P. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167211418529 · Cited by 120
“These feelings of burdensomeness and isolation might increase the wish to die as a means of escape (Baumeister, 1990).”
BackgroundLester, D. (1997) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1943-278x.1997.tb00514.x · Cited by 121
Brausch, A. M., & Decker, K. M. (2013) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9822-0 · Cited by 119
Garofalo, C., & Velotti, P. (2017) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2017.05.015 · Cited by 141
Stanley, I. H., Hom, M. A., Rogers, M. L., Hagan, C. R., & Joiner, T. E. (2015) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2015.1012045 · Cited by 118
Dissociation, Physical Pain, and Suicide: A Hypothesis
Orbach, I. (1994) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1943-278x.1994.tb00664.x · Cited by 118
Identifying differences between depressed adolescent suicide ideators and attempters
Auerbach, R. P., Millner, A. J., Stewart, J. G., & Esposito, E. C. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.06.031 · Cited by 117
“Indeed, anhedonia may be a promising predictor of suicidal behavior, as it has long been theorized that suicide is a decision to escape from intolerable conditions when there is no expectation of relief (Baumeister, 1990; Hawton et al., 1982; Nock and Kazdin, 2002).”
BackgroundExperimental Existential Psychology: Coping With the Facts of Life
Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., Koole, S., & Solomon, S. (2010) · Handbook of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy001020 · Cited by 116
Meaning in Life: Nature, Needs, and Myths
MacKenzie, M. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0308-5_2 · Cited by 125
“As mentioned earlier, emotions involve meaningful labels and contexts, and by shifting to a lower level of meaning one can avoid feeling aversion emotions (Baumeister 1990).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBuying to Blunt Negative Feelings: Materialistic Escape from the Self
Donnelly, G. E., Ksendzova, M., Howell, R. T., Vohs, K. D., & Baumeister, R. F. (2016) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/gpr0000078 · Cited by 124
“The low-level focus of a deconstructed state reduces central control over behavior, as one becomes oriented toward the immediate present and does not alter one’s responses to enable achievement of long-term outcomes (Baumeister, 1990).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationAllan, S., & Gilbert, P. (2002) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(01)00057-5 · Cited by 123
Miranda, R., Tsypes, A., Gallagher, M., & Rajappa, K. (2013) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-013-9524-5 · Cited by 113
“Escape theories of suicide (Baumeister 1990; Williams 1997) may also be useful frameworks for explaining the relation between emotion dysregulation and suicidality.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialO'Connor, R. C., Fraser, L., Whyte, M.-C., MacHale, S., & Masterton, G. (2008) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.01.008 · Cited by 111
Psychological co-morbidity in children with specific learning disorders
Padhy, S. K., Sahoo, M. K., & Biswas, H. (2015) · Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care · doi:10.4103/2249-4863.152243 · Cited by 129
“Baumeister[41] proposed that some instances of suicide were thought to represent an effort to “escape from the self ” following situations that led to perceptions of limitations.”
BackgroundRe-conceptualizing escape in consumer research
Cova, B., Carù, A., & Cayla, J. (2018) · Qualitative Market Research An International Journal · doi:10.1108/qmr-01-2017-0030 · Cited by 113
Coleman, D. (2015) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2014.957453 · Cited by 111
Metadata
- Authors
- Baumeister, R. F.
- Affiliations
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Baumeister, Roy F.
- ORCID
- Baumeister, Roy F.
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 1990
- Volume
- 97
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 90-113
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W2098559214
- Cited by
- 1,919
- References
- 212
- Citations by year
- 2026: 91 · 2025: 137 · 2024: 129 · 2023: 116 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 88 · 2020: 105 · 2019: 88 · 2018: 89 · 2017: 95 · 2016: 78 · 2015: 92 · 2014: 85 · 2013: 81 · 2012: 67
- FWCI
- 13.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Disorders
- Keywords
- suicide, self-awareness, negative affect, internal attribution, self-justification, disinhibition, irrationality, meaning, temporal focus, concrete thinking, cognitive rigidity
- MeSH terms
- Depressive Disorder, Escape Reaction, Humans, Self Concept, Suicide, Suicide, Attempted
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