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Effects of color on emotions.
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“Moreover, bright and saturated colors are more stimulating and pleasurable than grayscales (e.g., Guilford & Smith, 1959; Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994; Wright & Rainwater, 1962).”
From Is life brighter when your phone is not? The efficacy of a grayscale smartphone intervention addressing digital well-being (2024) · cites this paper as Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994
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A computational foundation for affective analysis of social images
Wang, X., & Qin, J. (2015) · International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery (FSKD) · doi:10.1109/fskd.2015.7382119
“quantified as emotional categories or emotional dimensions [3], [4].”
BackgroundPredictive models of emotion from product design features
Seva, R. R. (2008) · doi:10.32657/10356/13483
Theoretical Foundation for Emotion-Based Strategies in Political Campaigns
Mehrabian, A. (2015) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137345868_10
Self-citationASISTIVNI ROBOTI U RADU SA DECOM: KAKO IH VIDE DECA I RODITELJI
Jerković, I., Major, A., & Орос, М. (2012) · ГОДИШЊАК ФИЛОЗОФСКОГ ФАКУЛТЕТА У НОВОМ САДУ · doi:10.19090/gff.2012.1.227-249
Kernell, D. (1920) · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316014776.011
Other kinds of unconventional colour vision
Kernell, D. (1920) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316014776.007
Eyes with unconventional properties: the ‘red-green blinds’
Kernell, D. (1920) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316014776.006
Our biological hardware: eye and brain
Kernell, D. (1920) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316014776.005
Specification and measurement of colours
Kernell, D. (1920) · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316014776.010
The signals of colours: light and wavelengths
Kernell, D. (1920) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316014776.003
Colours and viewing conditions: not only local wavelengths
Kernell, D. (1920) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316014776.004
Colour vision in different species of animals
Kernell, D. (1920) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316014776.008
Introduction: Theorising Colour and Ambivalence
Coates, P. (2010) · British Film Institute eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-92447-9_1
Declensions Along One Side of the Colour Circle: from Yellow to Green to Blue
Coates, P. (2010) · British Film Institute eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-92447-9_5
Emotion and Sustainable Residential Interior Shape
Banaei, M., Yazdanfar, A., Hatami, J., & Ahmadi, A. (2017) · Journal of ASIAN Behavioural Studies · doi:10.21834/jabs.v2i2.197
Kurabayashi, S., & Hanaoka, H. (2017) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-68786-5_13
Development of Ontology Toward Common Understanding of Human Sensibilities and Emotions
Muramatsu, K., Matsui, T., & WATANUKI, K. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-70802-7_7
Statistical Analysis of the Relationship between Visual Features and Personality
Zhang, J., & Wei, Z. (2017) · International Conference on Mechanical, Control and Computer Engineering (ICMCCE) · doi:10.1109/icmcce.2017.54
“Expression features: Expression reflects the mood of the persons, will have an impact on the personality[19][20].”
BackgroundA Study For Application Of Color Design In Product Design Of Woodworking Machine Tooltitle
Huang, Y.-C., & Huang, T.-S. (2018) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-8612-0_22
“…the influence of colors in display environment in retail business on consumer buying intention, and indicated that a blue background enhanced consumers’ intention while a yellow background did the other way (Spangenberg, Crowley & Henderson, 1996; Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994; Wexner, 1954).”
BackgroundModulation of food consumption in healthy adults by exposure to coloured lighting
Edmondson-Jones, K. (2017) · Sheffield Hallam University · doi:10.7190/shu-thesis-00022
A Cor no Branding: um estudo sobre design de marca e comunicação visual estratégica
Gonsales, F. I. (2018) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.27.2018.tde-12072018-172911
The Effects of Red Versus Blue Lights and Neuroticism on Voluntary Biceps Brachii Muscle Contraction
Binboğa, E., Tok, S., Munzuroğlu, M., Canüzmez, A. E., & Dal, N. (2019) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/0031512518821786
“In past research on the effect of colors on motor output, how color perception is manipulated has been considered the most important basis for conflicting results (Elliot & Aarts, 2011; Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994).”
BackgroundVisual discrimination of hygiene tissue softness in the absence of haptic feedback
Silly-Carette, J., Léger, P., & Sénécal, S. (2017) · TAPPI Journal · doi:10.32964/tj16.8.439
Реди, М. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-7131-2_110181
Masha, N., MacInnes, J., & Johnson, E. (2019) · doi:10.22186/jyi.36.5.56-61
“Humans have been shown to use color as a source of social information; tinting neutral facial images with certain hues can make these images appear to express certain emotions or characteristics (Valdez and Mehrabian, 1994).”
BackgroundHeartbeat Detection Based on Pulse Neuron Model for Heart Rate Variability Analysis
Obo, T., Takaguchi, D., Katagami, D., Sone, J., Tomoto, T., Ogai, Y., & Udagawa, Y. (2019) · International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) · doi:10.1109/ijcnn.2019.8851915
“Measurement of vital signs such as blood pressure and heart rate has been applied to the psychological states estimation because emotions and feelings organize the activity of autonomic nervous system (ANS) and other physical systems [1-4].”
BackgroundBRAND SENSUALITY & BRAND AFFECT: OS SEUS ANTECEDENTES E CONSEQUENTES
Nunes, C. D. V., Coelho, A., & Bairrada, C. M. (2019) · Revista Gestão em Análise · doi:10.12662/2359-618xregea.v8i3.p83-101.2019
Effect of surface conditions and colors on emotions through tactile and visual cues
Inaba, T. (2020) · JAPANESE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON EMOTIONS · doi:10.4092/jsre.27.3_73
“…てください。回答には,正解・不正解はありませ んから,感じたままをお答え下さい。回答中,サ ンプルを触りなおしても構いません。」 (3) 触覚のみ提示条件の場合 「これからP, Qの2種 類のサンプルを触っていただきますので,その印 象を項目ごとに回答用紙に記入してください。サ ンプルは,見ることができないようになっていま すので,カバーの中に利き手をいれ,人差し指で 左右に数回なぞってください。触るときは目を閉 じてください。」(実験参加者はカバー内の刺激の 位置を確認し,刺激表面に指をおいてから目を閉 じた。)「回答は,たとえば,触り心地が良い/触…”
#Sickbear: Photographing Polar Bears as Ideal Nonhuman Victims
Lam, A., & Tegelberg, M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-46004-4_4
A New Way of Making Advertising Copies: Image as Input
Nozaki, Y., Konno, M., Yamagata, K., & Sakamoto, M. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-58790-1_26
Stefano, M. D., Bosten, F., Erhardt, M. S., Sauer, S., & Buchkremer, R. (2020) · FOM-Edition · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-29550-9_31
Intentional Binding and Sense of Agency of Visual Outcomes
Ansarinejad, F., Moradi, A., Khosroabadi, R., & Fathi-Ashtiani, A. (2020) · The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam · doi:10.52547/shefa.9.1.68
Synthesizing Winning Strategies: What Differentiates Experienced Designers in Crowdsourcing Markets?Preprint
Lysyakov, M., & Viswanathan, S. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3820081
Colour Theory in Healthcare Corporate Identity
Pereira, I. V., Santos, J. D., & de Carvalho, I. N. (2021) · Advances in marketing, customer relationship management, and e-services book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-7263-4.ch008
Yelken, T. Y., & Baysal, S. (2021) · Opus uluslararası toplum araştırmaları dergisi · doi:10.26466/opus.868978
Using Virtual Reality for Assessment and Rehabilitation of AD and MCI Patients
Binaghi, G. (2021) · Advances in medical technologies and clinical practice book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-7430-0.ch011
ATMOSPHERE ENVIRONMENT OF THE CITY AS THE BASIS OF SUSTAINABLE URBANISM
Kupinets, L., & Tiutiunnyk, H. (2021) · Efektyvna ekonomika · doi:10.32702/2307-2105-2021.8.3
Colour psychology in retirement homes
Sebastian, D. (2020) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17147879.v1
Kernell, D. (1920) · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316014776.013
Maybury, M. T. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118219546.refs
Kernell, D. (1920) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316014776.001
Kernell, D. (1920) · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316014776.015
Kernell, D. (1920) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316014776.014
Kernell, D. (1920) · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316014776.012
Sun, Q., Wang, L., Li, M., Zhang, L., Li, J., & Wang, S. (2021) · doi:10.1145/3510487.3510512
“3) Arousal According to the theory of arousal, pleasure and dominance space, color in an image can stir up a wide range of human emotions [31].”
BackgroundKaskela, T., Zhu, B., & Dhamapurkar, S. (2022) · Lecture notes in business information processing · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-04126-6_8
Reis, J. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-95782-7_9
Spotless? Perceived cleanliness in service environments
Vos, M. C. (2022) · doi:10.3990/1.9789036553704 · Cited by 1
Krishna, A. (2013) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137346056_2
Architecture and the Protective Frame
(2016) · Journal of Motivation Emotion and Personality Reversal Theory Studies · doi:10.12689/jmep.2016.502
Malamed, C. (2015) · doi:10.1002/9781119153801.refs
Architecture and the Protective Frame
(2016) · Journal of Motivation Emotion and Personality Reversal Theory Studies · doi:10.12689/502
Nadarević, D. (2021) · CM Communication and Media · doi:10.5937/cm16-32876
The effects of color on the enjoyment of real-life imagesPreprint
Lin, C., Mottaghi, S., & Shams, L. B. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/p8sc5
Cheng, Z., Cheng, Z., & Li, A. (2023) · Artificial Intelligence Advances · doi:10.5121/csit.2023.130706
The Effect of Changes in the Environment in a Virtual Space on Learning Effectiveness
Nakao, R., & Nakajima, T. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-34550-0_14
EEG cortical sources of face and word as distractors during emotional interference
Batabyal, T., Muthukrishnan, S. P., Tayade, P., Sharma, R., & Kaur, S. (2023) · Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.25259/ijpp_430_2022
Toward Machine’s Artificial Aesthetic Perception: Could Machines Appreciate the Beauty?
Soualah, M. T., Saveh, F., & Madani, K. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-43078-7_9
Vallely, P. (2023) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.24647856
Toward Emotional Machine-Awareness: An A.I. Based Model for Artificial Aesthetic Perception
Saveh, F., Soualah, M. T., Madani, K., Chebira, A., & Moghadam, R. A. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced Computing Systems: Technology and Applications (IDAACS) · doi:10.1109/idaacs58523.2023.10348898
“Emotional features based on brightness and saturation, called emotional coordinates [13] (pleasure, arousal and dominance) defined as following, where Y represents the brightness, and S the saturation: (1) (2) (3) Two kinds of features relate aesthetics’ attractiveness (attention) of splendor…”
BackgroundThe Dimensionality of Color Perception
Fdez, J., Rico, O., & Witkowski, O. (2023) · STEAM-H: Science, Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Mathematics & Health · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-41862-4_12
Gamification and programming: enhancing mathematics learning in students
Solano-Gonzales, N. D. C., Burgos, K. C. R., Zelada-Valdivieso, H., & Mera, H. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies on Education & Research (ICALTER) · doi:10.1109/icalter61411.2023.10372906
“Additionally, the appearance [16] and tactile feel of the game, as well as sensory and emotional experiences, were taken into account.”
BackgroundContemporary Studies in Biological Sciences I
Shamchı, M. P., Aksöz, N., Katırcıoğlu, H., Karacasoy, A. R., Özel, Ç. A., Akyön, Y. B., Yıltırak, A. F., Akdağ, E., Batmaz, G., Arslan, P., et al. (2024) · Akademisyen Kitabevi eBooks · doi:10.37609/akya.2964
Fashion Color in Yoga Community in Indonesia: Yoga Commodification
Bayusena, B., Mahmud, E. Z., & Randy, R. (2024) · International Journal of Social Science and Human Research · doi:10.47191/ijsshr/v7-i01-99
Deep Learning-Based Recognizing and Visualizing Emotions Through Acoustic Signals
Kwon, M., Oh, S., & Lee, W. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Big Data and Smart Computing (BigComp) · doi:10.1109/bigcomp60711.2024.00102
“In this study, we used the concept of wavelength from Valdes [11] to map RGB colors to PAD.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSaigot, M. (2024) · OpenArchive@CBS (Copenhagen Business School) · doi:10.22439/phd.22.2024
Robinson, C. R., & Keown, D. J. (2024) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/03057356241250316
“Both blue and purple have been categorized as pleasant hues (Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994).”
Investigation of a Method for Evaluating the Effect of Interior Colors on Emotions
Ninomiya, S., Jadram, N., & Sugaya, M. (2024) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-61932-8_35
A Cinematographic Approach on The Lord of the Rings Trilogy
Yilmaz, A. (2024) · Advances in media, entertainment and the arts (AMEA) book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-1958-1.ch001
Store Brand Management: Gestaltung des Ausdruckssystems
Redler, J. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-44626-0_5
Lin, W. C., Yao, T., & Zeng, C. (2024) · Journal of Forestry Research · doi:10.1007/s11676-024-01786-8
“Elements such as green leaves may a restful atmosphere, relaxing subjects and reducing their arousal; in contrast, blue tends to increase arousal (Valdez and Mehrabian 1994), which matches the positive valence and high arousal of the excitement indicator under the A-V model.”
Zheng, J., Silvennoinen, J. M., & Kujala, T. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4995739
Wang, C., Ku, H.-Y., & Lin, C.-Y. (2024) · Youth · doi:10.3390/youth4040106
Jiang, A., & Westland, S. (2024) · Vision, illusion and perception · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-70920-3_7
Jiang, A., & Westland, S. (2024) · Vision, illusion and perception · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-70920-3_4
Universal vs. Contextual Color-Emotion Associations: A Fuzzy Approach
Muratbekova, M., & Shamoi, P. (2024) · Joint International Conference on Soft Computing and Intelligent Systems and International Symposium on Advanced Intelligent Systems (SCIS&ISIS) · doi:10.1109/scisisis61014.2024.10760107
“Various studies suggest that colors strongly affect emotions, with blue, blue-green, green, red-purple, purple, and purple-blue being the most pleasant and green-yellow, blue-green, and green being the most arousing colors [4].”
Jiang, A., & Westland, S. (2024) · Vision, illusion and perception · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-70920-3_12
Automatic Facial Emotion Recognition Using Hybrid Deep Learning Approach
Singh, V., Ganesh, D., Brar, K. K., Bhambu, P., Alzubaidi, L. H. J., & Bisht, Y. S. (2024) · IEEE Delhi Section Conference (DELCON) · doi:10.1109/delcon64804.2024.10866423
Mapping Motion: A Cognitive Approach to Dyspraxia Multimodal Analysis
Muvdi, D., Hernández, M. R., Cifuentes, E. J., Somma, A. D., Chiappone, F., Maro, V. D., Martínez-Santos, J. C., & Puertas, E. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-80366-6_2
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Dao, H. T., Mai, N. T., Tanaka, S., Hashikura, K., Kamal, M. A. S., Murakami, I., & Yamada, K. (2024) · International Conference on Advanced Technologies for Communications · doi:10.1109/atc63255.2024.10908283
“Therefore, research suggests colors as a simpler means for robots to convey emotions [5]–[9] , as colors effectively communicate emotions and feelings [10]–[13].”
Saccade inspired Attentive Visual Patch Transformer for image sentiment analysis
Zhang, J., Zhu, J., Sun, H., Zhang, X., & Liu, J. (2025) · Applied Soft Computing · doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2025.112963
ten Have, H. (2025) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0443.03
Dull and Deadly: The Influence of Black‐and‐White vs. Color End‐Of‐Life Ads on Death Anxiety
Ketron, S. C., Sheng, X., & Martirosyan, Y. (2025) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour · doi:10.1002/cb.2515
Chart-to-Experience: Benchmarking Multimodal LLMs for Predicting Experiential Impact of Charts
Kim, S. G., Choi, J. Y., Rossi, R. A., Koh, E., & Lee, T. Y. (2025) · IEEE Pacific Visualization Conference (PacificVis) · doi:10.1109/pacificvis64226.2025.00040 · Cited by 1
“To analyze factors that influence such aspects, researchers have focused on visual elements, analyzing images using principles from artistic domains [53, 32], or examining the effects of low-level features such as shape [50] and color [44, 47].”
The Symbolism of Colors and Color Value in the Art MarketPreprint
Renneboog, L. D. R., & Li, Y. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5289070
Dumitrescu, A. (2025) · Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov Series V Economic Sciences · doi:10.31926/but.es.2025.18.67.1.1
“Thus, it has been found that mood is positively influenced by brightness (Adams, and Osgood, 1973) and saturation (Valdez, and Mehrabian, 1994).”
Leon, C., Kaur, S., Batabyal, T., Tayade, P., Sagar, R., & Sharma, R. (2025) · Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1177/02537176251356127
“19 The task comprised congruent (the valence of the face and word was a match) and incongruent trials (the valence of the face and word was a mismatch).”
Cosmetics Logos Feature Detection: A Deep Learning Approach Using VAE
Azar, N. A. N., & Karami, M. (2025) · International Symposium on Innovative Approaches in Smart Technologies (ISAS) · doi:10.1109/isas66241.2025.11101801
“…[23], [24], orientation such as horizontal, upward diagonals, downward diagonals [25], [26], font and typeface [27], [28], saturation and lightness [29], and visual complexity [30] were detected and provided as logo aesthetic principles that affect the viewer perception, emotional reaction,…”
Pads and Punchlines: Humour as an Awareness Tool to Address Teenage Pregnancy
Bontha, S. M., & Sharma, S. (2025) · Lecture notes in mechanical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-5495-6_40
Metadata
- Authors
- Valdez, P., & Mehrabian, A.
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
- Published
- 1994
- Volume
- 123
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 394-409
- ISSN
- 0096-3445 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2222
- OpenAlex
- W4319308497
- Cited by
- 1,104
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 94 · 2025: 82 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 83 · 2020: 80 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 56 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 33
- FWCI
- 4.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology General (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Color perception and design
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Aesthetic Perception and Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Color Science and Applications
- Keywords
- color, emotions, color psychology
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