Cited by 848Decision-Making and Behavioral EconomicsClinical Reasoning and Diagnostic SkillsCognitive Science and Education Research

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 46 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Overcoming intuition: Metacognitive difficulty activates analytic reasoning.

Alter, Adam L., Oppenheimer, Daniel M., Epley, Nicholas, Eyre, Rebecca N.·2007·Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

DOI 10.1037/0096-3445.136.4.569

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Humans appear to reason using two processing styles: System 1 processes that are quick, intuitive, and effortless and System 2 processes that are slow, analytical, and deliberate that occasionally correct the output of System 1. Four experiments suggest that System 2 processes are activated by metacognitive experiences of difficulty or disfluency during the process of reasoning. Incidental experiences of difficulty or disfluency--receiving information in a degraded font (Experiments 1 and 4), in difficult-to-read lettering (Experiment 2), or while furrowing one's brow (Experiment 3)--reduced the impact of heuristics and defaults in judgment (Experiments 1 and 3), reduced reliance on peripheral cues in persuasion (Experiment 2), and improved syllogistic reasoning (Experiment 4). Metacognitive experiences of difficulty or disfluency appear to serve as an alarm that activates analytic forms of reasoning that assess and sometimes correct the output of more intuitive forms of reasoning.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0096-3445.136.4.569

Cites

46 of 46 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The Principles of Psychology
James, W. (1891) · Personality Culture Society · doi:10.1037/11059-000 · Cited by 25,876
The Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion
Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60214-2 · Cited by 8,822
Conflict monitoring and cognitive control
Botvinick, M. M., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.3.624 · Cited by 7,351
On the psychology of prediction.
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1973) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0034747 · Cited by 6,202
Untitled work
(1999) · Cited by 6,104
Heuristic versus systematic information processing and the use of source versus message cues in persuasion.
Chaiken, S. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.39.5.752 · Cited by 5,516
Cognitive Reflection and Decision Making
Frederick, S. (2005) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/089533005775196732 · Cited by 5,256
Individual differences in reasoning: Implications for the rationality debate?
Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (2000) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00003435 · Cited by 4,481
The empirical case for two systems of reasoning.
Sloman, S. A. (1996) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.119.1.3 · Cited by 3,942
Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment
Bottom, W. P., Gilovich, T. D., Griffin, D., & Kahneman, D. J. (2004) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/20159081 · Cited by 3,583

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 46 references

Sorted by citations

Items 701–800 of 848

Processing fluency of the forms and sounds of Chinese characters
Liu, S., Zhang, X., Ren, Y. M., & Yu, Q. (2010) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2010.06.012
Effects of Perceptual Fluency on Reasoning and Pupil Dilation
Pinto, G., & Diego, J. (2014)
Use of External Representations in Reasoning about Causality
Mason, D. (2013) · doi:10.7916/d8c53sxx
How the Benefits of Disfluency in Education Vary with Ability and Dyslexia
French, M. M. J., Blood, A., Bright, N., Futak, D., Grohmann, M., Hasthorpe, A., Poland, L., Reece, S. J. M., & Tabor, J. (2012)
FUNDAÇÃO GETULIO VARGAS ESCOLA BRASILEIRA DE ADMNISTRAÇÃO PÚBLICA E DE EMPRESAS MASTER IN INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT An Essay about the Effect of Vague Accounting Standards on the Decision Making Process of Auditors
Nishi, H. (2010)
When Numbers Are Frightening: Effects of Message Framing on Judgments of Risk and Behavioral Intentions
Koukova, N. T., & Srivastava, J. (2009) · ACR Asia-Pacific Advances
Cognitive Style and Working Memory of The First Year Undergraduate IPB Student
Wulandari, N. H. (2013)
Dealing with Difficulty. Tactics for Fluency in a Case of Complex InterdependencePreprint
Hogendoorn, D., & ten Heuvelhof, E. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2594259
Understanding the effectiveness of communication amongst administrators, Latino students, and la familia
Esparza, K. (2012) · doi:10.17760/d20002980
On having a 200% chance: Additivity neglect in probability estimates
Riege, A. (2016) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
Corrigendum to ‘‘Non-formal mechanisms in mathematical cognitive development: The case of arithmetic’’ [Cognition 149 (2016) 40–55]
Braithwaite, D. W., Goldstone, R. L., van der Maas, H. L. J., & Landy, D. H. (2016) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2016.03.024
Examining the Protective Effects of Self-Positivity on Information Avoidance
Ferrante, A. C. (2016)
Embodiment in Causal Learning? Effects of Fluency and Body Specificity.
Goedert, K. M., & Dudley, C. (2015)
Applying Ease of Retrieval in Judgments: The Role of Contextual Background
Yahalom, N., & Schul, Y. (2016) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2016.34.3.217
The neglected emotion of interest and its relevance to consumer psychology
Sung, B. (2016) · The University of Queensland · doi:10.14264/uql.2016.97
The Impact of S1 Versus S2 Thinking on Automation Usage Decisions
Cornelius, C. (2016) · NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) · doi:10.71889/5fylantbak.29861426
Easy Does It: How the Organization of Print Advertisements Influences Product Evaluations
Elek, J. K. (2010) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
The Effect of a Functional form of Causal relation on Accurate Causal Reasoning
박주화, & 도승이 (2015) · 한국심리학회지: 인지 및 생물 · doi:10.22172/cogbio.2015.27.2.007
Religious Capital as Human, Cultural, Social, and Emotional: Toward a Sociological Theory of Membership Dynamics in Religious Voluntary Associations
Corcoran, K. E. (2012) · ResearchWorks at the University of Washington (University of Washington)
An Altered Sense of Magnitude: Exploring How the Visual Presentation of Time, Space, and Numbers Can Influence Consumer Judgments and Behaviors
Romero, M. (2016) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)
Osteopathic clinical reasoning: an ethnographic study of perceptual diagnostic judgments, metacognition, and reflective practice
McIntyre, C. (2016) · University of Bedfordshire Repository (University of Bedfordshire)
What are the Objects of Social Business Models and Who Benefits in Lithuania?
Kuklytė, J. (2016) · Dynamic Relationships Management Journal · doi:10.17708/drmj.2016.v05n02a03
El lexicón como origen del carácter dinámico de los sistemas de escritura
Rodríguez, P. (2016) · Círculo de lingüística aplicada a la comunicación · doi:10.5209/clac.54530
Effects of information comprehensibility and argument type on lay recipients’ readiness to defer to experts when deciding about scientific knowledge claims
Bromme, R., Scharrer, L., Britt, M. A., & Stadtler, M. (2011) · eScholarship (California Digital Library)
Spiking Reflective Processing Model for Stress-Inspired Adaptive Robot Partner Applications
Tang, T. Y., Egerton, S. J., & Botzheim, J. (2017) · International Journal of Artificial Life Research · doi:10.4018/ijalr.2017010105
Indirect effects of ease of retrieval on prediction of others’ behaviors: Moderating influence of trait expectancy
Orita, R., Hattori, M., & Yagi, Y. (2015) · THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY · doi:10.2130/jjesp.1501
The development of real-world and counterfactual-world inference generation abilities during adolescence
Hancock, R. (2016) · SHURA (Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive) (Sheffield Hallam University)
Mechanism of the effect of ease of retrieval: The influence of cognitive load and the need for cognition
Orita, R., Hattori, M., & Yagi, Y. (2017) · THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY · doi:10.2130/jjesp.1611
Experimental manipulation and downstream effects of flow
Kulkarni, A. (2013)
Fluency Psychological DistancePreprint
Mrkva, K., & Leaf Van Boven, A. (2016) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)
Implicit Learning in Science: Activating and Suppressing Scientific Intuitions to Enhance Conceptual Change
Wang, J. Y.-M. (2018) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)
Political implications of bilingual cognition
Zhang, W. (2018) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)
[Angina pectoris and normal coronography findings].
Spáčil, J., Fabián, J., Brodan, V., Belán, A., & Andĕl, M. (1980) · PubMed
Neurocircuitry of Intuition
Saghazadeh, A., Rahmani, F., & Rezaei, N. (2019) · Biophysics and Neurophysiology of the Sixth Sense · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-10620-1_30
The Joint Effect of Narrative Structure, Medium Interactivity, and Readability on Investors' Investment Decisions
Xu, T. (2018) · ScholarSpace (University of Hawaii at Manoa)
The Effect of Disfluency on the Framing Effect
Baldwin, J. P., Newton, H. M., & Davis, M. E. (2020) · Digital Commons - Gardner-Webb University (Gardner–Webb University)
Mechanizmy reakcji klientów na działania organizacji w gospodarce opartej na wiedzy
Trzebiński, W. (2018) · Marketing i Rynek
When perception bypasses truth: attention, bias, and the structure of social stereotypes
Baker, A. A. (2019) · doi:10.7282/t3-hg8a-0b49
Fluency: A trigger of familiarity for relational representations?
Sadeh, T. (2019) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x1900178x
The effects of generating risk explanations on judgments and decisions about risks
Latiff, S. (2019) · doi:10.17760/d20321700
A therapeutic elimination of 'belief' and 'desire' from causal accounts of action
Curtis, M. D. (2016) · UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia)
The effects of easy and difficult business relationship evaluations on purchase intentions
Viacava, J. J. C., & Baptista, P. D. P. (2020) · Review of Business Management · doi:10.7819/rbgn.v22i4.4082
The Roles Metacognitive Experience Can Play in the Processing Models: The Effects on Indirect Comparative Ads Evaluation Considering Individual Differences
Liu, Q. (2020) · Spectrum Research Repository (Concordia University)
Give Me a Challenge or Give Me a RaisePreprint
Alekseev, A. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3449468
(Not so) Lost in Translation: How Foreign Language Use Affects Decision-Making
Seeligmann, V. T. (2020) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
A disfluent font does not help people to solve math and non-math problems regardless of their numeracy [Preprint]Preprint
Sirota, M., Theodoropoulou, A., & Juanchich, M. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/xcrs6
Deviant Dosing: A Post hoc Analysis of Pharmacist Characteristics Related to Renal Dosing Decisions
McConachie, S. M., Hanni, C. M., & Wilhelm, S. M. (2021) · Annals of Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1177/10600280211016328
Role of automatic, conscious, and unconscious thought processes in complex decision making
Levačić, D., Pandžić, M., & Glavaš, D. (1970) · Primenjena psihologija · doi:10.19090/pp.2021.1.33-52
An Alternative Correct Answer to the Cognitive Reflection Test
Filkuková, P., & Langguth, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.662222
Is It the Typeset or the Type of Statistics? Disfluent Font and Self-Disclosure
Balebako, R., Péer, E., Brandimarte, L., Cranor, L. F., & Acquisti, A. (2018) · KiltHub Repository · doi:10.1184/r1/6471620
Type I Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Pre-Adolescents: Affective, Behavioral, and Social Correlates
Schwartzman, M. P. (2007)
Do You Have a "Strict Purse"? The Routes to Meaning in Metaphor
Stewart, J. E. (2012) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.16997188
Non-probative Photos Promote the Truth of Positive Claims
Cardwell, B. A. (2015) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17009486.v1
How We Think and Learn Design
Reis, J. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-95782-7_2
Spiking Reflective Processing Model for Stress-Inspired Adaptive Robot Partner Applications
Tang, T. Y., Egerton, S. J., & Botzheim, J. (2019) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-8060-7.ch049
Insights, Learnings, Recommendations, and Paths Forward
Steigenberger, N., Lübcke, T., Fiala, H., & Riebschläger, A. (2017) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781315116303-12
Perspectives on Decision-Making in Complex Task Environments
(2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781315116303-3
Situational Finance
Richards, T. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118779422.ch3
Moral Psychology
Huff, C., & Gaasedelen, O. J. (2011) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199828340-0038
How Are Decisions in Complex Task Environments Actually Made?: Insights from Maritime Search and Rescue
Steigenberger, N., Lübcke, T., Fiala, H., & Riebschläger, A. (2017) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781315116303-10
Computer-Cognition Interfaces: Sensing and influencing mental processes with computer interactionPreprint
Mottelson, A. (2019) · Thesis Commons (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31237/osf.io/hg378
Affective Distancing Associated with Second Language Use Influences Response to Health Information
Azevedo, R. F. L., Roy, B., Christianson, K., Zhong, Y., & Morrow, D. G. (2022) · Languages · doi:10.3390/languages7020120 · Cited by 2
The effects of different narrative structures in public service announcements on transportation and counterarguing
Siegenthaler, P., Fahr, A., & Ort, A. (2021) · Information Design Journal · doi:10.1075/idj.20019.sie
Combatting the Anti-Muslim Rhetoric of the 2016 Presidential Campaign
Fridkin, K. L., & Courey, J. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197578384.003.0016
“Hard to Read, Hard to Believe”: (Dis)Fluency effects on eWOM credibility and purchase intentions
Viacava, J. J. C., Andrade, G. K. M., & de Lima, Y. A. (2023) · ReMark - Revista Brasileira de Marketing · doi:10.5585/remark.v22i1.21421 · Cited by 1
Switching between system 1 and system 2: The nature of competing intuitions and the role of disfluency
Kołeczek, M., & Sekerdej, M. (2023) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x22003016
COMPARING OFFLINE AND ONLINE ADMINISTRATIONS OF MEASURES OF TRUTH EFFECT, METACOGNITIVE AWARENESS AND WORKING MEMORY IN MALAYSIA DURING THE MOVEMENT CONTROL ORDER (MCO)
Mak, C. W., & Chooi, W.-T. (2023) · Jurnal e-Bangi/e-Bangi · doi:10.17576/ebangi.2023.2003.12
Understanding the trading motive for Australian takeover targets using structural equation modelling.Preprint
McAdam, C. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4610024
Supplemental Material for Recognizing the Known Unknowns; the Interaction Between Reflective Thinking and Optimism for Uncertainty Among Software Developer’s Security Perceptions
Ivory, M. R., Towse, J. N., Sturdee, M., Levine, M. N., & Nuseibeh, B. (2023) · Technology Mind and Behavior · doi:10.1037/tmb0000122.supp · Cited by 1
Need for Cognition and Argument Quantity: Experiences in Processing Fluency Encourage Detailed Thinking by Low-Need for Cognition IndividualsPreprint
Garcia‐Marques, T., & Loureiro, F. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4656709
The Effect of Opacity-Encoded Information Overlay on Task Performance and Perceptual Fluency in Battlefield Management SystemPreprint
Chen, X., & Wu, X. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4659384
Estratégias de aprendizado que funcionam
Lourenço, A. (2022) · BIS Boletim do Instituto de Saúde · doi:10.52753/bis.v23i2.39874
Developing Student Heuristic Characterizations to Help Them “Bond” with Organic Chemistry
Mirkin, P. J. (2024) · The American Biology Teacher · doi:10.1525/abt.2024.86.3.167
Heuristics? What about them? –Review on the operation of heuristics in chemical education in the past two decadesPreprint
Priyadarshini, R., & Dasgupta, C. (2024) · ChemRxiv · doi:10.26434/chemrxiv-2024-8n32t
Review of studies on the disfluency effect: Can a font change improve memorization and educational outcomes?
Березнер, Т., & Горбунова, Е. (2022) · The Russian Journal of Cognitive Science · doi:10.47010/22.3-4.1
Análise da relação entre humor expresso no Twitter, retorno, volatilidade e volume de negociações no mercado acionário brasileiro e português
de Oliveira, L. P., & Silva, C. A. T. (2024) · International Journal of Scientific Management and Tourism · doi:10.55905/ijsmtv10n2-048
Brain and bilingualism
Abutalebi, J., Bellini, C., Gallo, F., & Maschio, N. D. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820480-1.00124-8
An Open Letter to Our Students
Machery, É., & Doris, J. M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198719601.005.0001 · Cited by 1
Preface
Doris, J. M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198719601.002.0007
Epigraph
Doris, J. M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198719601.002.0005
Copyright Page
Doris, J. M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198719601.002.0003
Dedication
Doris, J. M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198719601.002.0004
All Ravens are Black—Formalisation and Computational Analysis of Generalising Statements in Natural Language
Dönicke, T. (2024) · doi:10.53846/goediss-10494
Creencias filosóficas espontáneas sobre libre albedrío y responsabilidad: algunas evidencias desde la experiencia de la enseñanza de la bioética en ingeniería biomédica
Añón, C. L. (2024) · Cuadernos Electrónicos de Filosofía del Derecho · doi:10.7203/cefd.51.27565
The Influence of Single-Channel Disfluency in Two-Channel Video Learning Materials
熊, 雪. (2024) · Advances in Social Sciences · doi:10.12677/ass.2024.136503
“Make it difficult”: using disfluency to minimize higher motivation effects on fake (and real) news dissemination on social media
Viacava, J. J. C., Coelho, B. D. S. B., Sabin, G., & Lopes, G. F. (2024) · ReMark - Revista Brasileira de Marketing · doi:10.5585/remark.v23i3.24363
The Seductive Details Effect in Multimedia Learning
罗, 爽. (2024) · Advances in Social Sciences · doi:10.12677/ass.2024.139786
Interdisciplinary contributions to higher language education: needs and expectations
Wajda, E., & Sanczyk, A. (2024) · V&R unipress eBooks · doi:10.14220/9783737016841.191
Sobre la disfluencia textual. Un estudio para un diálogo en ciernes
García, M. R., Gravier, M. G., & Marroquín, R. M. (2024) · ACTIO Journal of Technology in Design Film Arts and Visual Communication · doi:10.15446/actio.v8n1.115307
Intuitive Cognition: Overview
Baldini, D., Wong, M. L., Simsarian, C., Hirst, R. B., & Bongar, B. M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-38971-9_2002-1
The Vividness Effect on Indirect Comparative Advertising Response
Petrovici, D. A., Golden, L. L., Laroche, M., & Liu, Q. (2025) · European Advertising Academy · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-43936-1_8
Advances in Metacognition and Reflection
(2025) · Frontiers research topics · doi:10.3389/978-2-8325-6159-1
Effects of typeface on valence judgments of Japanese words
Gobara, A., Hanai, H., Kajikawa, J., Noma, Y., Yamamoto, A., Yamazaki, S., & Nittono, H. (2025) · The Japanese Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.5265/jcogpsy.22.97
Live vs. Static Comments: Empirical Analysis of Their Differential Effects on User Evaluation of Online Videos
Huo, D., Zou, P., & Lu, Y. (2025) · Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research · doi:10.3390/jtaer20020102
Creating Competitive Game Situation Using Cognitive Load
Izumi, A., & Shimakawa, H. (2024) · International Conference on Sustainable Technology and Engineering (i-COSTE) · doi:10.1109/i-coste63786.2024.11024778
Language as Lure: A Naturalistic Study on Pasifika Phishing SusceptibilityPreprint
Spero, E., Seow, I., Betts, L., Fuatimau, E., Biddle, R., Lottridge, D. M., & Russello, G. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5379993
The Effect of Clues on Automatic Decision- Making: A Face Recognition Experiment
ERDOĞAN, Ö. (2025) · Current Perspectives in Social Sciences · doi:10.53487/atasobed.1613388
Resisting persuasion in cases of ideological conflict: The role of foreign language processing
Miller, D., Abugaber, D., Martínez, J. A. E., & Solís-Barroso, C. (2025) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728925100473
A General-Purpose IT Intervention to Improve Human Decision Making, Strengthen Passwords, and Reduce Receptivity to Misinformation
Harmon, K. A., & Walden, E. A. (2025) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.2023.0372
A Distributional Response Time Analysis of the Perceptual Disfluency EffectPreprint
Geller, J., Gómez, P., Buchanan, E. M., & Makowski, D. (2025) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/sae23_v4

Authors: Alter, A. L., Oppenheimer, D. M., Epley, N., & Eyre, R. N.
Affiliations: Princeton University (US)
Harvard University (US)
ORCID: Alter, Adam L.
Oppenheimer, Daniel M.
Venue: Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2007
Volume: 136
Issue: 4
Pages: 569-576
ISSN: 0096-3445 (ISSN-L)
1939-2222
DOI: 10.1037/0096-3445.136.4.569
OpenAlex: W2138921773
Cited by: 844
References: 46
Citations by year: 2026: 43 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 63 · 2015: 62 · 2014: 51 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 40
FWCI: 17.22
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Experimental Psychology General (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Science Foundation (051811; SES0241544)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
Health Sciences › Medicine › Family Practice › Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Cognitive Science and Education Research
Keywords: metacognition, analytical thinking, intuitive thinking, heuristics, syllogistic reasoning, persuasion, peripheral cues, cognitive effort, dual-process theory
MeSH terms: Cognition, Decision Making, Humans, Judgment, Pilot Projects, Intuition

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Overcoming intuition: Metacognitive difficulty activates analytic reasoning.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks