The plausibility of sugar addiction and its role in obesity and eating disorders

Benton, David

doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2009.12.001

Cited by 144Eating Disorders and BehaviorsNutrition, Health and Food BehaviorRegulation of Appetite and Obesity

The plausibility of sugar addiction and its role in obesity and eating disorders

Benton, David·2010·Clinical Nutrition

DOI 10.1016/j.clnu.2009.12.001

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Abstract

Background & aims To consider the hypothesis that addiction to food, or more specifically sucrose, plays a role in obesity and eating disorders.Methods By considering the relevant literature a series of predictions were examined, derived from the hypothesis that addiction to sucrose consumption can develop. Fasting should increase food cravings, predominantly for sweet items; cravings should occur after an overnight fast; the obese should find sweetness particularly attractive; a high-sugar consumption should predispose to obesity. More specifically predictions based on the hypothesis that addiction to sugar is central to bingeing disorders were developed. Dieting should predate the development of bingeing; dietary style rather than psychological, social and economic factors should be predispose to eating disorders; sweet items should be preferentially consumed while bingeing; opioid antagonists should cause withdrawal symptoms; bingeing should develop at a younger age when there is a greater preference for sweetness.Results The above predications have in common that on no occasion was the behaviour predicted by an animal model of sucrose addiction supported by human studies.Conclusion There is no support from the human literature for the hypothesis that sucrose may be physically addictive or that addiction to sugar plays a role in eating disorders.

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van Strien (1986) · doi:10.1002/1098-108x(198602)5:2

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Obesity and the Economics of Prevention
OECD (2010) · OECD eBooks · doi:10.1787/9789264084865-en · Cited by 724 · see citing works
“Eating addiction”, rather than “food addiction”, better captures addictive-like eating behavior
Hebebrand, J., Albayrak, Ö., Adan, R. A. H., Antel, J., Diéguez, C., de Jong, J. W., Leng, G., Menzies, J. R. W., Mercer, J. G., Murphy, M., et al. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.08.016 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
A Systematic Review of the Application And Correlates of YFAS-Diagnosed ‘Food Addiction' in Humans: Are Eating-Related ‘Addictions' a Cause for Concern or Empty Concepts?
Long, C. G., Blundell, J. E., & Finlayson, G. (2015) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000442403 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
Is eating behavior manipulated by the gastrointestinal microbiota? Evolutionary pressures and potential mechanisms
Alcock, J., Maley, C. C., & Aktipis, C. A. (2014) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.201400071 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
“Furthermore, fasting reduces cravings [111–113] rather than increasing them, as would be expected from the nutrient shortage hypothesis.”
Background
Obesity and the brain: how convincing is the addiction model?
Ziauddeen, H., Farooqi, I. S., & Fletcher, P. C. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3212 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
“Indeed, the validity of sugar addiction as a concept that could apply to humans has been criticize”
Common cellular and molecular mechanisms in obesity and drug addiction
Kenny, P. J. (2011) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3105 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, it is important to point out that there is much ongoing debate about the idea that food can be 'addictive' in the same sense as drugs of abus”
Is food addiction a valid and useful concept?
Ziauddeen, H., & Fletcher, P. C. (2012) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2012.01046.x · Cited by 334 · see citing works
“There is also evidence of an enhanced dopaminergic transmission in the accumbens upon consumption of sucrose (48), but this may be driven by the palatability rather than the nutrient content given that it also occurs with sham feeding of sucrose (49) (see (50)).”
Background
The contribution of brain reward circuits to the obesity epidemic
Stice, E., Figlewicz, D. P., Gosnell, B. A., Levine, A. S., & Pratt, W. E. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.12.001 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
“It does define substance abuse and substance dependence, and there have been attempts to extrapolate from these drug-centered definitions a framework to apply to food and food intake (for critical evaluations of applying these to human obesity, see Benton, 2010 and Ziauddeen et al., 2012).”
Background
A reward-centred model of anorexia nervosa: A focussed narrative review of the neurological and psychophysiological literature
O'Hara, C., Campbell, I. C., & Schmidt, U. H. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.02.012 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
The impact of sugar consumption on stress driven, emotional and addictive behaviors
Jacques, A., Chaaya, N., Beecher, K., Ali, S. A., Belmer, A., & Bartlett, S. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.021 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
“…with a choice between a saccharin solution and intravenous cocaine demonstrated the reward provided by the sweetness surpassed the desire for cocaine (Lenoir et al., 2007); an intense debate remains as to whether sugar is in fact addictive (Benton, 2010; Corsica and Pelchat, 2010; Wilson, 2010).”
Background
The Emperor Has No Clothes: A Review of the ‘Pornography Addiction’ Model
Ley, D., Prause, N., & Finn, P. (2014) · Current Sexual Health Reports · doi:10.1007/s11930-014-0016-8 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Fructose: It’s “Alcohol Without the Buzz”
Lustig, R. H. (2013) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.112.002998 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
“Benton (90) points out that sugar craving can vary widely by age, menstrual cycle, and time of day.”
Background
Relationship between Added Sugars Consumption and Chronic Disease Risk Factors: Current Understanding
Rippe, J. M., & Angelopoulos, T. J. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8110697 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
“Several recent reviews have provided extensive analyses questioning the fundamental premise of either food or sugar “addiction” [128–130].”
Background
Ghrelin signalling and obesity: At the interface of stress, mood and food reward
Schellekens, H., Finger, B. C., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2012) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.06.004 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
“Indeed, the validity of sugar addiction in a clinical relevant setting in humans has been criticised (Benton, 2010).”
Background
The role of reward circuitry and food addiction in the obesity epidemic: An update
Leigh, S.-J., & Morris, M. J. (2018) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.12.013 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Hedonic and incentive signals for body weight control
Egecioglu, E., Skibicka, K. P., Hansson, C., Álvarez-Crespo, M., Friberg, P. A., Jerlhag, E., Engel, J. A., & Dickson, S. L. (2011) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-011-9166-4 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
“Although it remains much debated as to whether there is a sufficient evidence base for food addiction, there are indications that the ‘wanting’ and ‘liking’ of obesogenic foods can also be dissociated, for example, in individuals with binge eating disorders [8, 9].”
Background
Eating disorders, obesity and addiction
Wilson, G. T. (2010) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.1048 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
“The view that some foods are addictive and that eating disorders are a form of addiction is widespread among mental health professionals and laypersons alike (Benton, 2010; von Ranson & Cassin, 2007; Wilson, Perrin, Rosselli, Striegel-Moore, DeBar, & Kraemer, 2009).”
BackgroundInfluential
Five years of the Yale Food Addiction Scale: Taking stock and moving forward
Meule, A., & Gearhardt, A. N. (2014) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-014-0021-z · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Sugar addiction
Ahmed, S. H., Guillem, K., & Vandaele, Y. (2013) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0b013e328361c8b8 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Is Fast Food Addictive?
K. Garber, A., & H. Lustig, R. (2011) · Current Drug Abuse Reviewse · doi:10.2174/1874473711104030146 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“In addition, we did not review the evidence on other potentially important determinants of an individual’s potential to become addicted to food, including genetic and epigenetic factors, which are outside the scope of this paper and have been reviewed elsewhere [25, 44].”
BackgroundInfluential
The Influence of Palatable Diets in Reward System Activation: A Mini Review
de Macedo, I. C., de Freitas, J. S., & Torres, I. L. D. S. (2016) · Advances in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1155/2016/7238679 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
“These foods have high sugar, salt, and spice, contents that make them highly palatable, and palatability is critical for determining food preference [29].”
Background
Effects of dietary glycemic index on brain regions related to reward and craving in men
Lennerz, B. S., Alsop, D. C., Holsen, L. M., Stern, E., Rojas, R., Ebbeling, C. B., Goldstein, J. M., & Ludwig, D. S. (2013) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.064113 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Ultraprocessed Food: Addictive, Toxic, and Ready for Regulation
Lustig, R. H. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12113401 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“Sugar craving can vary widely by age, menstrual cycle and time of day [80].”
Background
Sugar addiction: the state of the science
Westwater, M. L., Fletcher, P. C., & Ziauddeen, H. (2016) · Zeitschrift für Ernährungswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s00394-016-1229-6 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
“An alternative approach would be to consider whether aspects of sugar or sweet food consumption share a similarity with addiction-like behaviours, such as cravings (for a review, see [54]).”
BackgroundInfluential
German version of the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0: Prevalence and correlates of ‘food addiction’ in students and obese individuals
Meule, A., Müller, A., Gearhardt, A. N., & Jens Blechert, A. (2016) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.10.003 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“First, study 1 investigated a non-representative sample, in which there likely was a self-selection bias as recruitment was not based on probability sampling (Bethlehem, 2010; Khazaal et al., 2014).”
Background
Food Addiction in Overweight and Obese Adolescents Seeking Weight‐loss Treatment
Meule, A., Hermann, T., & Kübler, A. (2015) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2355 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“23 (2015) 193–198 © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorder usefulness, necessity or downsides of the food addiction model are still a highly controversial and heavily debated topic (Avena, Gearhardt, Gold, Wang, & Potenza, 2012; Benton, 2010; Meule, 2014; Meule & Kübler, 2012; Wilson, 2010; Ziauddeen, Farooqi…”
Background
“You Say it's Liking, I Say it's Wanting …”. On the difficulty of disentangling food reward in man
Havermans, R. C. (2011) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.05.310 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Food Addiction and Bulimia Nervosa
Meule, A., von Rezori, V., & Blechert, J. (2014) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2306 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“…2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorder concept note that there are also substantial differences in the neural effects of food and drugs (e.g. Benton, 2010) and that neuroimaging research on brain responses to food and food-related stimuli in individuals with obesity or BED ‘is most…”
Background
A High-Sugar Diet Consumption, Metabolism and Health Impacts with a Focus on the Development of Substance Use Disorder: A Narrative Review
Witek, K., Wydra, K., & Filip, M. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14142940 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Current Considerations Regarding Food Addiction
LaFata, E. M., Joyner, M. A., Potenza, M. N., Grilo, C. M., & Gearhardt, A. N. (2015) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-015-0563-3 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Effects Of A Post-Weaning Cafeteria Diet In Young Rats: Metabolic Syndrome, Reduced Activity And Low Anxiety-Like Behaviour
Lalanza, J. F., Caimari, A., Bas-Prior, J. M. D., Torregrosa, D., Cigarroa, I., Pallàs, M., Capdevila, L., Arola, L., & Escorihuela, R. M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085049 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
“Palatability is critical in determining food preference [12], and it appears that high levels of stress can increase the consumption of this type of food [13].”
Background
Food addiction and bulimia nervosa: New data based on the yale food addiction scale 2.0
de Vries, S., & Meule, A. (2016) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2470 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“Although this concept is controversially discussed in the scientific community (Benton, 2010; Rogers & Smit, 2000; Wilson, 2010; Ziauddeen & Fletcher, 2013), it has received increasing interest in recent years (Meule, 2015).”
Background
Back By Popular Demand: A Narrative Review On The History Of Food Addiction Research
Meule, A. (2015) · PubMed Central · doi:10.5281/zenodo.48115 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Neuroclinical Framework for the Role of Stress in Addiction
Kwako, L. E., & Koob, G. F. (2017) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/2470547017698140 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Artificial Sweetener Use Among Children: Epidemiology, Recommendations, Metabolic Outcomes, and Future Directions
Sylvetsky, A. C., Rother, K. I., & Brown, R. J. (2011) · Pediatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2011.09.007 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of the relationship between brain dopamine receptors and obesity: a matter of changes in behavior rather than food addiction?
Benton, D., & Young, H. A. (2016) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2016.9 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“Correspondence: Dr D Benton, Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP, UK. E-mail: d.benton@swansea.ac.uk International Journal of Obesity (2016) 40, S12–S21 © 2016 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 0307-0565/16”
Background
Sugars, obesity, and cardiovascular disease: results from recent randomized control trials
Rippe, J. M., & Angelopoulos, T. J. (2016) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-016-1257-2 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
The effects of Beta-Endorphin: state change modification
Veening, J. G., & Barendregt, H. P. (2015) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/2045-8118-12-3 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Numerous recent reviews discussed the involvement of mureceptors in the liking and wanting aspects of food reward as well their role in a variety of eating disorders [229-246].”
Background
Experiences of barriers and facilitators to weight-loss in a diet intervention - a qualitative study of women in Northern Sweden
Hammarström, A., Wiklund, A. F., Lindahl, B., Larsson, C., & Ahlgren, C. (2014) · BMC Women's Health · doi:10.1186/1472-6874-14-59 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“However, sugar as a substance causing physical addiction in humans is rejected in a review study [22].”
Background
Food addiction as a proxy for eating disorder and obesity severity, trauma history, PTSD symptoms, and comorbidity
Brewerton, T. D. (2017) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-016-0355-8 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Substance Misuse Following Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery
Reslan, S., Saules, K. K., Greenwald, M. K., & Schuh, L. M. (2013) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2013.841249 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“The empirical support for the construct of “food addiction” is limited, but it is a popular topic for debate in the scientific community (e.g., Albayrak,Wölfle, &Hebebrand, 2012; Avena, Gearhardt, Gold, Wang, & Potenza, 2012; Benton, 2010; Ziauddeen, Farooqi, & Fletcher, 2012).”
Background
Attentional and motor impulsivity interactively predict ‘food addiction’ in obese individuals
Meule, A., de Zwaan, M., & Müller, A. (2017) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.10.001 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Cognitive and behavioural effects of sugar consumption in rodents. A review
Kendig, M. D. (2014) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2014.04.028 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Intense Sweeteners, Appetite for the Sweet Taste, and Relationship to Weight Management
Bellisle, F. (2015) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-014-0133-8 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Evidence for a compulsive-like behavior in rats exposed to alternate access to highly preferred palatable food
Rossetti, C., Spena, G., Halfon, O., & Boutrel, B. (2013) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12065 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Even if the debate remains open, and thoroughly discussed (Benton 2010; Wilson 2010; Ziauddeen, Farooqi & Fletcher 2012), most of recent clinical and pre-clinical data support the view that compulsive overeating and addiction share common neural substrates (Barry, Clarke & Petry 2009; Corsica & Pelchat 2010; Grosshans…”
Background
Volume transmission of beta-endorphin via the cerebrospinal fluid; a review
Veening, J., Gerrits, P., & Barendregt, H. (2012) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/2045-8118-9-16 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“reward [237-247].”
Eating dependence and weight gain; no human evidence for a ‘sugar-addiction’ model of overweight
Markus, C. R., Rogers, P. J., Brouns, F. J. P. H., & Schepers, R. (2017) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.03.024 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Although rodent research may generate meaningful hy pot eses for understanding human behavior, their translational value for human eatin g behavior, food addiction and binge eating or obesity is highly controversial in the current s cientific community (20-24).”
Influential
Food Addiction
Ahmed, S. H., Avena, N. M., Berridge, K. C., Gearhardt, A. N., & Guillem, K. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-1997-6_110 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Dietary sugars: their detection by the gut–brain axis and their peripheral and central effects in health and diseases
Ochoa, M., Lallès, J. P., Malbert, C., & Val‐Laillet, D. (2014) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-014-0776-y · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Both drugs and food have powerful reinforcing effects partly mediated by dopamine increases in the limbic system that, under certain circumstances or in vulnerable individuals, could overwhelm the brain’s homeostatic control mechanisms [11], but the plausibility of sugar addiction and its role in obesity and eating di…”
A Rat Drinking in the Dark Model for Studying Ethanol and Sucrose Consumption
Holgate, J. Y., Shariff, M. R., Mu, E. W. H., & Bartlett, S. E. (2017) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00029 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Prolonged Consumption of Sucrose in a Binge-Like Manner, Alters the Morphology of Medium Spiny Neurons in the Nucleus Accumbens Shell
Klenowski, P. M., Shariff, M. R., Belmer, A., Fogarty, M. J., Mu, E. W. H., Bellingham, M. C., & Bartlett, S. E. (2016) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00054 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“…combined with studies demonstrating the contribution of excessive sugar intake to changes in reward circuitry and the development of addictive-like behaviors and emotional states in animal models (Avena et al., 2008; Benton, 2010; Ventura et al., 2014), warrants the need for further investigation.”
Background
Nutritional Aspects of Food Addiction
Pursey, K., Davis, C. A., & Burrows, T. L. (2017) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-017-0139-x · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Goals in Nutrition Science 2015–2020
Allison, D. B., Bassaganya-Riera, J., Burlingame, B., Brown, A. W., le Coutre, J., Dickson, S. L., van Eden, W., Garssen, J., Hontecillas, R., Khoo, C. S. H., et al. (2015) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2015.00026 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The Metabolic and Endocrine Response and Health Implications of Consuming Sugar-Sweetened Beverages: Findings From Recent Randomized Controlled Trials
Rippe, J. M. (2013) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.113.004580 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Benton D.”
Background
Sweep-Shake
Robinson, S., Eslambolchilar, P., & Jones, M. (2009) · International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (MobileHCI) · doi:10.1145/1613858.1613874 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Rationale and consequences of reclassifying obesity as an addictive disorder: Neurobiology, food environment and social policy perspectives
Allen, P. J., Batra, P. J., Geiger, B. M., Wommack, T., Gilhooly, C. H., & Pothos, E. N. (2012) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.05.005 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
A narrative review of potential treatment strategies for food addiction
Vella, S., & Pai, N. B. (2017) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-017-0400-2 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Others contend that there is no evidence that sugar is addictive in humans [14].”
Prefrontal brain stimulation during food-related inhibition training: effects on food craving, food consumption and inhibitory control
Sedgmond, J., Lawrence, N., Verbruggen, F., Morrison, S., Chambers, C., & Adams, R. C. (2019) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.181186 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Parental control and overconsumption of snack foods in overweight and obese children
Liang, J., Matheson, B. E., Rhee, K. E., Peterson, C. B., Rydell, S. A., & Boutelle, K. N. (2016) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.030 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Although there is much controversy as to the role of sweet foods in the development of obesity (Benton, 2010), sugar in particular has been studied as a contributor to food addiction, referencing a specific uncontrollable drive to eat sugar (Avena, Rada, & Hoebel, 2008).”
How could complementary feeding patterns affect the susceptibility to NCD later in life?
Adair, L. S. (2012) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2012.03.011 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“However, while the evidence for sugar addiction in animals is convincing, critics have argued that there is no substantial evidence in humans [24].”
Background
Sugars and Health Controversies: What Does the Science Say?
Rippe, J. M., & Angelopoulos, T. J. (2015) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.114.007195 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Food dependence in rats selectively bred for low versus high saccharin intake. Implications for “food addiction”
Yakovenko, V., Speidel, E. R., Chapman, C. D., & Dess, N. K. (2011) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.06.002 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“How far the parallel between food and drugs of abuse should be taken – whether there is such a thing as ‘‘food addiction’’ – is controversial (e.g. Avena, 2010; Benton, 2010; Corsica and Pelchat, 2010; Epstein & Shaham, 2010; Hughes, 2007; Wilson, 2010).”
Disentangling the role of NAc D1 and D2 cells in hedonic eating
Guillaumin, M. C. C., Viskaitis, P., Bracey, E. F., Burdakov, D., & Peleg‐Raibstein, D. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-02131-x · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“…in eating behaviors [18 – 20], over-eating in some individuals might re ﬂ ect the abnormal functioning of either the ‘ wanting ’ or ‘ liking ’ mechanisms, and there are indications from subjects with eating disorders that ‘ liking ’ and ‘ wanting ’ of obesogenic foods can also be dissociated [21].”
Background
Atitudes de nutricionistas em relação a indivíduos obesos – um estudo exploratório
Cori, G. C., Petty, M. L. B., & Alvarenga, M. D. S. (2015) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-81232015202.05832014 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Does the Australian Health Star Rating System Encourage Added Sugar Reformulation? Trends in Sweetener Use in Australia
Russell, C., Dickie, S., Baker, P., & Lawrence, M. A. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13030898 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Overstimulation of sweet taste receptors may limit tolerance for more complex, less sweet tastes, such as fruits and vegetables [54].”
Background
Food Addiction Spectrum: A Theoretical Model from Normality to Eating and Overeating Disorders
Piccinni, A., Marazziti, D., Vanelli, F., Franceschini, C., Baroni, S., Costanzo, D., Cremone, I. M., Veltri, A., & Dell’Osso, L. (2015) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0929867322666150227153015 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Regarding human studies, both arguments pros [9, 37] and cons [17, 103] sugar and/or fat addiction have been highlighted.”
Background
Finding the Sweet Spot: Measurement, Modification, and Application of Sweet Hedonics in Humans
Cheon, E., Reister, E. J., Hunter, S., & Mattes, R. D. (2021) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmab055 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“The evidence from human trials is less compelling (143, 144).”
Background
The rapid rise of ultra-processed foods brings up human health concerns
Zhang, L., Jiang, L., Liu, C., Wu, J., Li, Z., & Wang, J. (2025) · Journal of Future Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jfutfo.2025.08.013 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Combined compared to dissociated oral and intestinal sucrose stimuli induce different brain hedonic processes
Clouard, C., n, M.-C. M.-S. ⁄., Meurice, P., Malbert, C., & Val‐Laillet, D. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00861 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Are Sugars Addictive? Perspectives for Practitioners
Corwin, R. L., & Hayes, J. E. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-8077-9_13 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Food addiction symptoms are related to neuroaffective responses to preferred binge food and erotic cues
Delgado-Rodríguez, R., Versace, F., Hernández-Rivero, I., Guerra, P. M., Fernández‐Santaella, M. C., & Miccoli, L. (2021) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105687 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
What are the benefits and risks of nutrition policy actions to reduce added sugar consumption? An Australian case study
Russell, C., Baker, P., Grimes, C. A., & Lawrence, M. A. (2022) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980022000234 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Overstimulation of sweet taste receptors may limit tolerance for more complex, less sweet tastes, such as fruits and vegetables (81) .”
Pharmacogenetics of Obesity Drug Therapy
Guzman, A. K., Ding, M., Xie, Y., & Martin, K. A. (2014) · Current Molecular Medicine · doi:10.2174/1566524014666140811120307 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Are Certain Foods Addictive?
Meule, A. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00038 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Furthermore, although there are similarities in brain responses to food and drugs, substantial differences have also been noted (20).”
Background
A Potential Animal Model of Maladaptive Palatable Food Consumption Followed by Delayed Discomfort
Moshe, L., Bekker, L., & Weller, A. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2017.00377 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“, 2011) and it is implicated in motivated reward seeking (Benton, 2010) and avoidance behaviors (Umberg and Pothos, 2011; Baarendse and Vanderschuren, 2012).”
BackgroundInfluential
An overview of addiction to sugar
Onaolapo, A. Y., Onaolapo, O. J., & Olowe, O. A. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816918-6.00009-3 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Fructose, High Fructose Corn Syrup, Sucrose, and Health: Modern Scientific Understandings
Rippe, J. M. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-8077-9_1 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Facilitators and barriers for eating behaviour changes in obstructive sleep apnoea and obesity – a qualitative content analysis
Spörndly-Nees, S., Igelström, H., Lindberg, E., Martin, C., & Åsenlöf, P. (2013) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638288.2013.782354 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“A recent review supports the hypothesis that food addictions exist [43], but this remains controversial [44].”
Background
Are Eating Disorders Addictions?
Brewerton, T. D. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-45378-6_13 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Why Some Women Eat Too Much: A Qualitative Study of Food-Dependent Women
Ostrand, G. V. (2015) · ScholarWorks (Walden University) · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Cafeteria diet can cause systemic inflammation and oxidative damage in the various tissues
Tursun, S., Şahin, Y., Alçığır, M. E., Çínar, M., & Karahan, İ. (2024) · Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.3233/mnm-230068 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Cafeteria diet is seen as a successful approach to establish obesity in animal experiments [10].”
Children’s propensity to consume sugar and fat predicts regular alcohol consumption in adolescence
Mehlig, K., Bogl, L. H., Hunsberger, M. L., Ahrens, W., Henauw, S. D., Iguacel, I., Jilani, H. S., Molnár, D., Pala, V. M., Russo, P., et al. (2018) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980018001829 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“This claim was criticized because sugar consumption is associated with reward and craving, but other symptoms of addiction such as tolerance or withdrawal are less clear((13)).”
Reversing the impact of an obesogenic diet on emotion regulation and brain metabolism: A rat model study
Sal-Sarria, S., López-Taboada, I., González‐Pardo, H., Fernández-Blanco, A., & Conejo, N. M. (2025) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2025.111300 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Finally, it is worth noting that this discrepancy may be due to other factors, such as palatability and its relationship with stress (Benton, 2010; Sinha and Jastreboff, 2013), or other factors, such as the rodent strain used or the timing of exposure.”
Le goût sucré, de l’enfance… à la dépendance ?
Nicklaus, S., & Divert, C. (2013) · Cahiers de Nutrition et de Diététique · doi:10.1016/j.cnd.2013.06.002 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“C’est à cette définition moins stricte que nous ferons référence pour tenter d’analyser la possibilité d’une addiction au sucre [2].”
The Use of Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation in Drug Addictions
Hone‐Blanchet, A., & Fecteau, S. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-404704-4.00015-6 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Food addiction and its associations to trauma, severity of illness, and comorbidity
Brewerton, T. D. (2019) · Compulsive Eating Behavior and Food Addiction · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816207-1.00015-9 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
[Importance of sucrose in cognitive functions: knowledge and behavior].
Navarro, S. Z., & Llamas, F. P. (2013) · PubMed · doi:10.3305/nh.2013.28.sup4.6803 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Food addiction: is it a nosological category or a psychopathological dimension? Preliminary results of an Italian study
Piccinni, A., Marazziti, D., Cargioli, C., Mauri, M., & Stallone, T. (2018) · Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1515/hmbci-2018-0021 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Sucres, addiction et obésité
Ahmed, S. H. (2012) · Obésité · doi:10.1007/s11690-012-0307-z · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“On pourrait être tenté d’emblée de répondre par la négative à toutes ces questions en faisant remarquer qu’il existe peu de cas manifestes d’addiction aux sucres dans la littérature médicale [10].”
Background
The battle over “food addiction”
Lustig, R. H. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1621742 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Sugar craving can vary widely by age, menstrual cycle and time of day (90).”
Food Addiction
Ahmed, S. H., Avena, N. M., Berridge, K. C., Gearhardt, A. N., & Guillem, K. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-88832-9_110 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Lifestyle Medicine
Rippe, J. M. (2014) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827613520527 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“These considerations have been outlined in 3 recent reviews disputing the applicability of the addiction model to obesity and food consumption.(29,31,32)”
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Dissecting compulsive eating behavior into three elements
Moore, C. F., Sabino, V., Koob, G. F., & Cottone, P. (2019) · Compulsive Eating Behavior and Food Addiction · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816207-1.00003-2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Introducing sensory and cognitive influences on satiation and satiety
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Impaired leptin responsiveness in the nucleus accumbens of leptin-overexpressing transgenic mice with dysregulated sucrose and lipid preference independent of obesity
Nomura, H., Son, C., Aotani, D., Shimizu, Y., Katsuura, G., Noguchi, M., Kusakabe, T., Tanaka, T., Miyazawa, T., Hosoda, K., et al. (2021) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2021.12.007 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Non-nutritive sweetener regulation and health: analysing applications to vary Australian and New Zealand food standards
Russell, C., Baker, P., Grimes, C. A., & Lawrence, M. A. (2023) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daac101 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Sugars and obesity: Meta‐analysis establishes the strength of the correlation, not the cause
Reid, M., & Hammersley, R. (2014) · Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1111/nbu.12085 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Reemphasizing the Role of Fructose Intake as a Risk Factor for Dementia
Siervo, M., Wells, J. C. K., Brayne, C., & Stephan, B. C. M. (2011) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glq222 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The case to ban sugary food and drink from schools: these products are addictive, and kids will learn best without them.
Thornley, S., & Sundborn, G. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Proposed Link Between Fructose Intake and Dementia Risk is Not Persuasive
White, J. S. (2011) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glr026 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Benton D.”
BackgroundInfluential

Sugar Addiction in Animal Models
Simkus, J., & Avena, N. M. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190671051.003.0033 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sugar addiction: the state of the science
Westwater, M. L., Fletcher, P. C., & Ziauddeen, H. (2016) · Zeitschrift für Ernährungswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s00394-016-1229-6 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Food Addiction: Analysis With an Animal Model of Sugar Bingeing
Avena, N. M., Bocarsly, M. E., & Hoebel, B. G. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-92271-3_109
Eating dependence and weight gain; no human evidence for a ‘sugar-addiction’ model of overweight
Markus, C. R., Rogers, P. J., Brouns, F. J. P. H., & Schepers, R. (2017) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.03.024 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Sugar addiction at the crossroads of reward, metabolism, and culture
Skryabin, V. Y., Mijan, M. S., Mehryar, N., Farzadkia, B., Mahmmod, M., savari, S., & Dolatyar, M. A. (2026) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2026.116147 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Authors: Benton, D.
Affiliations: Swansea University (GB)
Corresponding author: Benton, David
ORCID: Benton, David
Venue: Clinical Nutrition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2010-06
Volume: 29
Issue: 3
Pages: 288-303
ISSN: 0261-5614 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2009.12.001
OpenAlex: W1969292536
Cited by: 144
References: 160
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 8.39
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Keywords: sugar addiction, sucrose, obesity, eating disorders, binge eating, food cravings, fasting, sweet taste preference, opioid antagonists, dieting, animal models of addiction
MeSH terms: Aging, Animals, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Diet, Dopamine, Food Preferences, Humans, Narcotic Antagonists, Obesity, Reward, Dietary Sucrose, Substance-Related Disorders

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The plausibility of sugar addiction and its role in obesity and eating disorders

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