Letter Binding and Invariant Recognition of Masked Words: Behavioral and Neuroimaging Evidence
Open accessAbstract
Fluent readers recognize visual words across changes in case and retinal location, while maintaining a high sensitivity to the arrangement of letters. To evaluate the automaticity and functional anatomy of invariant word recognition, we measured brain activity during subliminal masked priming. By preceding target words with an unrelated prime, a repeated prime, or an anagram made of the same letters, we separated letter-level and whole-word codes. By changing the case and the retinal location of primes and targets, we evaluated the invariance of those codes. Our results indicate that an invariant binding of letters into words is achieved unconsciously through a series of increasingly invariant stages in the left occipito-temporal pathway.
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The VWFA is generally insensitive to factors that influence lexical access, such as contrasts between high- and low-frequency words, or between real and pseudowords.
“TheVWFAisgenerallyinsensitive to factors that influence lexical access, such as contrasts between high- and lowfrequency words [24], or between real and pseudowords, as revealed by event-related fMRI analyses [11,23,25].”
From The visual word form area: expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus (2003) · cites this paper as [23]
Case invariance holds even for upper and lowercase letters that share no visual similarity but are related only by arbitrary cultural convention.
“Case invariance holds even for upper and lowercase letters that share no visual similarity but are related only by arbitrary cultural convention (e.g. a and A, g and G) [22,23].”
From The visual word form area: expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus (2003) · cites this paper as [23]
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- Authors
- Dehaene, S., Jobert, A., Naccache, L., Ciuciu, P., Poline, J.-B., Le Bihan, D., & Cohen, L.
- Affiliations
- Inserm (FR)
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (FR)
- Unité de Neuroimagerie Anatomo-Fonctionnelle, Institut Fédératif de Recherches 49, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Orsay, France
- Corresponding author
- Dehaene, S.
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2004-05
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 307-313
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- OpenAlex
- W2146819315
- Semantic Scholar
- c1244e9928f8d458f1e0010fa6b5f549912452c4
- Cited by
- 356
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 38.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- cea.hal.science
- Locations
- Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- word recognition, visual word recognition, unconscious processes
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Functional Laterality, Linguistics, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Occipital Lobe, Perceptual Masking, Temporal Lobe, Visual Perception, Vocabulary, Recognition, Psychology
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