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Effects of color on emotions.
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“Moreover, bright and saturated colors are more stimulating and pleasurable than grayscales (e.g., Guilford & Smith, 1959; Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994; Wright & Rainwater, 1962).”
From Is life brighter when your phone is not? The efficacy of a grayscale smartphone intervention addressing digital well-being (2024) · cites this paper as Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994
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Nissen, A., Riedl, R., & Schütte, R. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2024.108168 · Cited by 37
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Li, Y., Liu, M. T., Chen, X., & Shi, G. J. (2016) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/ejm-05-2015-0288 · Cited by 31
Jalali, N. Y., & Papatla, P. (2016) · Quantitative Marketing and Economics · doi:10.1007/s11129-016-9178-1 · Cited by 31
Towards Designing Affect-Aware Systems for Mitigating the Effects of In-Vehicle Frustration
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Takei, A., & Imaizumi, S. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08804 · Cited by 32
Can colored sidewalk nudge city tourists to walk? An experimental study of the effect of nudges
Chen, J., Lehto, X., Lehto, M., & Day, J. (2023) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2022.104683 · Cited by 31
Unifying research on colour and emotion
Möhr, C., Jonauskaitė, D., Dan‐Glauser, E., Uusküla, M., & Dael, N. (2018) · John Benjamins Publishing Company eBooks · doi:10.1075/z.217.11moh · Cited by 31
Children's preference of appearance and parents' attitudes towards assistive robots
Орос, М., Nikolić, M. N., Borovać, B., & Jerković, I. (2014) · IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots (Humanoids) · doi:10.1109/humanoids.2014.7041385 · Cited by 31
Color effects in print advertising: a research update (1985-2012)
Panigyrakis, G. G., & Kyrousi, A. G. (2015) · Corporate Communications An International Journal · doi:10.1108/ccij-12-2011-0072 · Cited by 38
Navratil, S. D., Kühl, T., & Heidig, S. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01653 · Cited by 33
Jakovljević, T., Janković, M. M., Savić, A. M., Soldatović, I., Čolić, G., Jakulin, T. J., Papa, G., & Ković, V. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11050539 · Cited by 30
“Real-time monitoring and storage were at one laptop instead of two, which was the case in the previous experiment design [22] because the system was synchronized by keyboard stream instead of the photosensitive sensor.”
BackgroundMethodDoes hedonic framing improve people’s willingness-to-pay for vehicle greenhouse gas emissions?
Wang, B., Waygood, E. O. D., Daziano, R. A., Patterson, Z., & Feinberg, M. (2021) · Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.trd.2021.102973 · Cited by 34
Young people's colour preference and the arousal level of small apartments
Jiang, A., Yao, X., Hemingray, C., & Westland, S. (2021) · Color Research & Application · doi:10.1002/col.22756 · Cited by 30
Biological, cultural, and developmental influences on color preferences
Hurlbert, A. C., & Owen, A. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107337930.023 · Cited by 31
A comparative analysis of colour-emotion associations in 16-88-year-old adults from 31 countries.
Jonauskaitė, D., Epicoco, D., Al-Rasheed, A. S., Aruta, J. J. B., Bogushevskaya, V., Brederoo, S., Corona, V., Fomins, S., Gizdic, A., Griber, Y., et al. (2023) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12687 · Cited by 24
Grounding context in face processing: color, emotion, and gender
Gil, S., & Bigot, L. L. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00322 · Cited by 30
Tourists’ emotional wellness and hotel room colour
Lee, A., Guillet, B. D., & Law, R. (2016) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2016.1217830 · Cited by 30
“The emotion-related words were based on existing research on emotion and colour (Kaya & Epps, 2004; Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994; Wexner, 1954) including “exciting, stimulating”; “secure, comfortable”; “distressed, disturbed, upset”; “tender, soothing”; “protective, defending”; “despondent, dejected,…”
Eating and emotion: focusing on the lunchtime meal
Brown, L., Edwards, J. S., & Hartwell, H. J. (2013) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/00070701311302186 · Cited by 29
The sustainability of positive environments
Corral-Verdugo, V., & Armenta, M. F. (2015) · Environment Development and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s10668-015-9701-7 · Cited by 32
“sense of privacy, access to window views, connection to nature, sensory variety, and personal control over environmental conditions in settings result in increased well-being, growth, and better functioning (Fisk 2000; Ulrich 1984; Valdez and Mehrabian 1994).”
BackgroundInfluentialCongruency as a mediator in an IKEA retail setting
Helmefalk, M. (2016) · International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management · doi:10.1108/ijrdm-03-2016-0035 · Cited by 29
Emotional response and visual attention to non-photorealistic images
Mould, D., Mandryk, R. L., & Li, H. (2012) · Computers & Graphics · doi:10.1016/j.cag.2012.03.039 · Cited by 29
“For example, Valdez and Mehabrian [23] describe a relationship between perceived valence and hue (wavelength), where they showed experimentally that blue was the most pleasant colour and that yellow was the least pleasant.”
A sound brand name: The role of voiced consonants in pharmaceutical branding
Park, J., Motoki, K., Pathak, A., & Spence, C. J. (2020) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.104104 · Cited by 29
Xu, J. M., Li, M., Cao, K., Zhou, F., Lv, B., Lu, Z., Cui, Z., & Zhang, K. (2022) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings12070984 · Cited by 30
Slevitch, L., Chandrasekera, T., Mejia-Puig, L., Korneva, K., & Akosa, J. S. (2022) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2022.10.005 · Cited by 29
Estimating and Exploiting the Impact of Photo Layout: A Structural Approach
Li, H., Simchi‐Levi, D., Wu, M. X., & Zhu, W. (2022) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2022.4616 · Cited by 28
Cusack, P., Lankston, L., & Isles, C. (2010) · JRSM Short Reports · doi:10.1258/shorts.2010.010077 · Cited by 28
The Effects of Colour in Work Environment: A systematic review
Savavibool, N. (2016) · Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal · doi:10.21834/e-bpj.v1i4.167 · Cited by 28
“…(2013) Experimental (Cross- Cultural) Computer 95 participants; Namibia, England Red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue, purple & 8 saturation X 39 Valdez & Mehrabian (1994) Experimental Color cards, PAD scales 396 students; USA Red, yellow, green, blue, purple, redpurple, yellow-red,…”
BackgroundPomirleanu, N., Gustafson, B. M., & Bi, S. (2020) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21363 · Cited by 28
Social Order through a Prism: Color as Collective Representation
Fine, G. A., Montemurro, B., Semora, B., Stalp, M. C., Claussen, D. S., & Sierra, Z. (1998) · Sociological Inquiry · doi:10.1111/j.1475-682x.1998.tb00479.x · Cited by 43
Effect of perceived warmth on positive judgment
Choi, J., Chang, Y. K., Lee, K. K., & Chang, J. D. (2016) · Journal of Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1108/jcm-02-2015-1309 · Cited by 27
Colour semantics in residential interior architecture on different interior types
Ulusoy, B., Olguntürk, N., & Aslanoğlu, R. (2020) · Color Research & Application · doi:10.1002/col.22519 · Cited by 27
“An earlier study mentioned that brightness and saturation have prominent effects on emotions, which can be related to colour meanings in interiors.(26) In the same vein, Kaya and Crosby(18) mentioned that less saturated and lighter colours were preferred in residential building types more because they decrease arousal…”
BackgroundKim, Y., Song, D., & Lee, Y. J. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17207550 · Cited by 27
“32 × Saturation) from previous research [74]; the features were (20) pleasure, (21) arousal, and (22) dominance.”
BackgroundFish, C. (2021) · The Cartographic Journal · doi:10.1080/00087041.2020.1800160 · Cited by 27
“Literature in the psychology and visualization fi elds illustrate that colours do have a ff ective connections which may lead to emotional interest (e.g. Valdez and Mehrabian, 1994; Suk and Irtel, 2010; Bartram et al ., 2017).”
Joyful Adventures and Frightening Places–Designing Emotion-Inducing Virtual Environments
Steinhaeusser, S. C., Oberdörfer, S., von Mammen, S., Latoschik, M. E., & Lugrin, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2022.919163 · Cited by 27
Okken, V. S., van Rompay, T. J. L., & Pruyn, A. T. H. (2013) · HERD Health Environments Research & Design Journal · doi:10.1177/193758671300700104 · Cited by 27
Consumer Creative Experience: The Role of Motivational Orientation in Creative Leisure Activity
Martin-Salerno, A. (2009) · Recherche et Applications en Marketing (English Edition) · doi:10.1177/205157070902400105 · Cited by 26
A method for extracting emotion using colors comprise the painting image
Kang, D., Shim, H., & Yoon, K. (2017) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-017-4667-0 · Cited by 27
“On the basis of these studies, it is known that a single color has its own meaning [28], evokes a measurable emotion [18, 27], and has a strong universal trend [1].”
BackgroundBrand communication in social media: The use of image colours in popular posts
Zailskaitė‐Jakštė, L., Ostreika, A., Jakstas, A., Stanevičienė, E., & Damaševičius, R. (2017) · International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics · doi:10.23919/mipro.2017.7973636 · Cited by 27
“For example, a color with a long wavelength (such as red) has a stimulus effect, and a color with a short wavelength (such as blue) has a comforting effect [9].”
BackgroundWinery website loyalty: the role of sales promotion and service attributes
Pelet, J., Lecat, B., Khan, J., Rundle-Thiele, S. R., Lee, L. W., Ellis, D., Wolf, M. M., Kavoura, A., Katsoni, V., & Wegmann, A. L. (2018) · International Journal of Wine Business Research · doi:10.1108/ijwbr-01-2017-0003 · Cited by 27
Color Perception in Pediatric Patient Room Design: American versus Korean Pediatric Patients
Park, J. G. “., & Park, C. (2013) · HERD · doi:10.1177/193758671300600402 · Cited by 22
How Passive Image Viewers Became Active Multimedia Users
Redi, J., Zhu, Y., de Ridder, H., & Heynderickx, I. E. J. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-10368-6_2 · Cited by 26
Understanding and Modeling User-Perceived Brand Personality from Mobile Application UIs
Wu, Z., Kim, T., Li, Q., & Ma, X. (2019) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3290605.3300443 · Cited by 26
Piga, B. E. A., Stancato, G., Rainisio, N., & Boffi, M. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su132313388 · Cited by 35
Colors, Emotions, and the Auction Value of Paintings
Ma, X., NOUSSAIR, C. N., & Renneboog, L. D. R. (2021) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2021.104004 · Cited by 26
Severtson, D. J., & Henriques, J. B. (2009) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2009.01299.x · Cited by 26
Im, H., & Ha, S. (2010) · Service Industries Journal · doi:10.1080/02642069.2010.504983 · Cited by 26
“However, it was argued that dominance is a necessary dimension for a complete understanding of the affective states of consumers (Russell & Mehrabian, 1977; Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994).”
BackgroundPesek, M., Strle, G., Kavčič, A., & Marolt, M. (2017) · Journal of New Music Research · doi:10.1080/09298215.2017.1333518 · Cited by 28
“…emotions that underline the importance of multimodal approaches, with several experimental studies confirming the link between emotions and colors, e.g. Eysenck (1941); Wexner (1954); Schaie (1961); Adams and Osgood (1973); Valdez and Mehrabian (1994); Sokolova and Fern ´ andez-Caballero (2015).”
BackgroundImpact of Affective Multimedia Content on the Electroencephalogram and Facial Expressions
Siddharth, S., Jung, T., & B, T. J. S. A. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-52891-2 · Cited by 25
“Color Energy: Psychological studies on color have demonstrated a high correlation between valence and arousal with brightness and saturation of the colors respectively 33 .”
BackgroundDistinguishing Depression and Trait Anxiety in Terms of Basic Dimensions of Temperament
Mehrabian, A. (1995) · Imagination Cognition and Personality · doi:10.2190/jb3j-ll1e-gygy-d0rj · Cited by 26
Self-citationThe Color of Status: Color Saturation, Brand Heritage, and Perceived Status of Luxury Brands
Zhou, X., Xiao, C., Yoon, S., & Zhu, H. (2025) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucaf029 · Cited by 25
Visual Performance of Yellow, Orange and Red LSCs Integrated in a Smart Window
Aste, N., Buzzetti, M., Pero, C. D., Fusco, R., Testa, D., & Leonforte, F. (2017) · Energy Procedia · doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.427 · Cited by 25
An Audio-Visual Approach to Music Genre Classification through Affective Color Features
Schindler, A., & Rauber, A. (2015) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16354-3_8 · Cited by 25
“Global Emotion values refer to a Pleasure-Arousal-Dominance model based on investigated emotional reactions presented in [15].”
BackgroundVisual Assertions: Effects of Photo Manipulation and Dual Processing for Food Advertisements
Lazard, A. J., Mackert, M., Bock, M. A., Love, B., Dudo, A. D., & Atkinson, L. (2018) · Visual Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1080/15551393.2017.1417047 · Cited by 25
“First, overall adjusts were made to the brightness and saturation of the images, which are largely known to positively influence perceptions of “happiness” and “showiness” or arousal (Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994; Wright & Rainwater, 1962).”
BackgroundIkeda, S. (2019) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294119850480 · Cited by 25
“A finer-grained investigation might give more insight on the matter because color characteristics affect emotion (Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994).”
BackgroundBarlow, B., Webb, A. J., & Barlow, A. (2021) · Journal of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy · doi:10.1002/jac5.1386 · Cited by 22
“erful tool when designing infographics and can impact the emotional tone of the infographic.(14,15) Selecting a consistent color scheme is an important step in designing an infographic as it will help set the emo-”
MethodEEG-Based Emotion-Adaptive Advertising
Liu, Y., Sourina, O., & Hafiyyandi., M. R. (2013) · International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction and workshops · doi:10.1109/acii.2013.158 · Cited by 25
Colors and Trust: The Influence of User Interface Design on Trust and Reciprocity
Hawlitschek, F., Jansen, L.-E., Lux, E., Teubner, T., & Weinhardt, C. (2016) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.1109/hicss.2016.80 · Cited by 25
“in decision making [2, 3, 24, 29, 42, 51, 58, 60, 66].”
Color in achievement contexts in humans
Maier, M., Hill, R. A., Elliot, A. J., & Barton, R. A. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107337930.028 · Cited by 25
Color me calm: Grayscale phone setting reduces anxiety and problematic smartphone use
Holte, A. J., Giesen, D. T., & Ferraro, F. R. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02020-y · Cited by 22
“This is done through the use of bright saturated colors which are appealing to the user (Guliford & Smith, 1959; Mikellides, 1990; Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994) and thus provide stimulation to the attentional system (Wolfe & Horowitz, 2004; Yantis, 1998).”
MethodIs Relevancy Everything? A Deep-Learning Approach to Understand the Effect of Image-Text Congruence
Cao, J., Li, X., & Zhang, L. (2025) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2022.01896 · Cited by 27
Walking under a Different Sky: Urban Colored Routes for Creative Engagement and Pleasure
Mirri, S., Prandi, C., Roccetti, M., & Salomoni, P. (2017) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2017.1321218 · Cited by 25
“Second, the quantitative and qualitative analyses we have conducted, after our experiments, show that using colors significantly influences the way people choose their routes, letting them reconstruct a new and personal vision of the places of their lives (Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialChoi, S., Kim, J.-A., Heo, G. S., & Park, H. (2022) · Journal of Molecular Liquids · doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119821 · Cited by 25
Liang, L., Abidin, S. B. Z., Shaari, N., Yahaya, M. F. B., & Jing, L. (2024) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v14-i3/20084 · Cited by 24
“Colors can trigger emotional responses from consumers Valdez & Mehrabian (1994) and create associations with product quality, brand personality, and brand functionality.”
BackgroundArmstrong, T., Rockloff, M., Greer, N., & Donaldson, P. (2017) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-016-9644-4 · Cited by 22
“Other researchers exploring the effects of brightness (black to white quality), saturation (purity or vividness, higher saturation colours containing less grey) and hue have shown that brightness influenced pleasure levels more than saturation, while arousal decreased with increases in colour brightness (Valdez and Me…”
BackgroundKim, M., Lee, H. S., Park, J. W., Jo, S. H., & Chung, M. J. (2008) · IEEE RO-MAN · doi:10.1109/roman.2008.4600669 · Cited by 24
Identifying emotions in images from valence and arousal ratings
Alarcão, S. M., & Fonseca, M. J. (2017) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-017-5311-8 · Cited by 23
He, J., Zheng, Y., Nie, Y., & Zhou, Z. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-25442-4 · Cited by 22
Influence of Color Perception on Consumer Behavior
Long, R., & Chen, Y. (2018) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91716-0_32 · Cited by 25
Georgakarakou, C., Yfantidou, I., Tsourvakas, G., & Riskos, K. (2020) · International Journal of Technology Marketing · doi:10.1504/ijtmkt.2020.110124 · Cited by 26
Roquet, C. D., Sas, C., & Potts, D. (2021) · Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/07370024.2021.1968864 · Cited by 26
“Such outcomes confirm findings in experimental psychology on the impact of low color saturation and low brightness (no higher than Munsell brightness value of 43) on decreased arousal (Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994) or calming down.”
ResultThe Impact of Hotel Room Colors on Affective Responses, Attitude, and Booking Intention
Kuo, P., & Zhang, L. (2021) · International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration · doi:10.1080/15256480.2021.1988878 · Cited by 23
“In a restaurant context, Yildirim et al. (2007) found that customers perceived violet interiors more positively than yellow interiors, which supports that notion that short wavelength colors (cool colors) are preferred (Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLee, B. P., & Spence, C. J. (2022) · i-Perception · doi:10.1177/20416695221127325 · Cited by 28
“So, for example, the hue, saturation, and brightness of color have all been found to manifest a consistent emotional value (Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994).”
BackgroundHe, Y., Li, X., & Zhong, K. (2023) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/00472875231170218 · Cited by 25
“In studies related to color lightness metaphors, researchers have been more concerned with how individuals’ emotions (Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994), beliefs (Caruso et al., 2009), and psychological states (Pfundmair et al., 2019), affect their perception of lightness.”
BackgroundLighting, indoor color, buying behavior and time spent in a store
Barlı, Ö., Aktan, M., Bilgili, B., & Dane, Ş. (2011) · Color Research & Application · doi:10.1002/col.20695 · Cited by 23
Evaluation of emotional response to non-photorealistic images
Mandryk, R. L., Mould, D., & Li, H. (2011) · doi:10.1145/2024676.2024678 · Cited by 23
Harnessing Music-Related Visual Stereotypes for Music Information Retrieval
Schindler, A., & Rauber, A. (2016) · ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology · doi:10.1145/2926719 · Cited by 23
“The visual features used by the authors [Valdez and Mehrabian 1994] were also evaluated in this publication.”
MethodRecommending Movies Based on Mise-en-Scene Design
Deldjoo, Y., Elahi, M., Cremonesi, P., Garzotto, F., & Piazzolla, P. (2016) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/2851581.2892551 · Cited by 22
“Even if an exact correlation between colors and the feeling they may evoke is not currently supported by enough scientific data, colors nonetheless, have an expressive impact that has been investigated thoroughly, e.g. in [20].”
BackgroundEmotional expressions of non-humanoid urban robots
Hoggenmüeller, M., Chen, J., & Hespanhol, L. (2020) · ACM International Symposium on Pervasive Displays (PerDis) · doi:10.1145/3393712.3395341 · Cited by 22
“Work in social psychology demonstrated the effects of colours on emotion [51].”
BackgroundByrns, A., Abdessalem, H. B., Cuesta, M., Bruneau, M., Belleville, S., & Frasson, C. (2020) · Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering · doi:10.4236/jbise.2020.138018 · Cited by 24
Chung, M., & Saini, R. (2021) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21623 · Cited by 26
Color Affects Recognition of Emoticon Expressions
Liao, S., Sakata, K., & Paramei, G. V. (2022) · i-Perception · doi:10.1177/20416695221080778 · Cited by 22
“Apart from faces, associations of red with both anger and happiness, two emotions opposite in valence but high in arousal, and blue with sadness are attested for decontextualized color, patches, and geometric shapes (e.g., Suk & Irtel, 2010; Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994).”
BackgroundMutual Information-Based Emotion Recognition
Cui, Y. J., Luo, S., Tian, Q., Zhang, S. S., Peng, Y., Jiang, L., & Jin, J. S. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3501-3_39 · Cited by 22
“value), which have been investigated in previous affective analyses [12, 13], and reported to be linked with physiological arousal in the body.”
BackgroundInferring Emotional Tags From Social Images With User Demographics
Wu, B., Jia, J., Yang, Y., Zhao, P., Tang, J., & Tian, Q. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Multimedia · doi:10.1109/tmm.2017.2655881 · Cited by 22
“Specifically, Valdez and Mehrabian [46] investigated emotional reactions to color hue, brightness and saturation using the pleasure-arousal-dominance model.”
The Effects of Colour in Work Environment: A systematic review
Savavibool, N., Gatersleben, B., & Moorapun, C. (2018) · Asian Journal of Behavioural Studies · doi:10.21834/ajbes.v3i13.152 · Cited by 22
Lee, H., Park, J., & Lee, J.-S. (2020) · Indoor and Built Environment · doi:10.1177/1420326x19897109 · Cited by 22
A happiness degree predictor using the conceptual data structure for deep learning architectures
Pérez-Benito, F. J., Villacampa-Fernández, P., Conejero, J. A., García-Gómez, J. M., & Navarro-Pardo, E. (2019) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2017.11.004 · Cited by 20
Leveraging Smart Devices for Automatic Mood-Transferring in Real-Time Oil Painting
Dutta, T., & Gupta, H. P. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2016.2613978 · Cited by 21
“Emotional reactions to color hue, saturation, and brightness were investigated using an emotion model [12].”
MethodThe modulation of delta responses in the interaction of brightness and emotion
Kurt, P., Eroğlu, K., Kuzgun, T. B., & Güntekin, B. (2016) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.11.013 · Cited by 20
“Psychological studies revealed that high bright colors are evaluated more positively compared to low bright or dark colors whereas dark colors are evaluated more negatively, namely as “brightness bias” (Jiang and Bian, 2013; Valdez and Mehrabian, 1994; Lakens et al., 2013).”
BackgroundHeimerdinger, M., & LaViers, A. (2019) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-019-00514-1 · Cited by 21
Emotions and Colors in a Design Archiving System: Applying AI Technology for Museums
Kim, H. J., & Lee, H.-K. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12052467 · Cited by 21
“Other studies have indicated that the saturation of a color stimulus has a stronger effect on the emotional response than the hue [27].”
BackgroundLearning multi-level representations for affective image recognition
Zhang, H., Xu, D., Luo, G., & He, K. (2022) · Neural Computing and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00521-022-07139-y · Cited by 21
“The psychological research results of Valdez et al. [21] show that there is a linear relationship between the brightness and Fig.”
ResultThe effects of color and saturation on the enjoyment of real-life images
Lin, C., Mottaghi, S., & Shams, L. B. (2023) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-023-02357-4 · Cited by 21
“Numerous studies have demonstrated the direct association between color perception and emotion (Adams & Osgood, 1973; Boyatzis & Varghese, 1994; Crozier, 1999; Gilbert et al., 2016; Hemphill, 1996; Jacobs & Suess, 1975; Kaya & Epps, 2004; Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994; Wilms & Ober-feld, 2018).”
BackgroundCultural variations in virtual spaces design
Angeli, A. D. (2009) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-009-0212-7 · Cited by 21
The Effects of Colored Light on Valence and Arousal
Joordens, R. J. E. (2010) · Philips Research · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-3258-4_5 · Cited by 21
Pelet, J., & Taieb, B. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2022.100225 · Cited by 21
Understanding colour perception and preference
Hurlbert, A. C., & Ling, Y. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-101270-3.00007-2 · Cited by 24
The Impact of Pleasure‐Evoking Colors on the Effectiveness of Threat (Fear) Appeals
Wauters, B., Brengman, M., & Mahama, F. (2014) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20752 · Cited by 21
Psychophysical models of consumer expectations and colour harmony in the context of juice packaging
Wei, S.-T., Ou, L., Luo, M. R., & Hutchings, J. B. (2013) · Color Research & Application · doi:10.1002/col.21867 · Cited by 21
Metadata
- Authors
- Valdez, P., & Mehrabian, A.
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
- Published
- 1994
- Volume
- 123
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 394-409
- ISSN
- 0096-3445 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2222
- OpenAlex
- W4319308497
- Cited by
- 1,104
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 94 · 2025: 82 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 83 · 2020: 80 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 56 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 33
- FWCI
- 4.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology General (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Color perception and design
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Aesthetic Perception and Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Color Science and Applications
- Keywords
- color, emotions, color psychology
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