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Effects of color on emotions.
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“Moreover, bright and saturated colors are more stimulating and pleasurable than grayscales (e.g., Guilford & Smith, 1959; Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994; Wright & Rainwater, 1962).”
From Is life brighter when your phone is not? The efficacy of a grayscale smartphone intervention addressing digital well-being (2024) · cites this paper as Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994
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Реди, М., Quercia, D., Graham, L. T., & Gosling, S. D. (2021) · Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media · doi:10.1609/icwsm.v9i1.14617 · Cited by 20
Soft robotic shell with active thermal display
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Crossmodal Correspondence between Music and Ambient Color Is Mediated by Emotion
Hauck, P., von Castell, C., & Hecht, H. (2022) · Multisensory Research · doi:10.1163/22134808-bja10077 · Cited by 20
The Role of Colours in Interior Design of Liveable Spaces
Enwin, A. D., Ikiriko, T. D., & Jonathan-Ihua, G. O. (2023) · European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences · doi:10.59324/ejtas.2023.1(4).25 · Cited by 20
“O'Connor, Cliff, and Bell (2018) and Valdez and Mehrabian (1994) demonstrated that different colors have distinct effects on individuals' mood.”
BackgroundPsychology and Neurobiology of Horror Movies
Nummenmaa, L. (2024) · Projections · doi:10.3167/proj.2024.180203 · Cited by 27
Personal Aesthetics for Soft Biometrics
Segalin, C., Perina, A., & Cristani, M. (2014) · INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MULTIMODAL INTERACTION · doi:10.1145/2663204.2663259 · Cited by 20
“Emotion-based 3 Amount of Pleasure, Arousal, Dominance [11, 22]”
Ciunova-Shuleska, A. (2012) · Journal of East-West Business · doi:10.1080/10669868.2012.706869 · Cited by 20
“According to Verplanken and Herabadi (2001), all impulse buying variables can be categorized in four groups: person-related, product-related, shopping- and environment-related, and situational variables.”
BackgroundGray, W. A., Kesten, K. S., Hurst, S., & Anderko, L. (2012) · HERD Health Environments Research & Design Journal · doi:10.1177/193758671200500306 · Cited by 20
“Design team members recommended that the paint color be a medium to light shade of blue because of its calming effect (Kaya & Crosby, 2006; Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994), common use in patient rooms, the room dimensions, and the lighting scheme.”
BackgroundThe effects of happiness types and happiness congruity on game app advertising and environments
Chou, H., & Wang, S. S. (2016) · Electronic Commerce Research and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.elerap.2016.09.001 · Cited by 21
“The pleasure-arousal-dominance emotion model (Valdez and Mehrabian, 1994) was developed to investigate emotional reactions to color hue, saturation, and lightness; red was considered ‘‘exciting” and ‘‘stimulating,” implying pleasure and high arousal, while blue was considered ‘‘secure/comfortable”…”
BackgroundEmpathic Avatars in Stroke Rehabilitation: A Co-designed mHealth Artifact for Stroke Survivors
Aljaroodi, H. M., Adam, M. T. P., Chiong, R., Cornforth, D. J., & Minichiello, M. (2017) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-59144-5_5 · Cited by 21
Landscape preferences of a children’s hospital by children and therapists
Allahyar, M., & Kazemi, F. (2021) · Urban forestry & urban greening · doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2021.126984 · Cited by 20
Pairing colours in residential architecture for different interior types
Ulusoy, B., Olguntürk, N., & Aslanoğlu, R. (2021) · Color Research & Application · doi:10.1002/col.22640 · Cited by 20
“These results agree with the previous studies' results.(14,22,34) Ulusoy et al(22) stated that single interior wall colours' meanings are affected by hue, saturation, and brightness.”
ResultTowards a user-oriented thesaurus for non-domain-specific image collections
Yoon, J. (2009) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2009.03.004 · Cited by 20
Correlation-Based Feature Selection and Regression
Cui, Y. J., Jin, J. S., Zhang, S., Luo, S., & Tian, Q. (2010) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-15702-8_3 · Cited by 19
“However, psychological studies on color have shown that valence is strongly correlated to brightness while arousal is strongly correlated to saturation [5].”
BackgroundYang, M. (2020) · Color Research & Application · doi:10.1002/col.22484 · Cited by 19
Shaping film: A quantitative formal analysis of contemporary empathy-eliciting Hollywood cinema.
Lankhuizen, T., Bálint, K., Savardi, M., Konijn, E., Bartsch, A., & Benini, S. (2020) · Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts · doi:10.1037/aca0000356 · Cited by 18
“Previous research has established that a high shot rate (or high pacing) and fast motion are associated with arousal, as are brightness and saturation (Detenber & Lang, 2011; Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994).”
BackgroundBonnet, J., & McAlexander, B. (2013) · The Journal of Academic Librarianship · doi:10.1016/j.acalib.2012.11.025 · Cited by 20
“Interestingly, while the color blue is consistently given favorable ratings in studies of color perception outside of the clothing context (Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994; Madden et al., 2000), the Roberts et al. study did not fi nd a strong effect of this color on perceptions of target attractiveness.”
Martin-Salerno, A. (2009) · Recherche et Applications en Marketing (French Edition) · doi:10.1177/076737010902400104 · Cited by 19
Arifin, S., & Cheung, P. Y. K. (2007) · IEEE International Conference on Semantic Computing (ICSC) · doi:10.1109/icsc.2007.22 · Cited by 19
The Power of Color: A Study on the Effective Use of Colored Light in Human-Robot Interaction
Portner, A., Schroder, L., Rasch, R., Sprute, D., Hoffmann, M., & Koenig, M. (2018) · IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) · doi:10.1109/iros.2018.8594231 · Cited by 19
“[3] reveal that red color tones are associated with both happiness and anger, other studies yield associations between blue and positive feelings [4], [5] as well as calm and sad emotions [3].”
BackgroundSchietecat, A. C., Lakens, D., IJsselsteijn, W. A., & de Kort, Y. A. W. (2018) · Collabra Psychology · doi:10.1525/collabra.110 · Cited by 20
“Brighter colors as opposed to darker colors are perceived as more positive than active (Adams & Osgood, 1973; Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994).”
BackgroundFernández-Rodríguez, Á., Velasco-Álvarez, F., Medina-Juliá, M. T., & Ron-Angevín, R. (2019) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ab386d · Cited by 19
“The green colour has been associated with relatively high levels of arousal and valence (Valdez and Mehrabian 1994).”
BackgroundMusic video affective understanding using feature importance analysis
Cui, Y. J., Jin, J. S., Zhang, S. S., Luo, S., & Tian, Q. (2010) · ACM International Conference on Image and Video Retrieval (CIVR) · doi:10.1145/1816041.1816074 · Cited by 19
“[12, 14] illustrated the importance of hue, saturation and value (HSV) color space to emotion influence based on psychological studies.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe role of dish gardens on the physical and neuropsychological improvement of hospitalized children
Yar, M. A., & Kazemi, F. (2020) · Urban forestry & urban greening · doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126713 · Cited by 18
Sharma, M., & Peng, Y. (2023) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2023.2175635 · Cited by 18
“Seemingly, this might contradict some previous findings that brightness and saturation often lead to positive emotional reactions (Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994), or that saturation is often associated with a more positive evaluation of food products (Kunz et al., 2020; Tijssen et al., 2017).”
BackgroundResultKätsyri, J., Ravaja, N., & Salminen, M. (2011) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2011.08.007 · Cited by 18
Frühholz, S., Fehr, T., & Herrmann, M. (2009) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.03.017 · Cited by 19
Hang, C. N., & Ho, S. (2025) · IEEE Integrated STEM Education Conference (ISEC) · doi:10.1109/isec64801.2025.11147254 · Cited by 17
“Research in color psychology suggests that cool tones are generally perceived as calming and may help maintain focus, thereby enhancing the overall educational experience [24]-[25].”
Extrapolating continuous color emotions through deep learning
Ram, V., Schaposnik, L. P., Konstantinou, N., Volkan, E., Papadatou-Pastou, M., Manav, B., Jonauskaitė, D., & Möhr, C. (2020) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.2.033350 · Cited by 17
Discrimination and Stereotypical Responses to Robots as a Function of Robot Colorization
Barfield, J. K. (2021) · ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization (UMAP) · doi:10.1145/3450614.3463411 · Cited by 17
“[1] evaluated participant’s emotional reactions to color and found, among others, that blue, blue-green, green, red-purple, purple, and purple-blue were evaluated by subjects as the most pleasant hues; whereas, yellow and green-yellowwere evaluated as the least pleasant.”
BackgroundOh, J., Lee, H., & Park, H. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18179136 · Cited by 17
“Regarding brightness, Valdez and Mehrabia verified that the higher the brightness, the more effective it is in stimulating arousal [64], and Zielinski verified that arousal is affected by high brightness only with colors of high saturation [66].”
BackgroundMothers’ accounts of the impact of being in nature on postnatal wellbeing: a focus group study
Hall, K. S., Evans, J., Roberts, R., Brown, R., Barnes, C. R., & Turner, K. M. (2023) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-023-02165-x · Cited by 18
“This is in contrast to the grey colours of urban scenes which trigger more negative emotions [56].”
BackgroundResultTheory to practice: Pleasure‐Arousal‐Dominance (PAD) theory for architectural color design
Divers, E. (2023) · Color Research & Application · doi:10.1002/col.22847 · Cited by 17
Yazdanparast, A., & Ketron, S. C. (2023) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114085 · Cited by 17
The informational role of imagery in financial decision making: A new approach
Ronen, J., Ronen, T., Zhou, M., & Gans, S. E. (2023) · Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jbef.2023.100851 · Cited by 22
Liu, B., & Wang, C. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2338659 · Cited by 18
“Nevertheless, high saturation colors still have positive effects when used in small, emphasized, or transitional areas, assuaging negative emotions in humans (Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994).”
How the characteristics of street color affect visitor emotional experience
Qi, Z., Li, J., Yang, X., & He, Z. (2025) · Computational Urban Science · doi:10.1007/s43762-025-00167-z · Cited by 17
Analysis of relationships between mood and color for different musical preferences
Moon, C.-B., Kim, H.-S., Lee, H. A., & Kim, B. M. (2013) · Color Research & Application · doi:10.1002/col.21806 · Cited by 17
An Examination of Police Department Uniform Color and Police–Citizen Aggression
Johnson, R. R. (2012) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854812456644 · Cited by 17
“…color that carries a strong social implication, usually associated with malevolence, aggression, and death (Adams & Osgood, 1973; Frank & Gilovich, 1988; Scott & Luscher, 1969; Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994; Wexner, 1954; Williams, 1964; Williams & McMurty, 1970; Williams, Moreland, & Underwood, 1970).”
BackgroundDeep Sentiment Features of Context and Faces for Affective Video Analysis
Baecchi, C., Uricchio, T., Bertini, M., & Bimbo, A. D. (2017) · International Conference on Multimedia Retrieval · doi:10.1145/3078971.3079027 · Cited by 17
Schloss, K. B. (2018) · John Benjamins Publishing Company eBooks · doi:10.1075/z.217.06sch · Cited by 17
PENGGUNAAN WARNA DALAM DISAIN INTERIOR PERPUSTAKAAN TERHADAP PSIKOLOGIS PEMUSTAKA
Majidah, M., Hasfera, D., & Fadli, M. (2019) · RISTEKDIK Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling · doi:10.31604/ristekdik.2019.v4i2.95-106 · Cited by 17
Better alone than in bad company
Rossi, S., & Ruocco, M. (2019) · Interaction Studies Social Behaviour and Communication in Biological and Artificial Systems · doi:10.1075/is.18066.ros · Cited by 17
APSE: Attention-Aware Polarity-Sensitive Embedding for Emotion-Based Image Retrieval
Yao, X., Zhao, S., Lai, Y., She, D., Liang, J., & Yang, J. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Multimedia · doi:10.1109/tmm.2020.3042664 · Cited by 17
“In the past few years, visual emotion analysis has attracted increasing attention in the fields of both psychology [2], [3] and multimedia [4], [5].”
BackgroundFinlay, K., Marmurek, H. H. C., Kanetkar, V., & Londerville, J. (2007) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2007.03.002 · Cited by 17
Understanding travel influencers’ video on instagram: A transfer learning approach
Son, H., & Park, Y. E. (2025) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2025.105168 · Cited by 20
Calderón-Fajardo, V., Rodríguez‐Rodríguez, I., & Puig-Cabrera, M. (2025) · Information Technology & Tourism · doi:10.1007/s40558-025-00334-2 · Cited by 20
“Valdez and Mehrabian (1994) found that increased brightness is generally associated with higher arousal and more positive mood ratings, suggesting that brighter environments evoke feelings of well-being and contentment.”
Temporal Factor-Aware Video Affective Analysis and Recommendation for Cyber-Based Social Media
Niu, J., Wang, S., Su, Y., & Guo, S. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing · doi:10.1109/tetc.2017.2705341 · Cited by 16
“Saturation of a video segment is the average saturation of all frames in the video [44].”
BackgroundZhao, H., & Zhang, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01736 · Cited by 17
Pragya, S. U., Mehta, N. D., Abomoelak, B., Uddin, P., Veeramachaneni, P., Mehta, N., Moore, S., Jean‐Francois, M. N., Garcia, S. J., Pragya, S. C., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.607573 · Cited by 19
“Participants concentrated on a visualized green point on the forehead (as used in Jain Yoga; Mahapragya, 1995), since bright green is associated with attention arousal (Valdez and Mehrabian, 1994) and with the heart chakra (one of several psychic energy centers in the body regarded as the ultimate focal point linking…”
MethodThe Effects of White versus Coloured Light in Waiting Rooms on People’s Emotions
Zhang, Z., Mir, J. M. F., & Mateu, L. G. (2022) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings12091356 · Cited by 16
Colour Arousal Effect on Users’ Decision-Making Processes in the Warning Message Context
Silić, M., & Cyr, D. (2016) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-39399-5_10 · Cited by 17
“Colour affects our cognitive systems [6, 7], human perceptions, psychological and emotional reactions and ultimately, our behavioural intentions [8, 9].”
BackgroundMultimodal Analysis and Prediction of Latent User Dimensions
Wendlandt, L., Mihalcea, R. F., Boyd, R. L., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2017) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-67217-5_20 · Cited by 16
Scene-Aware Background Music Synthesis
Wang, Y., Liang, W. G., Li, W., Li, D., & Yu, L.-F. (2020) · ACM International Conference on Multimedia (ACM MM) · doi:10.1145/3394171.3413894 · Cited by 16
“Psychologists have found that human attention generally prioritizes emotional contents [45] and low-level features such as color [44].”
BackgroundHow to raise artwork prices using action rules, personalization and artwork visual features
Powell, L. B., Gelich, A., & Raś, Z. W. (2021) · Journal of Intelligent Information Systems · doi:10.1007/s10844-021-00660-x · Cited by 16
“Interestingly, this work determined that hue has a much less clear relationship with this scale (Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994).”
BackgroundPerceptions of electronic navigation displays
Lavie, T., & Oron-Gilad, T. (2012) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2011.639806 · Cited by 16
“logical outcomes such as anxiety or pleasure (Valdez and Mehrabian 1994).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialColor appearance and color connotation models for unrelated colors
Koo, B., & Kwak, Y. (2013) · Color Research & Application · doi:10.1002/col.21857 · Cited by 16
Mühlenbeck, C., Liebal, K., Pritsch, C., & Jacobsen, T. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139894 · Cited by 16
“Furthermore, research on the influence of colours on human emotions has suggested that a participant ’ s age [30] as well as saturation and brightness of the colour [31] play an important role in the association of a colour with an emotion.”
BackgroundInteraction design in smart textiles clothing and applications
Baurley, S. L. (2005) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1533/9781845690441.223 · Cited by 16
Looking on the Bright Side: Replicating the Association between Brightness and Positivity
Specker, E., & Leder, H. (2018) · Collabra Psychology · doi:10.1525/collabra.168 · Cited by 16
“Numerous studies have indicated a brightness-positivity association that applies cross-culturally (Adams & Osgood, 1973; Saito, 1996; Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994).”
BackgroundWang, J., Zhang, L., & Gou, A. (2020) · Color Research & Application · doi:10.1002/col.22487 · Cited by 16
Adaptive Music Therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease Using Virtual Reality
Byrns, A., Abdessalem, H. B., Cuesta, M., Bruneau, M., Belleville, S., & Frasson, C. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-49663-0_25 · Cited by 16
Impact of environment color on individual responses in public spaces of shopping malls
Yi, F., & Kang, J. (2020) · Color Research & Application · doi:10.1002/col.22478 · Cited by 15
“Compared to red-purple, green-yellow can significantly improve the sense of dominance [8].”
BackgroundCui, W., Li, Z., Xuan, X., Li, Q., Shi, L., Sun, X., Zhu, K., & Shi, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.855857 · Cited by 15
“In addition, the influence of saturation and brightness found was also further evidence of the relevant research results (58).”
BackgroundBrain activity characteristics of RGB stimulus: an EEG study
Khadir, A., Maghareh, M., Ghamsari, S. S., & Beigzadeh, B. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-46450-z · Cited by 22
Duradoni, M., Raimondi, T., Buttà, F., & Guazzini, A. (2023) · Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1155/2023/6653652 · Cited by 21
The influence of color on impulsiveness and arousal: Part 1 – Hue
Duan, Y., Rhodes, P. A., & Cheung, V. (2018) · Color Research & Application · doi:10.1002/col.22201 · Cited by 15
Skarlatidou, A., Wardlaw, J., Haklay, M., & Cheng, T. (2011) · Lecture notes in geoinformation and cartography · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-19143-5_13 · Cited by 15
“Emotional responses to colour are highly influenced by contexts of use ( Valdez and Mehrabian 1994 ).”
BackgroundContextual interference processing during fast categorisations of facial expressions
Frühholz, S., Trautmann-Lengsfeld, S. A., & Herrmann, M. (2011) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2010.516905 · Cited by 15
“The colour yellow, especially with strong saturation, is described as positively arousing (Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994) and with average colour weight but with high colour activity and colour heat (Ou et al., 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialIdentifying Emotions Aroused from Paintings
Lu, X. B., Sawant, N., Newman, M. G., Adams, R. B., Wang, J. Z., & Li, J. (2016) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46604-0_4 · Cited by 15
“Commonly used visual features included color [11, 12], texture [13], composition [14], and content of the image [15].”
BackgroundInfluence of Color in a Lactation Room on Users’ Affective Impressions and Preferences
Maldonado, J. L.-T., Llinares, C., Lluch, J. S., Abad, S. I., & Wijk, H. (2018) · HERD Health Environments Research & Design Journal · doi:10.1177/1937586718796593 · Cited by 17
Recognizing Induced Emotions With Only One Feature: A Novel Color Histogram-Based System
Mohseni, S. A., Wu, H. R., Thom, J. A., & Bab‐Hadiashar, A. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.2975174 · Cited by 15
Zhang, P., Fu, S., & Liu, X. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14063479 · Cited by 16
“Different colors can evoke distinct feelings and emotions [18,19].”
BackgroundModulating your speech rate: The effect of speech rate on crowdfunding performance
Yang, C., Zhi, Y., & Zhou, W. G. (2022) · Electronic Commerce Research and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.elerap.2022.101211 · Cited by 14
Servicescape design: balancing physical and psychological safety
Kumar, D. S., Nair, U. K., & Purani, K. (2023) · Marketing Intelligence & Planning · doi:10.1108/mip-06-2022-0259 · Cited by 14
Enjoying art: an evolutionary perspective on the esthetic experience from emotion elicitors
Serrao, F., Chirico, A., Gabbiadini, A., Gallace, A., & Gaggioli, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1341122 · Cited by 16
“Nevertheless, Valdez and Mehrabian (1994) found no significant correlation between hue and arousal if saturation and brightness are controlled for.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe psychology of colour preferences
Crozier, W. R. (1997) · Surface Coatings International · doi:10.1007/bf02693850 · Cited by 14
Understanding Colour Impact on Warning Messages
Silić, M. (2016) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/2851581.2892276 · Cited by 16
Predicting Interestingness of Visual Content
Demarty, C.-H., Sjöberg, M., Constantin, M. G., Duong, N. Q. K., Ionescu, B. E., Do, T.-T., & Wang, H. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57687-9_10 · Cited by 14
“The high-level features were grouped in several categories: emotion predicted from raw pixel values [66], complexity defined as the size of the compressed PNG image, novelty computed through a Local Outlier Factor [8] and a learning feature computed using a ν-SVR classifier with RBF kernel on the GIST features.”
MethodXia, T., Qi, Z., Shi, J., Zhang, M., & Luo, W. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00224 · Cited by 14
“As a basic dimension of human perception, color is ubiquitous in our surroundings, and plays a fundamental role in human perception and experience of the world (Valdez and Mehrabian, 1994; Müller et al., 2006; Bramão et al., 2011).”
BackgroundNeural substrates of emotional interference: A quantitative EEG study
Batabyal, T., Muthukrishnan, S. P., Sharma, R., Tayade, P., & Kaur, S. (2018) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2018.07.019 · Cited by 14
Dresp, B., & Reeves, A. (2020) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04375 · Cited by 14
“it color information to survival specific purposes (Dresp and Langley, 2006). In man, as the ultimate expression of this evolution, color perception is also linked to preferences, moods and emotions (Valdez and Mehrabian, 1994). In context dependent shape perception, color may compete with luminance contrast in resolv…”
BackgroundColor Theory in Experience Design
Kimmons, R. M. (2020) · doi:10.59668/36.3243 · Cited by 14
Bezaz, N., & Kacha, M. (2021) · International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management · doi:10.1108/ijrdm-01-2020-0024 · Cited by 14
Baniani, M. (2022) · Color Research & Application · doi:10.1002/col.22774 · Cited by 14
Innovator or collaborator? A cognitive network perspective to vision formation
Zasa, F. P., Verganti, R., & Bellis, P. (2022) · European Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1108/ejim-05-2021-0237 · Cited by 15
The colors of ideology: Chromatic isomorphism and political party logos
Casiraghi, M. C. M., Curini, L., & Cusumano, E. (2022) · Party Politics · doi:10.1177/13540688221080539 · Cited by 14
“Neuroscientists have paid extensive attention to the meanings attached to colors and their activation in the human brain, distinguishing between embodied and referential meanings (Elliot and Maier, 2012; Labrecque and Milne, 2012: 713; Valdez and Mehrabian, 1994).”
BackgroundHuman preference for individual colors
Palmer, S. E., & Schloss, K. B. (2010) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.849110 · Cited by 14
Mood lighting system reflecting music mood
Moon, C.-B., Kim, H.-S., Lee, D. W., & Kim, B. M. (2013) · Color Research & Application · doi:10.1002/col.21864 · Cited by 14
Quantitative Study of Music Listening Behavior in a Smartphone Context
Yang, Y., & Teng, Y.-C. (2015) · ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1145/2738220 · Cited by 14
“Moreover, while it is also possible to represent moods by emoticons, we chose to use hearts of different colors to represent user moods in this study [Valdez and Mehrabian 1994; Kaya and Epps 2004].”
MethodDevelopment of the Color Scale of Perceived Exertion: Preliminary Validation
Serafim, T. H. S., Tognato, A. C., Nakamura, P. M., Queiróga, M. R., Pereira, G., Nakamura, F. Y., & Kokubun, E. (2014) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/27.06.pms.119c28z5 · Cited by 14
Ecommerce interface colour and consumer decision making: Two routes of influence
Westerman, S. J., Sutherland, E., Gardner, P. H., Metcalfe, R., Nash, J. M., Palframan, S., & Woodburn, N. (2011) · Color Research & Application · doi:10.1002/col.20690 · Cited by 14
Affect-related influences on color perception
Robinson, M. D., Liu, T., & Bair, J. L. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107337930.033 · Cited by 14
Hori, S., Mori, K., Mashimo, T., & Seiyama, A. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2017.00321 · Cited by 14
“Effects of Stimuli (Lights and Sounds) on Emotional Change It is reported that the reddish color elicits negative feeling (Elliot and Maier, 2014) whereas blue and green colors have the most pleasant hues (Valdez and Mehrabian, 1994).”
BackgroundTowards Real-Time Detection and Mitigation of Driver Frustration using SVM
Zepf, S., Stracke, T., Schmitt, A., van de Camp, F., & Beyerer, J. (2019) · International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications · doi:10.1109/icmla.2019.00039 · Cited by 15
“The mapping was defined with respect to previous evidence that cold color themes were shown to have a potentially calming effect [17].”
BackgroundChromatic Scales on Our Eyes: How User Trust in a Website Can Be Altered by Color via Emotion
Pelet, J., Conway, C. M., Papadopoulou, P., & Limayem, M. (2013) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-37317-6_10 · Cited by 14
Drawing as a window to emotion with insights from tech-transformed participant images
Weng, H., Huang, L.-Y., Imcha, L., Huang, P., Yang, C., Lin, C., & Li, P. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-60532-6 · Cited by 13
“Firstly, previous studies have deepened our insight into the intricate relationship between colors and emotions 4–12 , which mostly echo the theory of arousal and valence 14 .”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialColor Perception and Attentional Load in Dynamic, Time-Constrained Environments
Hüttermann, S., Smeeton, N. J., Ford, P. R., & WILLIAMS, A. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02614 · Cited by 13
Multimodal Multitask Emotion Recognition using Images, Texts and Tags
Fortin, M. P., & Chaib-draa, B. (2019) · doi:10.1145/3326459.3329165 · Cited by 13
“Psychological studies showed that emotions can be evoked by high-level semantics but also by low-level features such as colors, contrasts, shapes, etc. [2, 24].”
BackgroundRanjgar, B., Azar, M. K., Sadeghi‐Niaraki, A., & Choi, S.-M. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2936896 · Cited by 13
“In [7] an idea is proposed in which three scales of pleasure, arousal, and dominance are used.”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Valdez, P., & Mehrabian, A.
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
- Published
- 1994
- Volume
- 123
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 394-409
- ISSN
- 0096-3445 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2222
- OpenAlex
- W4319308497
- Cited by
- 1,104
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 94 · 2025: 82 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 83 · 2020: 80 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 56 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 33
- FWCI
- 4.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology General (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Color perception and design
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Aesthetic Perception and Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Color Science and Applications
- Keywords
- color, emotions, color psychology
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