Cited by 848Decision-Making and Behavioral EconomicsClinical Reasoning and Diagnostic SkillsCognitive Science and Education Research

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 46 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Overcoming intuition: Metacognitive difficulty activates analytic reasoning.

Alter, Adam L., Oppenheimer, Daniel M., Epley, Nicholas, Eyre, Rebecca N.·2007·Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

DOI 10.1037/0096-3445.136.4.569

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Humans appear to reason using two processing styles: System 1 processes that are quick, intuitive, and effortless and System 2 processes that are slow, analytical, and deliberate that occasionally correct the output of System 1. Four experiments suggest that System 2 processes are activated by metacognitive experiences of difficulty or disfluency during the process of reasoning. Incidental experiences of difficulty or disfluency--receiving information in a degraded font (Experiments 1 and 4), in difficult-to-read lettering (Experiment 2), or while furrowing one's brow (Experiment 3)--reduced the impact of heuristics and defaults in judgment (Experiments 1 and 3), reduced reliance on peripheral cues in persuasion (Experiment 2), and improved syllogistic reasoning (Experiment 4). Metacognitive experiences of difficulty or disfluency appear to serve as an alarm that activates analytic forms of reasoning that assess and sometimes correct the output of more intuitive forms of reasoning.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0096-3445.136.4.569

Cites

46 of 46 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The Principles of Psychology
James, W. (1891) · Personality Culture Society · doi:10.1037/11059-000 · Cited by 25,876
The Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion
Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60214-2 · Cited by 8,822
Conflict monitoring and cognitive control
Botvinick, M. M., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.3.624 · Cited by 7,351
On the psychology of prediction.
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1973) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0034747 · Cited by 6,202
Untitled work
(1999) · Cited by 6,104
Heuristic versus systematic information processing and the use of source versus message cues in persuasion.
Chaiken, S. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.39.5.752 · Cited by 5,516
Cognitive Reflection and Decision Making
Frederick, S. (2005) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/089533005775196732 · Cited by 5,256
Individual differences in reasoning: Implications for the rationality debate?
Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (2000) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00003435 · Cited by 4,481
The empirical case for two systems of reasoning.
Sloman, S. A. (1996) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.119.1.3 · Cited by 3,942
Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment
Bottom, W. P., Gilovich, T. D., Griffin, D., & Kahneman, D. J. (2004) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/20159081 · Cited by 3,583

Show all 46 references

Sorted by citations

Items 501–600 of 848

Antibiotic prescribing for respiratory tract infection: exploring drivers of cognitive effort and factors associated with inappropriate prescribing
McCleary, N., Francis, J., Campbell, M., Ramsay, C. R., Burton, C. D., & Allan, J. (2021) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/cmab030 · Cited by 7
Is This Product Easy to Control? Liabilities of Using Difficult-To-Pronounce Product Names
Leonhardt, J. M., & Pechmann, C. (2021) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2021.04.009 · Cited by 6
Improving decision making through visual knowledge calibration
Muntwiler, C., & Eppler, M. (2023) · Management Decision · doi:10.1108/md-07-2022-1018 · Cited by 2
Font disfluency and reading performance in children: An event-related potential study
Astley, J. M., Keage, H. A. D., Kelson, E., Callahan, R., Hofmann, J., Thiessen, M., Kohler, M. J., & Coussens, S. W. (2023) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2023.105986 · Cited by 6
Alleviating inflation of conditional predictions
Koriat, A. (2007) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2007.08.007 · Cited by 6
7. Ease and persuasion: Multiple processes, meanings, and effects
Briñol, P., Tormala, Z. L., & Petty, R. E. (2013) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 6
Do all storks fly to Africa? Universal statements and the generic overgeneralization effect
Karczewski, D., Wajda, E., & Poniat, R. (2020) · Lingua · doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2020.102855 · Cited by 6
Leveling the playing field for less-sophisticated non-professional investors
Taylor, E. Z., & Riley, J. (2017) · Journal of Capital Markets Studies · doi:10.1108/jcms-10-2017-004 · Cited by 6
The Psychological Foundations of Rational Ignorance: Biased Heuristics and Decision Costs
Taylor, B. R. (2019) · Constitutional Political Economy · doi:10.1007/s10602-019-09292-4 · Cited by 6
Recognizing the known unknowns; the interaction between reflective thinking and optimism for uncertainty among software developer’s security perceptions.
Ivory, M. R., Towse, J. N., Sturdee, M., Levine, M., & Nuseibeh, B. (2023) · Technology Mind and Behavior · doi:10.1037/tmb0000122 · Cited by 8
Identifying causal pathways with and without diagrams
Corter, J. E., Mason, D. L., Tversky, B., & Nickerson, J. V. (2011) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 6
Is speed-watching a good idea? Potential metacognitive complications of watching instructional videos at faster speeds
Keehr, J., & Reardon, R. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2025.108556 · Cited by 6
Methodological concerns underlying a lack of evidence for cultural heterogeneity in the replication of psychological effects
Schimmelpfennig, R., Spicer, R., White, C., Gervais, W. M., Norenzayan, A., Heine, S. J., Henrich, J., & Muthukrishna, M. (2024) · Communications Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44271-024-00135-z · Cited by 5
Is Epistemic Autonomy Technologically Possible Within Social Media? A Socio-Epistemological Investigation of the Epistemic Opacity of Social Media Platforms
Mattioni, M. (2024) · Topoi · doi:10.1007/s11245-024-10107-x · Cited by 5
Yielding to desire: The durability of affective preferences.
Rapp, D. N., Jacovina, M. E., Slaten, D. G., & Krause, E. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0037087 · Cited by 5
Feeling and Thinking about the Future: Offline Metacognition in Decision-Making
Strle, T. (2016) · Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems · doi:10.7906/indecs.14.4.1 · Cited by 5
Moses or Noah? A case of ‘potato-potahto’ when using a foreign language
Dhaene, S., Dirix, N., Marcke, H. V., & Woumans, E. (2021) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728921000882 · Cited by 5
Structured reflection increases intentions to reduce other people’s health risks during COVID-19
Ramos, J., Grant, M. D., Dickert, S., Eom, K., Flores, A., Jiga‐Boy, G. M., Kogut, T., Mayorga, M. W., Pedersen, E. J., Pereira, B. D. C. S., et al. (2022) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac218 · Cited by 5
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SKI GUIDE DECISION EXPERTISE
Stewart-Patterson, I. (2014) · Cited by 5
Consumer Perceptions of Precise vs. Just-Below Prices in Retail Settings
Peev, P. P., & Mayer, J. M. (2017) · Journal of Promotion Management · doi:10.1080/10496491.2017.1297984 · Cited by 5
Utilizing desirable difficulties for sterile compounding training in a skills-based laboratory course
Diehl, B., Dy‐Boarman, E. A., Bottenberg, M. M., & Mobley-Bukstein, W. (2018) · Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning · doi:10.1016/j.cptl.2017.12.018 · Cited by 5
Understanding the Effect of Font Type on Reading Comprehension/Memory under Time-Constraints
Dressler, E. (2019) · DigitalCommons@UNO · Cited by 5
Behavioral Contract Law
Ulen, T. S. (2021) · Review of Law & Economics · doi:10.1515/rle-2021-0067 · Cited by 5
Do Losses Trigger Deliberative Reasoning?
Carpenter, J. P., & Munro, D. (2022) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/jdm.2024.19 · Cited by 5
Attraction to Hospitality Companies: How Processing Fluency Moderates Value Fit
McGinley, S. P., Zhang, L., Mattila, A. S., & O’Neill, J. W. (2014) · Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism · doi:10.1080/15332845.2014.904171 · Cited by 5
Conscious versus Unconscious Processing in Dynamic Decision Making Tasks
Güss, C. D., Evans, J., Murray, D., & Schaub, H. (2009) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/154193120905300414 · Cited by 5
IMPROVING TEST SCORE REPORTING: PERSPECTIVES FROM THE ETS SCORE REPORTING CONFERENCE
Zapata‐Rivera, D., Zwick, R., Hullman, J. R., Rhodes, R. E., Rodriguez, F., Shah, P., Zwick, R., Sklar, J. C., & Zapata‐Rivera, D. (2011) · ETS Research Report Series · doi:10.1002/j.2333-8504.2011.tb02281.x · Cited by 5
The Analysis of The Role of Instant Coffee Price and Quality in Consumer Preference and Purchasing Decision, in Malang, Using Partial Least Square Method
Santoso, I. (2017) · Wacana Jurnal Sosial dan Humaniora · doi:10.21776/ub.wacana.2017.020.01.2 · Cited by 5
Give me a challenge or give me a raise
Alekseev, A. (2021) · Experimental Economics · doi:10.1007/s10683-021-09709-8 · Cited by 5
Choose Quickly! The Influence of Cognitive Resource Availability on the Preference between the Intuitive and Externally Recommended Options
Kim, J., Kim, J., & Marshall, R. (2020) · Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ) · doi:10.1016/j.ausmj.2020.06.009 · Cited by 5
System Reliabilism and basic beliefs: defeasible, undefeated and likely to be true
Palermos, S. O. (2021) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-021-03090-y · Cited by 5
The effect of font readability on the Moses illusion: A replication study
Janouskova, A., Kocyan, J., Simova, M., Uvirova, K., Zahradníčková, K., Vaculík, M., & Procházka, J. (2022) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2022.103284 · Cited by 5
Subtle persuasion
de Vries, P. W., & van Rompay, T. J. L. (2009) · International Conference on Persuasive Technology · doi:10.1145/1541948.1541971 · Cited by 5
Consumer Judgment from a Dual-Systems Perspective
Bond, S., Bettman, J. R., & Luce, M. F. (2009) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1548-6435(2008)0000005005 · Cited by 5
The time course of moral decision making in bilinguals' native and foreign language
Brouwer, S. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Language Sciences · doi:10.3389/flang.2023.1239490 · Cited by 4
How Perceptual Disfluency Affects Consumer Choices
Mohsenin, S., & Munz, K. P. (2025) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucaf062 · Cited by 4
Critical Thinking in AI-Assisted Deontologically-Governed Professional Decision-Making: When and How Explainability, Reliability, and Transparency Matter
Korosec-Serfaty, M., Léger, P., Parent‐Rocheleau, X., & Sénécal, S. (2026) · Information Systems Frontiers · doi:10.1007/s10796-025-10691-2 · Cited by 4
How are feelings of difficulty and familiarity linked to learning behaviors and gains in a complex science learning task?
Zhang, Y., Paquette, L., Baker, R. S., Bosch, N., Ocumpaugh, J. L., & Biswas, G. (2022) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-022-00616-x · Cited by 4
The uncanniness of written text is explained by configural deviation and not by processing disfluency
Diel, A., & Lewis, M. B. (2022) · Perception · doi:10.1177/03010066221114436 · Cited by 4
Interaction Effect of Foreign Language and Obedience Pressure on Ethical Judgment in Accounting: Evidence from Japan
Sugahara, S., Tsunogaya, N., & Kim, J.-H. (2023) · Journal of International Accounting Research · doi:10.2308/jiar-2020-057 · Cited by 4
Lexical sophistication and crowdfunding outcomes
Mahmood, A., & Yeganegi, S. (2023) · Venture Capital · doi:10.1080/13691066.2023.2265565 · Cited by 4
Are Fluent Anchors More Effective? Field Experiment on Anchoring, Anchor Fluency, and Willingness to Pay
Simkova, T., Ďuriník, M., & Procházka, J. (2024) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440241274831 · Cited by 4
Mechanism of Inhibitory Action of Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors in Human Platelets
Saeed, S. A., Rasheed, H., Ali, T., ., Y. Q., Kabraji, S. K., ., L. P., Khan, R. M., Hussain, F., & Ahmad, S. (2004) · Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.3923/jbs.2004.515.520 · Cited by 4
On ceteris paribus laws in economics (and elsewhere): why do social sciences matter to each other?
Rol, M. (2012) · Erasmus Journal for Philosophy and Economics · doi:10.23941/ejpe.v5i2.104 · Cited by 4
The Behavioral Psychology of Elite Decision Making: Implications for Political Science I
Hafner-Burton, E. M., Hughes, A., & Victor, D. G. (2011) · Cited by 4
COGNITIVE BASIS AND SEMANTIC STRUCTURE OF PHENOMENOLOGICAL REASONING ON SCIENCE AMONG LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS: A CASE OF INDONESIA
Pelamonia, J., & Corebima, A. D. (2015) · Journal of Baltic Science Education · doi:10.33225/jbse/15.14.474 · Cited by 4
Discovering Call Interaction Fluency: A Way to Improve Experiences with Call Centres
Sabiote, E. F., & López-López, I. (2020) · Service Science · doi:10.1287/serv.2019.0251 · Cited by 4
Learning With a Double-Edged Sword? Beneficial and Detrimental Effects of Learning Tests—Taking a First Look at Linkages Among Tests, Later Learning Outcomes, Stress Perceptions, and Intelligence
Wenzel, K., & Reinhard, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.693585 · Cited by 4
The Influence of Signaling on the Disfluency Effect in Multimedia Learning
Lai, T., & Zhang, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.755804 · Cited by 4
Улучшение запоминания текста посредством изменения шрифтов: исследование Sans Forgetica
Березнер, Т., & Горбунова, Е. (2021) · Психологические исследования · doi:10.54359/ps.v14i78.155 · Cited by 4
The Impact of Client Response Time and Message Processing Fluency on Staff Auditor Judgment
Bhattacharjee, S., Moreno, K. K., & Wright, N. S. (2022) · Auditing A Journal of Practice & Theory · doi:10.2308/ajpt-2020-111 · Cited by 4
When and why people perform mindless math
Lawson, M. A., Larrick, R. P., & Soll, J. B. (2022) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500009396 · Cited by 4
Does Thinking in Opposites in Order to Think Differently Improve Creativity?
Bianchi, I., & Branchini, E. (2023) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence11050085 · Cited by 4
Moderating Role of Creative Mindset in the Effect of Metacognitive Experience on Insight Problem Solving
Jia, X., Li, P., Chen, Q., & Li, W. (2023) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence11060099 · Cited by 4
The influence of irrelevant emotionally negative stimuli on early and late retrospective metacognitive judgements
Geurten, M., & Lemaire, P. (2023) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218231191516 · Cited by 4
Evidence for a metacognitive awareness of autobiographical memory organisation
Carreras, F., & Moulin, C. J. A. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-34389-0 · Cited by 4
Code-Mixing in Promotional Materials for Tourism: Effects of Format on Processing Fluency and Interest in Cultural Activities
Gasiorek, J., & Dragojević, M. (2023) · Journal of Language and Social Psychology · doi:10.1177/0261927x231210329 · Cited by 4
Processing Fluency and Decision-Making: The Role of Language Structure
Deckert, M. (2015) · Psychology of Language and Communication · doi:10.1515/plc-2015-0009 · Cited by 4
States of nature and states of mind: a generalized theory of decision-making
Embrey, I. (2019) · Theory and Decision · doi:10.1007/s11238-019-09705-8 · Cited by 4
Empowering Consumers to Engage with Health Decisions: Making Medical Choices Feel Easy Increases Patient Participation
Steffel, M., Williams, E. F., & Carney, S. (2021) · Journal of the Association for Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/718455 · Cited by 5
Digital images are hard to resist: Teaching viewers about the effects of camera angle does not reduce the camera angle's impact on power judgments
Merkt, M., Weingärtner, A.-L., & Schwan, S. (2022) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103687 · Cited by 4
Dividing Attention and Metacognition
Peng, Y., & Tullis, J. G. (2022) · Advances in higher education and professional development book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-9243-4.ch004 · Cited by 4
Fetal testosterone (2D:4D) as predictor of cognitive reflectionPreprint
Bosch‐Domènech, A., Brañas‐Garza, P., & Espín, A. M. (2013) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 4
Nudge: Manager as Choice ArchitectPreprint
Felin, T. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2523922 · Cited by 4
Fonts and Fluency: The Effects of Typeface Familiarity, Appropriateness, and Personality on Reader Judgments
Wang, T. T.-L. (2013) · UC Research Repository (University of Canterbury) · doi:10.26021/8981 · Cited by 4
The role of intuitive expertise in airport security screening
Swann, L. (2016) · Cited by 4
Time to adjust: Improving replicability in experimental psychology by adjustment for evident selective inferencePreprint
Zeevi, Y., Astashenko, S., Mudrik, L., & Benjamini, Y. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2006.11585 · Cited by 4
Sans Forgetica font may help memory for words but not for numbers, nor does it help analytical thinkingPreprint
Cui, L., Liu, J., & Liu, Z. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/a7n2r · Cited by 4
Why Dysfluent Font Does Not Aid Second Language Learning
Сергеевна, Ц. Э., Likhanov, M. V., Kalinnikova, L., Nikulenko, A., Filimonova, E. V., & Kovas, Y. V. (2024) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220973.2024.2446189 · Cited by 3
Investor’s Explicit and Implicit Attributions for CSR Motives: Neuroscientific Insights
Chen, Y., & Yang, N. (2025) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-025-06101-x · Cited by 3
A Distributional Response Time Analysis of the Perceptual Disfluency Effect
Geller, J., Gómez, P., Buchanan, E. M., & Makowski, D. (2025) · Journal of Cognition · doi:10.5334/joc.469 · Cited by 3
Communicating cleaner production: When AI or human creativity enables more effective green advertising
Hu, Y., & Frank, B. (2026) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2026.148293 · Cited by 3
The effect of perceptual fluency on overcoming the interference of the More A-More B intuitive rule among primary school students in a perimeter comparison task: the perspective of cognitive load
Liu, Y., Liu, R., Star, J. R., Wang, J., & Tong, H. (2019) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-019-00424-w · Cited by 3
Exploring the mechanisms responsible for the modulating role of frowning in emotional reasoning: An ERP study
Gagnon, M.-È., Labbé, A.-P., & Blanchette, I. (2021) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2021.105750 · Cited by 3
Easy to process, hard to control: Transient and sustained processing fluency impairs cognitive control adjustments to conflict
Oliveira, G. A., Remondes, M., & Garcia‐Marques, T. (2023) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218231159787 · Cited by 3
Though this be hesitant, yet there is method in ’t: Effects of disfluency patterns in neural speech synthesis for cultural heritage presentations
Schettino, L., Origlia, A., & Cutugno, F. (2023) · Computer Speech & Language · doi:10.1016/j.csl.2023.101585 · Cited by 3
Reducing the Country-of-Origin Effects: The Presentation of Products Information Activates the Analytic Process
Tao, W. A. N. G., Zhang, Q., ZHANG, H., Ling, Z. H. O. U., & Hong-Shen, L. I. U. (2013) · Acta Psychologica Sinica · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1041.2012.00841 · Cited by 3
Disfluency as a Desirable Difficulty—The Effects of Letter Deletion on Monitoring and Performance
Pieger, E., Mengelkamp, C., & Bannert, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2018.00101 · Cited by 3
Conflict, arousal, and logical gut feelings
(2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315888538-13 · Cited by 3
Intuition in counseling: Implications for humanistic practice
Bryant, K., & Luft, T. (2023) · The Journal of Humanistic Counseling · doi:10.1002/johc.12203 · Cited by 3
Guess for Success? Application of a Mixture Model to Test-Wiseness on Multiple-Choice Exams
Caudill, S. B., & Mixon, F. G. (2023) · Stats · doi:10.3390/stats6030046 · Cited by 3
The “far dog, near cat” effect in stray animal charity rescue and its mechanism
Wumei, L., & Lu, W. (2024) · Acta Psychologica Sinica · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1041.2024.00777 · Cited by 3
The Heaviest Metal
Xhignesse, M. (2024) · Philosophia · doi:10.1007/s11406-024-00761-1 · Cited by 3
Reasoning across continuous landscapes: A nonlinear dynamical systems theory approach to reasoning
Favela, L. H., & van Rooij, M. M. J. W. (2018) · Cognitive Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2018.12.013 · Cited by 3
Affective responses to coherence in high and low risk scenarios
Gamblin, D. M., Banks, A. P., & Dean, P. J. A. (2019) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2019.1640663 · Cited by 3
Does a transparent umbrella make you longing for a humorous movie? The influence of transparency on decision-making
Du, J., Li, D., Zhao, Y., & Yang, M. (2021) · Journal of Contemporary Marketing Science · doi:10.1108/jcmars-06-2021-0024 · Cited by 3
Many phish in the C$\mathcal{C}$: A coexisting‐choice‐criteria model of security behavior
Embrey, I., & Kaivanto, K. (2022) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/risa.13947 · Cited by 3
Flickering presentations do affect the judgment of learning but not the learning outcome
Ebersbach, M., Guschlbauer, J. A., & Rummer, R. (2023) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.4086 · Cited by 3
When two sources of fluency meet one cognitive mindset
Reggev, N., Hassin, R. R., & Maril, A. (2012) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2012.04.001 · Cited by 3
The Effects of Perceptual Interference on Number-Entry Errors
Soboczenski, F., Hudson, M., & Cairns, P. A. (2015) · Interacting with Computers · doi:10.1093/iwc/iwv034 · Cited by 3
5 Culture’s Influences on Cognitive Reflection
Čavojová, V., & Hanák, R. (2016) · Human factors and ergonomics · doi:10.1201/9781315369587-6 · Cited by 3
Moral in the future, better now: Moral licensing versus behavioral priming in children and the moderating role of psychological distance
Maftei, A., & Holman, A. C. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03063-5 · Cited by 3
Intuitions about intuitive insight and intuitive choice
Inbar, Y., & Gilovich, T. D. (2008) · eCommons (Cornell University) · Cited by 3
Seeing and Hearing is Believing, But Eating is Knowing
Hallinger, P., Lu, J., & Showanasai, P. (2019) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119173243.ch21 · Cited by 3
Sans Forgetica font does not improve Cognitive Reflection Test performance despite differences in legibilityPreprint
Cui, L., Harrison, L., & Liu, J. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/qdxw3 · Cited by 3
An Affect Primary Framework for Privacy Decision MakingPreprint
Nyshadham, E. A., & Loon, G. V. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2419533 · Cited by 3
You Can Stand Under My Umbrella: Cognitive Load in Second-Language Reading
Rocabado, F., Schmitz, G., & Duñabeitia, J. A. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15081051 · Cited by 2
The Impact of Foreign Language on Meta-Reasoning in Moral Decisions
Hu, Z., Мартин-Луенго, Б., & Navarrete, E. (2026) · Journal of Cognition · doi:10.5334/joc.472 · Cited by 2
Is the more real the better? The effect of matching food advertising type with promotion type on consumers' purchase intention
Meng, L. (., Ning, D., Sun, Z., & Jiang, Y. (2026) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2026.104558 · Cited by 2
Breaking the status-quo: How bias awareness and metacognitive engagement sequentially debias entrepreneurial decisions
Bastian, B., Frederiks, A. J., & Englis, B. G. (2026) · Journal of Business Venturing Insights · doi:10.1016/j.jbvi.2026.e00604 · Cited by 2

Authors: Alter, A. L., Oppenheimer, D. M., Epley, N., & Eyre, R. N.
Affiliations: Princeton University (US)
Harvard University (US)
ORCID: Alter, Adam L.
Oppenheimer, Daniel M.
Venue: Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2007
Volume: 136
Issue: 4
Pages: 569-576
ISSN: 0096-3445 (ISSN-L)
1939-2222
DOI: 10.1037/0096-3445.136.4.569
OpenAlex: W2138921773
Cited by: 844
References: 46
Citations by year: 2026: 43 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 63 · 2015: 62 · 2014: 51 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 40
FWCI: 17.22
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Experimental Psychology General (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Science Foundation (051811; SES0241544)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
Health Sciences › Medicine › Family Practice › Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Cognitive Science and Education Research
Keywords: metacognition, analytical thinking, intuitive thinking, heuristics, syllogistic reasoning, persuasion, peripheral cues, cognitive effort, dual-process theory
MeSH terms: Cognition, Decision Making, Humans, Judgment, Pilot Projects, Intuition

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Overcoming intuition: Metacognitive difficulty activates analytic reasoning.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks