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Effects of color on emotions.
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“Moreover, bright and saturated colors are more stimulating and pleasurable than grayscales (e.g., Guilford & Smith, 1959; Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994; Wright & Rainwater, 1962).”
From Is life brighter when your phone is not? The efficacy of a grayscale smartphone intervention addressing digital well-being (2024) · cites this paper as Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994
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On Store Design and Consumer Motivation
van Rompay, T. J. L., Dijkstra, K., Verhoeven, J. W. M., & van Es, A. F. (2011) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916511407309 · Cited by 98
“…1994 for a discussion on color dimensions) with people generally preferring cool (short-wavelength) colors, such as green and blue, to warm (high-wavelength) colors such as yellow and red (Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994; Whitfield & Wiltshire, 1990; Yildirim, Akalin-Baskaya, & Hidayetoglu, 2007).”
BackgroundMuseum Atmospherics: The Role of the Exhibition Environment in the Visitor Experience
Forrest, R. (2013) · Visitor Studies · doi:10.1080/10645578.2013.827023 · Cited by 97
“However, highly saturated (pure) colors of all hues are more arousing than their more muted counterparts and thus it has been suggested that red’s arousing properties may at least in part be due to the saturated shades generally used (Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994).”
BackgroundBuilding Emotional Machines: Recognizing Image Emotions Through Deep Neural Networks
Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S., Kim, S. J., & Lee, I. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Multimedia · doi:10.1109/tmm.2018.2827782 · Cited by 103
A Meta-analysis of the Uncanny Valley's Independent and Dependent Variables
Diel, A., Weigelt, S., & MacDorman, K. F. (2021) · ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction · doi:10.1145/3470742 · Cited by 102
“…disgusting [Curtis et al. 2011], or misaligned features [MacDorman & Chattopadhyay 2016], background [Łupkowski et al. 2019], color [Kennedy 2014; Valdez & Mehrabian 1994], morphing artifacts [MacDorman & Chattopadhyay 2016], realism [McDonnell et al. 2012], and size [Cesarei & Codispoti 2006].”
BackgroundUnveiling the multimedia unconscious
Cristani, M., Vinciarelli, A., Segalin, C., & Perina, A. (2013) · ACM International Conference on Multimedia (ACM MM) · doi:10.1145/2502081.2502280 · Cited by 94
“Emotion-based 3 Amount of Pleasure, Arousal, Dominance [28, 51]”
Visual performance of red luminescent solar concentrating windows in an office environment
Vossen, F. F., Aarts, M. M., & Debije, M. G. (2015) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.12.022 · Cited by 96
Zadeh, R. S., Eshelman, P., Setla, J., Kennedy, L., Hon, E., & Basara, A. (2017) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2017.09.011 · Cited by 103
“The findings associated the colors blue, blue-green, green, red-purple, purple, and purple-blue with pleasant feelings and associated yellow and green-yellow with less pleasant feelings (38).”
BackgroundInfluentialColour effects in green advertising
Lim, D., Baek, T. H., Yoon, S., & Kim, Y. (2020) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/ijcs.12589 · Cited by 109
The Physical Environment and Counseling: A Review of Theory and Research
Pressly, P. K., & Heesacker, M. (2001) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.2001.tb01954.x · Cited by 103
Wirtz, J., Mattila, A. S., & Tan, R. L. P. (2007) · International Journal of Service Industry Management · doi:10.1108/09564230710732876 · Cited by 95
When atmospherics lead to inferences of manipulative intent: Its effects on trust and attitude
Lunardo, R., & Mbengue, A. (2011) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.06.007 · Cited by 95
The bitter with the sweet: The taste/stress/temperament nexus
Dess, N. K., & Edelheit, D. (1998) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0511(98)00014-3 · Cited by 92
What Color Is Your Anger? Assessing Color-Emotion Pairings in English Speakers
Fugate, J. M. B., & Franco, C. L. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00206 · Cited by 106
Dew, R., Ansari, A., & Toubia, O. (2021) · Marketing Science · doi:10.1287/mksc.2021.1326 · Cited by 102
“For example, Valdez and Mehrabian (1994) found that of the three key color dimensions, saturation and lightness drive emotional responses along the pleasure, arousal, and dominance dimensions.”
BackgroundProgress on image analytics: Implications for tourism and hospitality research
Zhan, L., Cheng, M., & Zhu, J. (2023) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2023.104798 · Cited by 97
The effect of colors of e-commerce websites on consumer mood, memorization and buying intention
Pelet, J., & Papadopoulou, P. (2012) · European Journal of Information Systems · doi:10.1057/ejis.2012.17 · Cited by 93
“As Valdez & Mehrabian (1994), Lichtlé (2009), Camgöz et al (2002) and Gorn et al (2004) show about the brightness component of color, an experiment involving color should compare hue and brightness rather than warm and cold colors in order to understand what consumers recall and what influences…”
BackgroundHospitality servicescape effects on customer-employee interactions: A multilevel study
Kaminakis, K., Karantinou, K., Koritos, C., & Gounaris, S. P. (2018) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2018.11.013 · Cited by 101
Pink for Girls, Red for Boys, and Blue for Both Genders: Colour Preferences in Children and Adults
Jonauskaitė, D., Dael, N., Chèvre, L., Althaus, B., Tremea, A., Charalambides, L., & Möhr, C. (2018) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-018-0955-z · Cited by 101
Survey on visual sentiment analysis
Ortis, A., Farinella, G. M., & Battiato, S. (2020) · IET Image Processing · doi:10.1049/iet-ipr.2019.1270 · Cited by 92
“• Colour: mean saturation and brightness, 3D emotion representation by Valdez and Mehrabian [16], hue statistics, colourfulness measure according to [17], number of pixels of each of the 11 basic colours [79], Itten contrast [12], colour histogram designed by Wei-ning et al.”
BackgroundMethodRoughness perception: A multisensory/crossmodal perspective
Stefano, N. D., & Spence, C. J. (2022) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-022-02550-y · Cited by 107
“These findings apparently could not be explained in terms of emotional mediation, as previous literature suggested that colours that have been associated to rough sounds in the study, e.g., such as green and purple, elicit a pleasant effect on the beholder (e.g., Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994).”
ResultBanaei, M., Ahmadi, A., Gramann, K., & Hatami, J. (2019) · Frontiers of Architectural Research · doi:10.1016/j.foar.2019.07.005 · Cited by 91
“, 2014) and color (Valdez and Mehrabian, 1994; Wilms and Oberfeld, 2017), no comprehensive research exists on architectural forms and their impact on human emotions.”
BackgroundFemale consumers' evaluation of apparel quality: exploring the importance of aesthetics
de Klerk, H. D., & Lubbe, S. J. (2008) · Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management · doi:10.1108/13612020810857934 · Cited by 105
Jonauskaitė, D., Párraga, C. A., Quiblier, M., & Möhr, C. (2020) · i-Perception · doi:10.1177/2041669520902484 · Cited by 98
“…sadness in English, blue has been repeatedly associated with positive emotions (Adams & Osgood, 1973; Jonauskaite & Mohr, 2019; Kaya & Epps, 2004; Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994; Wexner, 1954) and is generally a liked colour (Eysenck, 1941; Jonauskaite, Dael, et al., 2019; Palmer & Schloss, 2010) in…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWilson, G., & Brewster, S. A. (2017) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3025453.3025614 · Cited by 103
“Visual Affective Feedback Outside of emoji ambiguity [26], research has looked at minimalist or abstract visual feedback designs, leveraging correlates of facial activity [44] or inherent psychological associations of colour to affective judgements [1,30,42,45].”
BackgroundJonauskaitė, D., & Möhr, C. (2025) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-024-02615-z · Cited by 142
Healthy package, healthy product? Effects of packaging design as a function of purchase setting
van Rompay, T. J. L., Deterink, F., & Fenko, A. (2016) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.06.001 · Cited by 99
Affective Recommendation of Movies Based on Selected Connotative Features
Canini, L., Benini, S., & Leonardi, R. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology · doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2012.2211935 · Cited by 88
“Previous work on affective response to colors proved that saturation and difference in colors are crucial for mood elicitation in subjects [36].”
BackgroundA Wearable Social Interaction Aid for Children with Autism
Washington, P. Y., Voss, C., Haber, N., Tanaka, S., Daniels, J., Feinstein, C., Winograd, T. A., & Wall, D. P. (2016) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/2851581.2892282 · Cited by 87
Human brain activity and emotional responses to plant color stimuli
Jang, H. S., Kim, J., Kim, K., & Pak, C. H. (2012) · Color Research & Application · doi:10.1002/col.21788 · Cited by 87
“In addition, yellow flowers appeared to improve concentration because RT increased when participants viewed them, and theta waves are dominant when people concentrate on internal experiences.(7) A psychological survey of adjectives suggested that the green stimuli suggested feelings of ease, the white and yellow stimu…”
BackgroundLighting to Make You Feel Better: Improving the Mood of Elderly People with Affective Ambiences
Kuijsters, A., Redi, J., de Ruyter, B., & Heynderickx, I. E. J. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0132732 · Cited by 86
“The lightness of a color was shown to increase arousal [15] and valence ratings [31].”
InfluentialEdwards, J. S., Hartwell, H. J., & Brown, L. (2013) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2013.04.004 · Cited by 86
Risk avoidance: Graphs versus numbers
Chua, H. F., Yates, J. F., & Shah, P. (2006) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03193417 · Cited by 87
The Power of Emotional Appeals in Advertising
Bülbül, C., & Menon, G. (2010) · Journal of Advertising Research · doi:10.2501/s0021849910091336 · Cited by 85
Continuous emotion detection in response to music videos
Soleymani, M., Koelstra, S., Patras, I., & Pun, T. (2011) · International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition · doi:10.1109/fg.2011.5771352 · Cited by 84
“Colors and their proportions are important parameters to elicit emotions [28].”
BackgroundMueller, M. L., & Dunlosky, J. T. (2016) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2016.10.008 · Cited by 91
What Twitter Profile and Posted Images Reveal about Depression and Anxiety
Guntuku, S. C., Preoțiuc-Pietro, D., Eichstaedt, J. C., & Ungar, L. (2019) · Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media · doi:10.1609/icwsm.v13i01.3225 · Cited by 87
Predicting Personality Traits with Instagram Pictures
Ferwerda, B., Schedl, M., & Tkalčič, M. (2015) · doi:10.1145/2809643.2809644 · Cited by 89
“As the filters on Instagram intend to create a certain expression, we adopted the PAD model of Valdez and Merhabian [16].”
MethodSentic Album: Content-, Concept-, and Context-Based Online Personal Photo Management System
Cambria, E., & Hussain, A. (2012) · Cognitive Computation · doi:10.1007/s12559-012-9145-4 · Cited by 82
“Specifically, the results of psychological experiments on emotional response to color [69], as well as work on color in art [35], will be used.”
BackgroundA Bayesian framework for video affective representation
Soleymani, M., Kierkels, J. J. M., Chanel, G., & Pun, T. (2009) · International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction and workshops · doi:10.1109/acii.2009.5349563 · Cited by 82
Schizophrenia and the Scaffolded Self
Krueger, J. W. (2018) · Topoi · doi:10.1007/s11245-018-9547-3 · Cited by 83
“There is evidence that color affects moods (Valdez and Mehrabian 1994), and that the tactile qualities of clothing (e.g., the fuzziness of a familiar sweater) may contribute to the release of chemicals that lower stress levels.”
BackgroundTrue colors: Consumers’ packaging choices depend on the color of retail environment
Martinez, L. M., Rando, B., Agante, L., & Abreu, A. M. (2020) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102372 · Cited by 82
Ainsworth, J., & Foster, J. K. (2016) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2016.11.005 · Cited by 89
Kim, Y., & Kim, J. H. (2018) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2018.07.005 · Cited by 80
6 Seconds of Sound and Vision: Creativity in Micro-videos
Реди, М., O’Hare, N., Schifanella, R., Trevisiol, M., & Jaimes, A. (2014) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2014.544 · Cited by 79
“We extract a set of frame level affective features, as implemented by Machajdik & Hanbury [17], namely Color names, Graylevel Contrast Matrix (GLCM) properties, Hue, Saturation and Brightness statistics, Level of Detail, and the Pleasure, Arousal, and Dominance values computed from HSV values [30] .”
MethodEmotion and colour across languages: implicit associations in Spanish colour terms
Soriano, C., & Valenzuela, J. (2009) · Social Science Information · doi:10.1177/0539018409106199 · Cited by 79
Carruthers, H., Morris, J., Tarrier, N., & Whorwell, P. (2010) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-10-12 · Cited by 90
“It has been suggested that differences in color saturation and brightness are associated with different emotional feelings[29] and it is possible that this could provide an Table 2 Comparison of’mood’ colour choice in the healthy, anxious and depressed volunteers for each permutation.”
BackgroundEmotion recognition by assisted learning with convolutional neural networks
He, X., & Zhang, W. (2018) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2018.02.073 · Cited by 78
Vaccine Images on Twitter: Analysis of What Images are Shared
Chen, T., & Dredze, M. H. (2018) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.8221 · Cited by 79
“We extracted five sets of color-based features to capture visual sentiment: (1) saturation: the mean and standard deviation of saturations; (2) brightness: the mean and standard deviation of brightness; (3) hue: the mean and angular dispersion, with and without saturation weighted; (4) dominant color: the most prevale…”
Jonauskaitė, D., Wicker, J. S., Möhr, C., Dael, N., Havelka, J., Παπαδάτου-Παστού, Μ., Zhang, M., & Oberfeld, D. (2019) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.190741 · Cited by 77
“The same observation applies to several previous studies interested in the link between colour and emotion, which analysed samples not balanced for gender (e.g. [21,25,29]), and often tested a relatively young (student) population (e.g. [21,25,29,59]).”
BackgroundResultAffective Visualization Design: Leveraging the Emotional Impact of Data
Lan, X., Wu, Y., & Cao, N. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2023.3327385 · Cited by 96
“For example, in the 1980s and 1990s, a significant amount of psychological research was done to investigate the relationship between color and emotion [83].”
BackgroundUsing Instagram Picture Features to Predict Users’ Personality
Ferwerda, B., Schedl, M., & Tkalčič, M. (2016) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27671-7_71 · Cited by 80
“As the filters Instagram users can apply to their pictures, are intended to create certain expressions, we adopted the PAD model of Valdez and Merhabian [31], which contains general rules of the expression of pleasure, arousal, and dominance in a picture, and models these as a combination of brightness (value) and sat…”
MethodEffects of spatial colors on guests’ perceptions of a hotel room
Siamionava, K., Slevitch, L., & Tomas, S. R. (2017) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2017.10.025 · Cited by 78
“Valdez and Mehrabian (1994) concluded colors with higher levels of brightness and saturation lead to higher pleasure levels in subjects, with brightness having a greater effect on the feeling of pleasure than saturation.”
BackgroundInfluentialRobust mouse tracking in complex environments using neural networks
Geuther, B. Q., Deats, S., Fox, K. J., Murray, S. A., Braun, R. E., White, J. K., Chesler, E. J., Lutz, C. M., & Kumar, V. (2019) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-019-0362-1 · Cited by 90
“During mouse behavioral assays, the arena background color is often changed depending on the animal ’ s coat color, potentially altering the behavior itself 3 – 5 .”
BackgroundSchifferstein, H. N. J., de Boer, A., & Lemke, M. (2021) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2021.104734 · Cited by 74
Hou, J.-R., Zhang, J., & Zhang, K. (2023) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.25300/misq/2022/17164 · Cited by 74
Voss, C., Washington, P. Y., Haber, N., Kline, A., Daniels, J., Fazel, A., De, T., McCarthy, B., Feinstein, C., Winograd, T. A., et al. (2016) · ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp) · doi:10.1145/2968219.2968310 · Cited by 73
“While computer-assisted in-place treatment systems have been studied for years [3, 15, 39], few strides have been made to bring the learning process of social interactivity away from the clinician’s office or flashcards and into daily life of patients.”
BackgroundThe meanings of colour: preferences among hues
Crozier, W. R. (1999) · Pigment & Resin Technology · doi:10.1108/03699429910252315 · Cited by 72
The aura of charisma: A review on the embodiment perspective as signaling
Reh, S., Quaquebeke, N. V., & Giessner, S. R. (2017) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.01.001 · Cited by 77
Understanding and Designing Avatar Biosignal Visualizations for Social Virtual Reality Entertainment
Lee, S., Ali, A. E., Wijntjes, M., & Cesar, P. S. (2022) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3491102.3517451 · Cited by 83
Predicting the Personal Appeal of Marketing Images Using Computational Methods
Matz, S., Segalin, C., Stillwell, D. J., Müller, S. R., & Bos, M. W. (2019) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcpy.1092 · Cited by 75
Jonauskaitė, D., Möhr, C., Antonietti, J., Spiers, P., Althaus, B., Anil, S., & Dael, N. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152194 · Cited by 70
“Yellow-green was not among the least preferred hues in our study, even though a number of previous studies identified chartreuse [15], green-brown [29] or yellow-green [48] as disliked or unpleasant colours.”
BackgroundLahath, A., Omar, N. A., Ali, M. H., Tseng, M., & Yazid, Z. (2021) · Sustainable Production and Consumption · doi:10.1016/j.spc.2021.06.008 · Cited by 80
Lee, D. G., Fels, D. I., & Udo, J. P. (2007) · Computers in entertainment · doi:10.1145/1279540.1279551 · Cited by 69
The semantic red effect: Processing the word red undermines intellectual performance
Lichtenfeld, S., Maier, M., Elliot, A. J., & Pekrun, R. H. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.06.003 · Cited by 68
Wan, X. I., Woods, A. T., Seoul, K.-H., Butcher, N. L., & Spence, C. J. (2014) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2014.07.004 · Cited by 70
Color preferences for different topics in connection to personal characteristics
Bakker, I., van der Voordt, D. J. M., Vink, P., de Boon, J., & Bazley, C. M. (2013) · Color Research & Application · doi:10.1002/col.21845 · Cited by 67
Physical appearance, attractiveness, and the mediating role of emotions
Mehrabian, A., & Blum, J. S. (1997) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-997-1013-0 · Cited by 67
Self-citationImpact of Colors on the Psychology of Marketing — A Comprehensive over View
Singh, N., & Srivastava, S. K. (2011) · Management and Labour Studies · doi:10.1177/0258042x1103600206 · Cited by 67
Hagtvedt, H. (2019) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21268 · Cited by 66
Understanding Affective Content of Music Videos through Learned Representations
Acar, E., Hopfgartner, F., & Albayrak, Ş. (2014) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04114-8_26 · Cited by 64
“, [18]) have shown that colors and their proportions are important parameters to evoke emotions.”
BackgroundColor Perception in Pediatric Patient Room Design: Healthy Children vs. Pediatric Patients
Park, J. G. “. (2009) · HERD · doi:10.1177/193758670900200302 · Cited by 63
The Anchor Contraction Effect in International Marketing Research
de Langhe, B., Puntoni, S., Fernandes, D. V. D. H., & van Osselaer, S. M. J. (2011) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1509/jmkr.48.2.366 · Cited by 63
“Colors are strongly associated with emotions (Valdez and Mehrabian 1994), as indicated by the common association of, for example, red with love and anger and blue with depression.”
BackgroundReynolds-McIlnay, R., Morrin, M., & Nordfält, J. (2017) · Journal of Retailing · doi:10.1016/j.jretai.2017.03.003 · Cited by 69
Elliot, A. J. (2018) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/gpr0000170 · Cited by 71
Buying Beauty for the Long Run: (Mis)predicting Liking of Product Aesthetics
Buechel, E. C., & Townsend, C. (2018) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucy002 · Cited by 62
“…saturated colors being more vivid, pure, bright, and colorful (i.e., they have higher chroma3; Küller, Mikellides, and Janssens 2009; Zielińki 2016), thus increasing their potential to alert and arouse an organism (Hagtvedt and Brasel 2017; Labreque and Milne 2012; Valdez and Mehrabian 1994).”
BackgroundEnvironmental Enclosure in Urban Settings
Stamps, A. E., & Smith, S. G. (2002) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/001391602237246 · Cited by 62
Kineticharts: Augmenting Affective Expressiveness of Charts in Data Stories with Animation Design
Lan, X., Shi, Y., Wu, Y., Jiao, X., & Cao, N. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2021.3114775 · Cited by 67
“For example, researchers have found that static factors such as color [88] and images [48] can be affective.”
BackgroundPichierri, M., & Pino, G. (2023) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21858 · Cited by 67
Put on that colour, it fits your emotion: Colour appropriateness as a function of expressed emotion
Dael, N., Perseguers, M.-N., Marchand, C., Antonietti, J., & Möhr, C. (2015) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2015.1090462 · Cited by 61
“Blue received highly positive ratings (Adams & Osgood, 1973; Valdez & Mehrabian, 1994), but was selected for both calm and sad faces (Palmer et al., 2013).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEffects of Art on Surgical Patients
Vetter, D., Barth, J., Uyulmaz, S., Uyulmaz, S., Vonlanthen, R., Belli, G., Montorsi, M., Bismuth, H., Witt, C. M., & Clavien, P. (2015) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0000000000001480 · Cited by 65
“Bright (illumination), saturated (vivid) colors of low hue (wavelength), like blue and green, however, elicit high levels of pleasure and low levels of arousal, and thereby may induce a state of calm.(86) This is supported by the observation that blue and green induce lower increase in heart rate and respiratory rate…”
ResultFill Up Your Senses: A Theory of Self-Worth Restoration through High-Intensity Sensory Consumption
Batra, R., & Ghoshal, T. (2017) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucx074 · Cited by 64
Blue lighting accelerates post-stress relaxation: Results of a preliminary study
Minguillón, J., López-Gordo, M. A., Renedo-Criado, D. A., Sanchez-Carrion, M. J., & Pelayo, F. J. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0186399 · Cited by 71
Visual interestingness in image sequences
Gräbner, H., Nater, F., Druey, M. D., & Gool, L. V. (2013) · ACM International Conference on Multimedia (ACM MM) · doi:10.1145/2502081.2502109 · Cited by 60
“Motivated by psychological findings, we proposed to use four different cues, and showed an effective way to combine them.”
MethodDo Colors Change Realities in Online Shopping?
Hsieh, Y.-C., Chiu, H.-C., Tang, Y.-C., & Lee, M. (2017) · Journal of Interactive Marketing · doi:10.1016/j.intmar.2017.08.001 · Cited by 59
“Research consistently reports significant positive relationships between saturation and viewers' perceptions (see Gorn et al. 1997; Valdez and Mehrabian 1994).”
BackgroundPredicting Users' Personality from Instagram Pictures
Ferwerda, B., & Tkalčič, M. (2018) · ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization (UMAP) · doi:10.1145/3209219.3209248 · Cited by 59
“As the filters on Instagram intend to create a certain expression, we adopted the PAD model of Valdez and Merhabian [35].”
MethodHow Color Properties Can Be Used to Elicit Emotions in Video Games
Geslin, E., Jégou, L., & Beaudoin, D. (2016) · International Journal of Computer Games Technology · doi:10.1155/2016/5182768 · Cited by 58
Çubukçu, E., & Kahraman, İ. (2008) · Color Research & Application · doi:10.1002/col.20436 · Cited by 57
The Influence of Physical State and Color on Perceived Sweetness
Alley, R. L., & Alley, T. R. (1998) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223989809599289 · Cited by 57
Color Hurts. The Effect of Color on Pain Perception
Wiercioch‐Kuzianik, K., & Bąbel, P. (2018) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pny285 · Cited by 57
Cho, E., & Hwang, J. (2020) · International Marketing Review · doi:10.1108/imr-12-2018-0351 · Cited by 55
Olsen, N. V., Velasco, C., & Kraggerud, H. (2022) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2022.104742 · Cited by 66
The Role of Light and Music in Gambling Behaviour: An Empirical Pilot Study
Spenwyn, J., Barrett, D., & Griffiths, M. D. (2009) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-009-9226-0 · Cited by 55
Color associations with different building types: An experimental study on American college students
Kaya, N., & Crosby, M. (2005) · Color Research & Application · doi:10.1002/col.20174 · Cited by 55
Effects of Arousal, Dominance, and Their Interaction on Pleasure in a Cultural Environment
Miniero, G., Rurale, A., & Addis, M. (2014) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20723 · Cited by 54
Seeing Life through Positive-Tinted Glasses: Color–Meaning Associations
Gil, S., & Bigot, L. L. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0104291 · Cited by 54
“Therefore, it makes sense for researchers to investigate the impact of color on behavior and psychological functioning [28].”
BackgroundBlue hues don't bring the blues: questioning conventional notions of color–emotion associations
Schloss, K. B., Witzel, C., & Lai, L. Y. (2020) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.383588 · Cited by 58
The universal and automatic association between brightness and positivity
Specker, E., Leder, H., Rosenberg, R., Hegelmaier, L. M., Brinkmann, H., Mikuni, J., & Kawabata, H. (2018) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2018.04.007 · Cited by 53
Use of a Green Familiar Faces Paradigm Improves P300-Speller Brain-Computer Interface Performance
Li, Q., Liu, S., Li, J., & Bai, O. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130325 · Cited by 55
“The arousal level associated with green is relatively high [38], which may have accounted for the increased P300 amplitude in the GFF spelling paradigm compared to the FF spelling paradigm.”
ResultIn-store arousal and consumers’ inferences of manipulative intent in the store environment
Lunardo, R., & Roux, D. (2015) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/ejm-10-2013-0560 · Cited by 52
A Large Video Database for Computational Models of Induced Emotion
Baveye, Y., Bettinelli, J.-N., Dellandréa, E., Chen, L., & Chamaret, C. (2013) · International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction and workshops · doi:10.1109/acii.2013.9 · Cited by 52
“Color and more generally aesthetics are important parameters to elicit emotions [24].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Valdez, P., & Mehrabian, A.
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
- Published
- 1994
- Volume
- 123
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 394-409
- ISSN
- 0096-3445 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2222
- OpenAlex
- W4319308497
- Cited by
- 1,104
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 94 · 2025: 82 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 83 · 2020: 80 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 56 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 33
- FWCI
- 4.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology General (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Color perception and design
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Aesthetic Perception and Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Color Science and Applications
- Keywords
- color, emotions, color psychology
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