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A cognitive model of drug urges and drug-use behavior: role of automatic and nonautomatic processes
Abstract
Contemporary urge models assume that urges are necessary but not sufficient for the production of drug use in ongoing addicts, are responsible for the initiation of relapse in abstinent addicts, and can be indexed across 3 classes of behavior: verbal report, overt behavior, and somatovisceral response. A review of available data does not provide strong support for these assumptions. An alternative cognitive model of drug use and drug urges is proposed that hypothesizes that drug use in the addict is controlled by automatized action schemata. Urges are conceptualized as responses supported by nonautomatic cognitive processes activated in parallel with drug-use action schemata either in support of the schema or in support of attempts to block the execution of the schema. The implications of this model for the assessment of urge responding and drug-use behavior are presented.
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“The inverse association between awareness of automaticity and opioid misuse risk observed in the present study is consistent with the cognitive processing model of addiction (Tiffany, 1990)”
From To be aware, or to accept, that is the question: Differential roles of awareness of automaticity and pain acceptance in opioid misuse (2023) · cites this paper as Tiffany, 1990
In the citing paper
“nonmedical use of prescription opioids may also be influenced by thoughts and behaviors that become automatized through repetition and encoded in memory schemas (Everitt & Robbins, 2016; Tiffany, 1990)”
From To be aware, or to accept, that is the question: Differential roles of awareness of automaticity and pain acceptance in opioid misuse (2023) · cites this paper as Tiffany, 1990
In the citing paper
“Impairments in frontal-executive function prevent effective inhibitory control of overlearned, highly stereotyped, cognitive and behavioral repertoires for drug seeking and consumption, also known as automatic drug use action schemas, 15,16”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Tiffany, S. T.
- Affiliations
- Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tiffany, Stephen T.
- ORCID
- Tiffany, Stephen T.
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 1990
- Volume
- 97
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 147-168
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W1980103223
- Cited by
- 1,554
- References
- 181
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 79 · 2014: 65 · 2013: 77 · 2012: 70
- FWCI
- 11.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- drug use behavior, addiction, relapse, automatic processes, cognitive models
- MeSH terms
- Alcohol Drinking, Alcoholism, Arousal, Humans, Motivation, Smoking, Substance-Related Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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