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Effects of color on emotions.
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“Moreover, bright and saturated colors are more stimulating and pleasurable than grayscales (e.g., Guilford & Smith, 1959; Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994; Wright & Rainwater, 1962).”
From Is life brighter when your phone is not? The efficacy of a grayscale smartphone intervention addressing digital well-being (2024) · cites this paper as Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994
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Wu, F., Chang, E., & Lee, Y. (2008) · Color Research & Application · doi:10.1002/col.20465 · Cited by 9
Robust Mouse Tracking in Complex Environments using Neural NetworksPreprint
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Dew, R., Ansari, A., & Toubia, O. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3406857 · Cited by 8
Estimating and Exploiting the Impact of Photo Layout in the Sharing EconomyPreprint
Li, H., Simchi‐Levi, D., Wu, M. X., & Zhu, W. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3470877 · Cited by 8
Psychological and Graphic Aspects of Colors: Influence and Application in Product Design
Popovski, F., Popovska, H. D., Mijakovska, S., & Nalevska, G. P. (2024) · International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology · doi:10.5121/ijcsit.2024.16305 · Cited by 7
Zhu, Z., Liu, Y., & Chen, Y. (2024) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings14082302 · Cited by 7
“Hue, value, and saturation in colors affect perception, emotional responses, and behavioral intentions [46–49].”
Gu, L., Dimitrov, A., Knöll, M., & Roe, J. J. (2024) · Environment and Planning B Urban Analytics and City Science · doi:10.1177/23998083241272100 · Cited by 7
“…cool colors (e.g., green and blue) are associated with calmness, relaxation, and comfort, indicating low arousal and pleasure, while warm colors (e.g., red and orange) are related to stimulation, stress, and anxiety, signifying high arousal (Valdez and Mehrabian, 1994; Yildirim et al., 2011).”
Impact of color hues on arousal, concentration, and visual attention in digital platforms
Ladeira, W. J., Rasul, T., Jafar, S. H., Balaji, M. S., Santini, F. D. O., & Zaman, M. (2025) · Journal Of Vacation Marketing · doi:10.1177/13567667251340408 · Cited by 7
Text-to-image models reveal specific color-emotion associations
Alvarado, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1593928 · Cited by 7
“Valdez and Mehrabian (1994) found that saturation positively correlated with dominance, while brightness negatively correlated, with weak associations found for hue.”
InfluentialDehan, J., Li, W., Wang, X., JIANG, Y., Xia, G., & Yu, L. (2025) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113609 · Cited by 8
Designing and Prototyping Drones for Emotional Support
Fartook, O., Oron-Gilad, T., & Cauchard, J. R. (2023) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1145/3568294.3580079 · Cited by 7
Shen, T., Wang, J., & Fu, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1201559 · Cited by 8
“Color and mood are interconnected concepts (Valdez and Mehrabian, 1994), and even colors within the same scheme can elicit different emotional responses (Naz and Epps, 2004).”
BackgroundSteinhaeusser, S. C., Zehe, A., Schnetter, P., Andreas Hotho, A., & Lugrin, B. (2024) · Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces · doi:10.1007/s12193-024-00429-w · Cited by 7
“Commonly understood colors are red depicting anger, violet for sadness, yellow indicating joy, and green resembling fear [89].”
The emotional valence of a conflict: implications from synesthesia
Perry, A., & Henik, A. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00978 · Cited by 7
“Taking into account that colors possess an emotional meaning also for the non-synesthete population (Adams and Osgood, 1973; Valdez and Mehrabian, 1994), one can only assume the enhanced emotionality of colors exists for a wider range of synesthetes who experience their world through colors.”
Key Color Generation for Affective Multimedia Production
Kim, E. A., & Suk, H. (2016) · ACM International Conference on Multimedia (ACM MM) · doi:10.1145/2964284.2964323 · Cited by 7
“Similarly, the study of Valdez and Mehrabian [38] reported that saturation and brightness evidenced the strong and consistent effects on emotions.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEmotion-Inspired Painterly Rendering
Lee, J.-H., Choi, J., & Seo, S. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.2999460 · Cited by 7
Nissen, A. (2020) · Lecture notes in information systems and organisation · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-60073-0_1 · Cited by 7
Modelling and predicting an individual’s perception of advertising appeal
Ishikawa, Y., Kobayashi, A., & Kamisaka, D. (2021) · User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction · doi:10.1007/s11257-020-09287-z · Cited by 10
Visual representations of SARS‐CoV ‐2, emotions, and risk perception of COVID ‐19
Li, N., Molder, A. L., & Yang, S. (2022) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.496 · Cited by 7
“Decades of research showed that colors are frequently associated with emotions of various valence and strength.(11,12) The effects of color on emotions are primarily caused by hue and can be explained by the color-meaning associations.”
BackgroundWang, S., Liu, J., Liu, S., Yin, B., Jian, J., & Lan, J. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3190386 · Cited by 7
Color assignment optimization for categorical data visualization with adjacent blocks
Li, K., Li, J., Sun, Y., Li, C., & Wang, C. (2023) · Journal of Visualization · doi:10.1007/s12650-022-00905-z · Cited by 7
“For example, color can be used to convey emotional information Valdez and Mehrabian (1994).”
BackgroundColour matters: An exploratory study of the role of colour in clothing consumption choices
Durrani, M., & Niinimäki, K. (2021) · Clothing Cultures · doi:10.1386/cc_00054_1 · Cited by 7
Colour From the Perspective of Hadith: an Overview
Nazri, M. K. N. Z., Khair, N. S. H., Yusoff, A. B. M., Razzak, M. M. A., Nazri, N. J. Z., & Ishak, M. M. (2015) · SHS Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/shsconf/20151804005 · Cited by 7
Affecticon: Emotion-Based Icons for Music Retrieval
Yoo, M., & Lee, I. (2011) · IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications · doi:10.1109/mcg.2011.36 · Cited by 7
Affective music recommendation system using input images
Sasaki, S., Hirai, T., Ohya, H., & Morishima, S. (2013) · ACM SIGGRAPH Posters · doi:10.1145/2503385.2503484 · Cited by 7
Understanding the Effect of Architectural and Environmental Features on Human Behavior
Durante, A., Rivers, E., Beane, G., & Chau, R. (2017) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-60492-3_49 · Cited by 7
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Speech Emotion Recognition Based on Joint Self-Assessment Manikins and Emotion Labels
Chen, J., Chang, P., & Liang, K.-W. (2019) · IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia (ISM) · doi:10.1109/ism46123.2019.00073 · Cited by 7
“On the other hand, the emotional dimension model is based on different essences of emotions represented by differences in degree, the general model includes Valence and Arousal dimensions, as well as more dimensions of the model like the Plutchik model [1], PAD emotional state model [2] and so on.”
BackgroundThe Power of Colour on Content: Associations, Evoked by Simple and Complex Pictures
Kuzinas, A. (2013) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.763 · Cited by 7
Do Web Atmospherics Affect PurchaseIntention? The Role of Color and Product Display
Putri, K. D., & Balqiah, T. E. (2017) · GATR Journal of Management and Marketing Review · doi:10.35609/jmmr.2017.2.2(12 · Cited by 7
In Search of Dominance: The Case of the Missing Dimension
Stamps, A. E. (2005) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.100.2.559-566 · Cited by 7
Deciphering the myths of engagement with destination short video: the perspective of modality
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“Colors used in apps are a critical component in their universality, accessibility, and usability as research shows that certain colors are associated with specific emotions [21].”
BackgroundThe social side of color: How social exclusion influences preferences for color combination
Kwon, M., Jeon, E., & Han, Y. (2024) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.22002 · Cited by 7
“In particular, considerable attention has been paid to psychological and behavioral reactions to warm and cold colors (Bagchi & Cheema, 2013; Elliot & Maier, 2012,2014;Labrecque &Milne,2012;Valdez& Mehrabian,1994).”
Visual Communication in PowerPoint Presentations in Applied Linguistics
Kamalvand, A. (2015) · TechTrends · doi:10.1007/s11528-015-0903-5 · Cited by 6
Impact of sensory marketing on consumer behavior
Baltezarević, I. (2020) · Bastina · doi:10.5937/bastina30-25613 · Cited by 6
Analyzing Images for Music Recommendation
Baijal, A., Agarwal, V., & Hyun, D. (2021) · International Conference on Consumer Electronics · doi:10.1109/icce50685.2021.9427619 · Cited by 6
“We use gradient descent with warm restarts (SGDR) [30] as our learning rate policy for all our models (including the baseline models).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTowards the automatic restructuring of structural aesthetic design of Android user interfaces
Bessghaier, N., Soui, M., & Ghaibi, N. (2021) · Computer Standards & Interfaces · doi:10.1016/j.csi.2021.103598 · Cited by 6
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Color associations in landscape design and subscription levels to these associations
Eren, E. T., Alpak, E. M., & Düzenli, T. (2022) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-022-20819-5 · Cited by 8
“In addition to creating emotions of well-being, pleasure, peace, contrast, excitement, and energy in a space, colors could also lead to perceptions such as warm or cold, light or dark, and happiness or sadness (Valdez and Mehrabian 1994; Hanada 2018; Ou et al.”
BackgroundImage Recommendation System Based on Environmental and Human Face Information
Won, H.-M., Heo, Y. S., & Kwak, N. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23115304 · Cited by 6
“Valdez et al. (1994) identified specific colors as the most and least pleasant, highlighting the subjective nature of color perception [37].”
BackgroundChiamulera, C., Benvegnù, G., Piva, A., & Paolone, G. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105648 · Cited by 6
“Patients ’ preference is for paintings depicting nature scenes with specific colors: nature scenes are often dominated by blues and greens, colors that have been shown to elicit more pleasure and less arousal than reds and yellows (Jacobs and Hustmyer, 1974; Valdez and Mehrabian, 1994).”
BackgroundMood from painting: Estimating the mood of painting by using color image scale
Kang, D., Shim, H., & Yoon, K. (2015) · Korea-Japan Joint Workshop on Frontiers of Computer Vision · doi:10.1109/fcv.2015.7103707 · Cited by 6
“A Color Image Scale is one of useful resources for allowing designer the expression of mood through the color combination.”
BackgroundBao, S., Shiokawa, Y., SUZUKI, S., & Yamanaka, T. (2018) · International Journal of Affective Engineering · doi:10.5057/ijae.ijae-d-17-00029 · Cited by 7
Communicating Emotional State and Personality with Eye-color and Light Intensity
Tärning, B., Tjøstheim, T. A., & Johansson, B. (2019) · International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction (HAI) · doi:10.1145/3349537.3352769 · Cited by 6
“Previous research have shown that colors affects us in emotional ways [8].”
BackgroundJang, H. S., Yoo, E., Kim, J. H., Jeong, S. J., Kim, J. S., & Ryu, D. Y. (2020) · Journal of people, plants, and environment · doi:10.11628/ksppe.2020.23.5.521 · Cited by 6
Robots can defuse high-intensity conflict situations
Frederiksen, M. R., & Støy, K. (2020) · IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) · doi:10.1109/iros45743.2020.9341226 · Cited by 6
“Valdez and Mehrabian 1994 also found that blue-green, and green were the most arousing colors which match the intended affective status for the robot [21].”
BackgroundA Color Bar Based Affective Annotation Method for Media Player
Xu, C., Chen, L., & Chen, G. (2005) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/11610113_70 · Cited by 6
Identifying the human attention to different colors and intensities using P300
Bekdash, M., Asirvadam, V. S., Kamel, N., & Hutapea, D. K. Y. (2015) · IEEE International Conference on Signal and Image Processing Applications (ICSIPA) · doi:10.1109/icsipa.2015.7412249 · Cited by 6
“Moreover, different bands elicit different arousal levels and ERPs responses to greenyellow and blue-green are addressed to be the most arousing colors, whereas purple-blue and yellow-red are the least ones [9].”
BackgroundEmergence and early development of color vision and color perception
Bornstein, M. H. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107337930.008 · Cited by 6
Tan, J., Xu, M., Shang, L., & Jia, X. (2016) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-42911-3_41 · Cited by 6
Gaze Direction in a Virtual Environment Via a Dynamic Full-Image Color Effect
Smith, M., & McNamara, A. (2018) · IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR) · doi:10.1109/vr.2018.8446420 · Cited by 6
“In color psychology research, yellow-green has ranked lowest in pleasantness ratings [2], as the least popular hue [4], as the least preferred hue [9] and as the hue with the lowest-reported pleasure levels [10].”
BackgroundKo, M.-Y., Li, J.-L., & Lee, C.-C. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME) · doi:10.1109/icme.2019.00310 · Cited by 6
“The psychology of color shows that different colors can affect how people feel [20].”
BackgroundReduce Stress Through Empathic Machine to Improve HCI
Daher, K., Fuchs, M., Mugellini, E., Lalanne, D., & Khaled, O. A. (2020) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-44267-5_35 · Cited by 6
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Stylistic Features for Affect-Based Movie Recommendations
Tarvainen, J., Westman, S., & Oittinen, P. T. (2013) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-02714-2_5 · Cited by 6
“Arousal has been shown to decrease with image brightness and increase with saturation [27]; increase with the loudness and rate of speech [16]; increase with the loudness of music (including an increase in tense arousal) [8]; and increase with the intensity of the motion applied to still images [21].”
BackgroundInfluentialA Multi-method Approach to the Assessment of Web Page Designs
Westerman, S. J., Sutherland, E., Robinson, L., Powell, H. F., & Tuck, G. C. (2007) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-74889-2_27 · Cited by 6
Flavor visualization: Taste guidance in co-cooking system for coexistence
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“Colors have the basic attributes of color, brightness, and chroma, and based on the contrast of colors, kinetics, and images which have physical perceptible effects, symbolism of color schemes induce psychological connections [13].”
BackgroundAn emotionally intelligent user interface
Willis, M. (2007) · Australian Conference on Computer-Human Interaction (OzCHI) · doi:10.1145/1324892.1324928 · Cited by 6
Evaluation of FlowVR: a virtual reality game for improvement of depressive moodPreprint
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Blair, C., Wang, X., & Périn, C. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2024.3456361 · Cited by 5
“…and green) elicit more positive responses than intermediate hues (such as yellow-red and blue-green), which in turn elicit more positive responses than achromatic colors such as grey and black [28]; and that bright colors are associated with high valence and saturated colors with high arousal [64].”
BackgroundColor Saturation and Perceived Sensory Intensity: An Account of Psychological Proximity
Ketron, S. C., Labrecque, L. I., Sohn, S., & Yazdanparast, A. (2025) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.70021 · Cited by 5
“…than less saturated colors (Caivano 1994), are perceived as more lively and pleasant than dull colors and are therefore associated with eliciting emotions (Valdez and Mehrabian 1994; Wilms and Oberfeld 2018) and attracting greater attention than less saturated colors (Hagtvedt and Brasel 2017a).”
More saturated, better Performance: How color saturation affects product performance perception
Huang, Z., Dai, X., & Wang, L. (2025) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2025.104477 · Cited by 5
Yu, Y., Wang, X., Huang, J., & Tan, Y. (2025) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.25300/misq/2025/17965 · Cited by 6
Febbraio, F., Collina, S., Lepida, C., & Kourtesis, P. (2025) · Virtual Worlds · doi:10.3390/virtualworlds4040045 · Cited by 5
“Warm hues such as red and yellow are typically linked with heightened arousal and dominance, whereas cooler hues such as blue and green tend to foster calm-ness, pleasure, and reduced stimulation [1–5].”
InfluentialEremenko, J. A., Kosonogov, V., Aksiotis, V., Moiseeva, V., Obukhova, A., Godovanets, A. A., Zinchenko, O. O., Klucharev, V. A., & Шестакова, А. Н. (2025) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2025.1635673 · Cited by 5
“Some articles (Gao et al., 2007; Suk and Irtel, 2010; Valdez and Mehrabian, 1994) have shown that color saturation has a greater influence on human emotions than hue.”
Inorganic Green Pigments Based on LaSr2AlO5
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Orientation: Seeing and Sensing Rhetorically
Poole, M. (2020) · Western Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/10570314.2020.1760341 · Cited by 5
Kim, Y., & Lee, S. (2022) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440221093327 · Cited by 6
“Finally, pleasure, arousal , and dominance , which designate the affections from a given photo, were calculated using the formula in the work of Valdez and Mehrabian (1994).”
MethodAn intelligent conversational agent for educating the general public about HIV
Moreno, J. C., Sánchez-Anguix, V., Alberola, J. M., Julián, V., & Botti, V. J. (2023) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2023.126902 · Cited by 7
Special collection: Color and emotion
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Cuculo, V., Lanzarotti, R., & Boccignone, G. (2015) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-23231-7_19 · Cited by 5
“Thus, it is a continuous latent space and a suitable representation is provided by the PAD space proposed by Mehrabian and Russell [21].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHow visual background motion and task difficulty modulate players’ performance in a shooting task
Caroux, L., Bigot, L. L., & Vibert, N. (2015) · Displays · doi:10.1016/j.displa.2015.01.002 · Cited by 5
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“D'Andrade and Egan (1974), Smets (1982), Valdez and Mehrabian (1994), and Gorn et al. (1997) believe that colours ’ emotional values are determined primarily with tones or by hue.”
Psychological, physiological, and phenomenological effects of colored light
Scott, J., & Theodorson, J. (2019) · SHS Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/shsconf/20196401001 · Cited by 5
Kim, Y., & Lee, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18083903 · Cited by 6
“Finally, affections from the PAD model were used to calculate (9) pleasure, (10) arousal, and (11) dominance based on the formula (1) from previous research [75].”
MethodAnxiety biases audiovisual processing of social signals
Heffer, N., Karl, A., Jicol, C., Ashwin, C., & Petrini, K. (2021) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113346 · Cited by 5
Does food recognition depend on color?
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“Color can evoke particular emotions (Kaya & Epps, 2004), although the specific effect depends on context (a pleasant color for a shirt may not be pleasant on a plate; Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994).”
Invariance of equilibrium to the strategy method II: experimental evidence
Chen, D. L., & Schonger, M. (2023) · Journal of the Economic Science Association · doi:10.1007/s40881-023-00146-2 · Cited by 5
“In color psychology, red tends to lead to feelings of excitement, while purple tends to calm (Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994; Elliot & Maier, 2014).”
BackgroundLakens, D. (2011) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.848 · Cited by 5
A Novel Affective Visualization System for Videos Based on Acoustic and Visual Features
Niu, J., Su, Y., Mo, S., & Zhu, Z. (2016) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-51814-5_2 · Cited by 5
“Four visual features including: (1) Darkness ratio and brightness ratio extracted in the HSV (Hue-Saturation-Value) color space according to the value of V (Value) dimension, (2) Saturation, which has strong effects on emotions [18], is the average saturation of all frames.”
MethodThe importance of colour on the communication of financial data in management
Leong, K., Sung, A., Williams, T., Andoniou, C., & Sun, F. (2019) · Journal of Work-Applied Management · doi:10.1108/jwam-06-2019-0013 · Cited by 5
Relationship between album cover design and music genres
Dorochowicz, A., & Kostek, B. (2019) · Signal Processing: Algorithms, Architectures, Arrangements, and Applications · doi:10.23919/spa.2019.8936738 · Cited by 5
“Color psychology deals with the study of how color affects a person [20,21,22,23].”
BackgroundA Novel Video Parsing Algorithm Utilizing the Pleasure-Arousal-Dominance Emotional Information
Arifin, S., & Cheung, P. Y. K. (2007) · Proceedings - International Conference on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/icip.2007.4379589 · Cited by 5
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“Show Me!” The Informativeness of Images in Firms’ Annual ReportsPreprint
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Color in Urban Public Spaces: A Systematic Review for Evidence-Based Design
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An image-based investigation on color associations among 100 Chinese emotion words
Dou, J., & Zhang, Z. (2024) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2024.2420708 · Cited by 4
“Previous studies suggest that the degree of saturation may be more closely correlated with arousal rather than brightness (Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994; Simons, 2011).”
Marczak-Czajka, A., Redgrave, T., Mitcheff, M., Villano, M. A., & Czajka, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1509392 · Cited by 6
Cardamone, E., Miceli, G. “., & Raimondo, M. A. (2025) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.22180 · Cited by 5
Peng, L., Peng, Y., Luo, H., & Deng, Y. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0285853 · Cited by 4
“For instance, brighter colors with high saturation are more arousing than dull colors with low saturation, and certain hues of color, such as orange, are more arousing than other hues, such as blue [26].”
BackgroundGuan, L., Shi, W., Li, Q., Oktavianus, J., & Wu, M. (2023) · Color Research & Application · doi:10.1002/col.22904 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Valdez, P., & Mehrabian, A.
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
- Published
- 1994
- Volume
- 123
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 394-409
- ISSN
- 0096-3445 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2222
- OpenAlex
- W4319308497
- Cited by
- 1,104
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 94 · 2025: 82 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 83 · 2020: 80 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 56 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 33
- FWCI
- 4.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology General (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Color perception and design
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Aesthetic Perception and Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Color Science and Applications
- Keywords
- color, emotions, color psychology
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