Cited by 1,104Color perception and designAesthetic Perception and AnalysisColor Science and Applications

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Effects of color on emotions.

Valdez, Patricia, Mehrabian, Albert·1994·Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

DOI 10.1037/0096-3445.123.4.394

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“Brightness, like lightness, is strongly associated with feelings of pleasure (Boyatzis & Varghese, 1994; Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994).”
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“In the physiological function, there was a strong relationship of colors with moods and behaviors (Küller, Ballal, Laike, Mikellides, & Tonello, 2006; Kurt & Osueke, 2014) due to the basic neurological stimulation as a form of specific brain responses (Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994).”
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“Other research suggests various aVective consequences of the colour red, including intermediate pleasantness ( Valdez and Mehrabian 1994 ) and anxiety (Profusek and Rainey 1987).”
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“and orange) are more arousing than short wavelength colors (such as green and blue) [ 7 ].”
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Background
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“…and content score are then combined into the EAV score using weights inferred from the variance and regression analysis in Valdez and Mehrabian [25], and Valtchanov [27], as follows: Scores of 40 or below represent a negative affective impact, while scores from 40–60 represent a neutral…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
A qualitative and quantitative study of color emotion using valence-arousal
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“[19] 214 70 CIELAB Lch 12 adjective pairs Cluster analysis No Suk [11] 36 37 CIELAB Lch VA dimension Correlation methods No Valdez and Mehrabian [12] 76/50/5 250/121/25 Munsell PAD dimension Regression analysis Yes”
BackgroundMethodResult
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“However, there are also some uncertainties regarding red light, such as it being more likely to induce arousal and negative emotional experiences (12), and to increase arousal levels and alertness (12–14).”
Background
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UTJECAJ VIZUALNIH PODRAŽAJA NA EMOCIJE U KREIRANJU KULTURNO-TURISTIČKIH DOŽIVLJAJA
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Spatial Cognition Effects of IVE Teaching Resources on Red-Green Color Blindness
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“A Color in IVE re ﬂ ects the spatial characteristics of teaching resources and virtual objects, which can play the role of spatial guidance, object recognition, and operation instruction (Valdez, 1994).”
Background
Enhancing Well-Being: A Comparative Study of Virtual Reality Chromotherapy Rooms with Static, Dynamic, and Empty Environments
Dastan, M., Ricci, M., Vangi, F., & Fiorentino, M. (2024) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24061732 · Cited by 8
“Previous studies demonstrated that the influence of water has proved to be an important trigger for humans, whether in natural or VR scenes [24–26].”
Background
The positive effect of blue luminescent pathways on urban park visitor’s affective states: A virtual reality online study measuring facial expressions and self-reports
Lanini-Maggi, S., Lanz, M., Hilton, C. W., & Fabrikant, S. I. (2024) · Environment and Planning B Urban Analytics and City Science · doi:10.1177/23998083241239383 · Cited by 8
“…language to express sadness, such as ‘ feeling blue ’ (Takei and Imaizumi, 2022), previous studies in colour psychology suggested that this colour is often associated with positive emotions for most of the surveyed people (Palmer and Schloss, 2010; Valdez and Mehrabian, 1994; Wexner, 1954).”
Investigating crossmodal correspondences between vibrotactile stimuli, colour, and emotions
Neto, I., Soares, I. B. D. O., Paiva, A., & Nicolau, H. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2025.103459 · Cited by 8
“Forinstance,accordingtoValdezandMehrabian[60], blue,green,andpurpleareassociatedwithhighlevelsofpleasure whereas yellow with the lowest levels of pleasure.”
Gaze direction and brightness can affect self-reported emotion
Zhang, X., Li, Q., & Zuo, B. (2014) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.04.004 · Cited by 7
Which color should i pick?
Bianchi, R. G., & Néris, V. P. D. A. (2015) · Brazilian Symposium on Human Factors in Computing Systems (IHC) · doi:10.1145/3148456.3148464 · Cited by 8
“V [9, 39] (desconsiderados - Regra Tem-se que cores mais brilhantes e mais saturadas são mais prazerosas (domínio Valência) e possuem correlação positiva com o domínio Excitação [39].”
Background
Hello darkness my old friend: preferences for darkness vary by neuroticism and co-occur with negative affect
Persich, M. R., Bair, J. L., Steinemann, B., Nelson, S., Fetterman, A. K., & Robinson, M. D. (2018) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2018.1504746 · Cited by 8
“…Michelle R. Persich michelle.persich@ndsu.edu *Supplementary materials for this project are available in Open Science Framework under the project name “Preferences for darkness vary by neuroticism and co-occur with negative affect”. stimuli (Clarke & Costall, 2008; Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994).”
BackgroundMethod
Colour and ergonomics: On the selection of a “colour of the year”
Heidarimoghadam, R., Mortezapour, A., Mosaferchi, S., & Dianat, I. (2019) · Color Research & Application · doi:10.1002/col.22415 · Cited by 8
Optimizing Alzheimer’s Disease Therapy Using a Neural Intelligent Agent-Based Platform
Abdessalem, H. B., Byrns, A., & Frasson, C. (2021) · International Journal of Intelligence Science · doi:10.4236/ijis.2021.112006 · Cited by 8
Do we always drink the same coffee? The effect of weight and colour on takeaway coffee perception
Sakarya, A., & Dörtyol, İ. T. (2021) · Young Consumers Insight and Ideas for Responsible Marketers · doi:10.1108/yc-03-2021-1292 · Cited by 10
What's in a Color? A neuropsycholinguistic study on the effect of colors on EEG brainwaves, immediate emotional responses, and English language vocabulary retention among Iranian young adults
Hosseini, S. F., & Ghabanchi, Z. (2022) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2022.101083 · Cited by 8
Human perceptual responses to multiple colors II : A study of the correlation between multiple colors and emotion
Wang, S., Yao, M., Liu, J., Jiang, Y., & Jiang, W. (2022) · Color Research & Application · doi:10.1002/col.22801 · Cited by 8
Augmented Happiness: Simple Color Changes Influence Users’ Conceptual Choices
Löffler, D., Paier, W., TORIIZUKA, T., Ikeda, M., & Hurtienne, J. (2015) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-22723-8_20 · Cited by 9
“Thus, it is likely that color affects psychological functioning in a similar way than related perceptual properties via the process of metaphorical mapping [16, 20].”
A Study on Color Emotion for Plastic Eyewear
Liang, C.-C., Chen, K., & Ho, C.-H. (2010) · Advanced concurrent engineering · doi:10.1007/978-0-85729-024-3_15 · Cited by 8
Film Mood and Its Quantitative Determinants in Different Types of Scenes
Tarvainen, J., Laaksonen, J. T., & Takala, T. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2018.2791529 · Cited by 8
“of still images have been shown to increase with saturation and decrease with brightness [18], and increase when motion is applied to a still image [20].”
Background
Asymmetric effect of context‐specific color priming on interpretation of ambiguous news articles
Choi, J., Lee, K. K., & Banerjee, P. (2019) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour · doi:10.1002/cb.1759 · Cited by 8

Authors: Valdez, P., & Mehrabian, A.
Venue: Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1994
Volume: 123
Issue: 4
Pages: 394-409
ISSN: 0096-3445 (ISSN-L)
1939-2222
DOI: 10.1037/0096-3445.123.4.394
OpenAlex: W4319308497
Cited by: 1,104
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 94 · 2025: 82 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 83 · 2020: 80 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 56 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 33
FWCI: 4.59
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Experimental Psychology General (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Color perception and design
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Aesthetic Perception and Analysis
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Color Science and Applications
Keywords: color, emotions, color psychology

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