The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 46 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Overcoming intuition: Metacognitive difficulty activates analytic reasoning.
Abstract
Humans appear to reason using two processing styles: System 1 processes that are quick, intuitive, and effortless and System 2 processes that are slow, analytical, and deliberate that occasionally correct the output of System 1. Four experiments suggest that System 2 processes are activated by metacognitive experiences of difficulty or disfluency during the process of reasoning. Incidental experiences of difficulty or disfluency--receiving information in a degraded font (Experiments 1 and 4), in difficult-to-read lettering (Experiment 2), or while furrowing one's brow (Experiment 3)--reduced the impact of heuristics and defaults in judgment (Experiments 1 and 3), reduced reliance on peripheral cues in persuasion (Experiment 2), and improved syllogistic reasoning (Experiment 4). Metacognitive experiences of difficulty or disfluency appear to serve as an alarm that activates analytic forms of reasoning that assess and sometimes correct the output of more intuitive forms of reasoning.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Alter et al. (2007) demonstrated that metacognitive experiences of difficulty or disfluency activate more analytical reasoning processes.”
From Beware of metacognitive laziness: Effects of generative artificial intelligence on learning motivation, processes, and performance (2025) · cites this paper as Alter et al. (2007)
In the citing paper
“Manipulating the activation of these heuristics (e.g., via priming) can be used to improve metacognitive control: increasing subjective processing difficulty (e.g., by using a degraded font) stimulates more metacognitive control and thereby improves participants' performance on reasoning tasks that benefit from a more analytic processing style [7].”
From The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
Citations
Cites
James, W. (1891) · Personality Culture Society · doi:10.1037/11059-000 · Cited by 25,876
The Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion
Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60214-2 · Cited by 8,822
Conflict monitoring and cognitive control
Botvinick, M. M., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.3.624 · Cited by 7,351
On the psychology of prediction.
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1973) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0034747 · Cited by 6,202
(1999) · Cited by 6,104
Chaiken, S. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.39.5.752 · Cited by 5,516
Cognitive Reflection and Decision Making
Frederick, S. (2005) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/089533005775196732 · Cited by 5,256
Individual differences in reasoning: Implications for the rationality debate?
Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (2000) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00003435 · Cited by 4,481
The empirical case for two systems of reasoning.
Sloman, S. A. (1996) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.119.1.3 · Cited by 3,942
Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment
Bottom, W. P., Gilovich, T. D., Griffin, D., & Kahneman, D. J. (2004) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/20159081 · Cited by 3,583
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Uniting the Tribes of Fluency to Form a Metacognitive Nation
Alter, A. L., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2009) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868309341564 · Cited by 1,821
Self-citationEfklides, A. (2011) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2011.538645 · Cited by 1,211
Many Labs 2: Investigating variation in replicability across samples and settings
Klein, R. A., Vianello, M., Hasselman, F., Adams, B. G., Adams, R. B., Alper, S., Aveyard, M., Axt, J. R., Babalola, M. T., Bahník, Š., et al. (2018) · Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2515245918810225 · Cited by 944
Fan, Y., Tang, L., Le, H., Shen, K., Tan, S., Zhao, Y., Shen, Y., Li, X., & Gašević, D. (2025) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.13544 · Cited by 805
Analytic thinking reduces belief in conspiracy theories
Swami, V., Voracek, M., Stieger, S., Tran, U. S., & Furnham, A. (2014) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2014.08.006 · Cited by 726
Intuition, reason, and metacognition
Thompson, V. A., Turner, J. A. P., & Pennycook, G. (2011) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2011.06.001 · Cited by 709
Oppenheimer, D. M. (2008) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2008.02.014 · Cited by 745
Self-citationProcessing Fluency and Investors’ Reactions to Disclosure Readability
Rennekamp, K. M. (2012) · Journal of Accounting Research · doi:10.1111/j.1475-679x.2012.00460.x · Cited by 671
Keysar, B., Hayakawa, S. L., & An, S. G. (2012) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611432178 · Cited by 694
Analytic Thinking Promotes Religious Disbelief
Gervais, W. M., & Norenzayan, A. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1215647 · Cited by 589
Your Morals Depend on Language
Costa, A., Foucart, A., Hayakawa, S. L., Aparici, M., Apesteguía, J., Heafner, J., & Keysar, B. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094842 · Cited by 568
Associative processes in intuitive judgment
Morewedge, C. K., & Kahneman, D. (2010) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.07.004 · Cited by 492
Memory predictions are influenced by perceptual information: Evidence for metacognitive illusions.
Rhodes, M. G., & Castel, A. D. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0013684 · Cited by 465
Cokely, E. T., & Kelley, C. M. (2009) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s193029750000067x · Cited by 427
Assessment in the age of artificial intelligence
Swiecki, Z., Khosravi, H., Chen, G., Martinez-Maldonado, R., Lodge, J. M., Milligan, S., Selwyn, N., & Gašević, D. (2022) · Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100075 · Cited by 409
Bullot, N. J., & Reber, R. (2013) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x12000489 · Cited by 406
Intuitions and Experiments: A Defense of the Case Method in Epistemology
Nagel, J. (2012) · Philosophy and Phenomenological Research · doi:10.1111/j.1933-1592.2012.00634.x · Cited by 333
Extending Signaling Theory to Rhetorical Signals: Evidence from Crowdfunding
Steigenberger, N., & Wilhelm, H. (2018) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.2017.1195 · Cited by 349
A Dual-Process Perspective on Fluency-Based Aesthetics
Graf, L. K. M., & Landwehr, J. R. (2015) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868315574978 · Cited by 349
The self-consistency model of subjective confidence.
Koriat, A. (2011) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0025648 · Cited by 355
Understanding Difficulties and Resulting Confusion in Learning: An Integrative Review
Lodge, J. M., Kennedy, G. E., Lockyer, L., Arguel, A., & Pachman, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2018.00049 · Cited by 322
Fortune favors the ( ): Effects of disfluency on educational outcomes
Diemand-Yauman, C., Oppenheimer, D. M., & Vaughan, E. B. (2011) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2010.09.012 · Cited by 321
Self-citationThe Deservingness Heuristic and the Politics of Health Care
Jensen, C., & Petersen, M. B. (2016) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12251 · Cited by 336
The energetics of motivated cognition: A force-field analysis.
Kruglanski, A. W., Bélanger, J. J., Chen, X., Köpetz, C., Pierro, A., & Mannetti, L. (2012) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0025488 · Cited by 318
Primi, C., Morsanyi, K., Chiesi, F., Donati, M. A., & Hamilton, J. (2015) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.1883 · Cited by 303
“Piensa” twice: On the foreign language effect in decision making
Costa, A., Foucart, A., Arnon, I., Aparici, M., & Apesteguía, J. (2013) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2013.11.010 · Cited by 303
Brashier, N. M., & Marsh, E. J. (2020) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-050807 · Cited by 288
The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI
Tankelevitch, L., Kewenig, V., Simkute, A., Scott, A. E., Sarkar, A., Sellen, A., & Rintel, S. (2024) · Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642902 · Cited by 493
“…via priming) can be used to improve metacognitive control: increasing subjective processing difficulty (e.g., by using a degraded font) stimulates more metacognitive control and thereby improves participants’ performance on reasoning tasks that benefit from a more analytic processing style [7].”
BackgroundDecision difficulty in the age of consumer empowerment
Broniarczyk, S. M., & Griffin, J. G. (2014) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2014.05.003 · Cited by 256
Financial Deprivation Prompts Consumers to Seek Scarce Goods
Sharma, E., & Alter, A. L. (2012) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/664038 · Cited by 250
Self-citationAlter, A. L., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2008) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02062.x · Cited by 256
Self-citationConflict detection, dual processes, and logical intuitions: Some clarifications
Neys, W. D. (2013) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546783.2013.854725 · Cited by 242
When should I trust my gut? Linking domain expertise to intuitive decision-making effectiveness
Dane, E., Rockmann, K. W., & Pratt, M. G. (2012) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2012.07.009 · Cited by 263
Cognitive style and religiosity: The role of conflict detection
Pennycook, G., Cheyne, J. A., Barr, N., Koehler, D. J., & Fugelsang, J. A. (2013) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-013-0340-7 · Cited by 249
The interplay between self-regulation in learning and cognitive load
Seufert, T. (2018) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2018.03.004 · Cited by 227
Risen, J. L. (2016) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000017 · Cited by 221
Thompson, V. A., Turner, J. A. P., Pennycook, G., Ball, L. J., Brack, H., Ophir, Y., & Ackerman, R. (2012) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2012.09.012 · Cited by 218
Cognitive reflection vs. calculation in decision making
Sinayev, A., & Peters, E. M. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00532 · Cited by 202
Bats, balls, and substitution sensitivity: cognitive misers are no happy fools
Neys, W. D., Rossi, S., & Houdé, O. (2013) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-013-0384-5 · Cited by 200
Song, H., & Schwarz, N. (2008) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2008.26.6.791 · Cited by 196
Disclosure Readability and the Sensitivity of Investors' Valuation Judgments to Outside Information
Asay, H. S., Elliott, W. B., & Rennekamp, K. M. (2016) · The Accounting Review · doi:10.2308/accr-51570 · Cited by 200
Topolinski, S., & Strack, F. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0014678 · Cited by 200
Modeling multiple response processes in judgment and choice.
Böckenholt, U. (2012) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/a0028111 · Cited by 185
Trust in Typical and High-Reliability Contexts: Building and Reacting to Trust among Firefighters
Colquitt, J. A., LePine, J. A., Muir, C. P., & Wild, R. E. (2011) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2006.0241 · Cited by 197
The Role of Metacognitive Components in Creative Thinking
Jia, X., Li, W., & Cao, L. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02404 · Cited by 204
Zitek, E. M., & Tiedens, L. Z. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025345 · Cited by 188
A dual‐system framework to understand preference construction processes in choice
Dhar, R., & Gorlin, M. (2013) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2013.02.002 · Cited by 187
Subjective confidence in one's answers: The consensuality principle.
Koriat, A. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.34.4.945 · Cited by 174
Yue, C. L., Castel, A. D., & Bjork, R. A. (2012) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-012-0255-8 · Cited by 189
Easy does it: The role of fluency in cue weighting
Shah, A., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2007) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e722852011-015 · Cited by 173
Self-citationThe Power of Simplicity: Processing Fluency and the Effects of Olfactory Cues on Retail Sales
Herrmann, A. P., Zidansek, M., Sprott, D. E., & Spangenberg, E. R. (2012) · Journal of Retailing · doi:10.1016/j.jretai.2012.08.002 · Cited by 179
Deppe, K. D., Gonzalez, F. J., Neiman, J. L., Jacobs, C. M., Pahlke, J., Smith, K. B., & Hibbing, J. R. (2015) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500005131 · Cited by 166
Zhan, Y., & Yan, Z. (2026) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2025.2471821 · Cited by 162
Benefitting InfoVis with Visual Difficulties
Hullman, J., Adar, E., & Shah, P. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2011.175 · Cited by 159
The affective control of thought: Malleable, not fixed.
Huntsinger, J. R., Isbell, L. M., & Clore, G. L. (2014) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0037669 · Cited by 167
This Number Just Feels Right: The Impact of Roundedness of Price Numbers on Product Evaluations
Wadhwa, M., & Zhang, K. (2014) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/678484 · Cited by 153
The Power of Strangers: The Effect of Incidental Consumer Brand Encounters on Brand Choice
Ferraro, R., Bettman, J. R., & Chartrand, T. L. (2008) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/592944 · Cited by 161
Naive theories of intelligence and the role of processing fluency in perceived comprehension.
Miele, D. B., & Molden, D. C. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0019745 · Cited by 152
Disfluency disrupts the confirmation bias
Hernandez, I., & Preston, J. L. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2012.08.010 · Cited by 152
EPISTEMIC ANXIETY AND ADAPTIVE INVARIANTISM
Nagel, J. (2010) · Philosophical Perspectives · doi:10.1111/j.1520-8583.2010.00198.x · Cited by 153
People's intuitions about intuitive insight and intuitive choice.
Inbar, Y., Cone, J., & Gilovich, T. D. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020215 · Cited by 165
Mamede, S., Schmidt, H. G., Rikers, R. M. J. P., Custers, E. J. F. M., Splinter, T. A. W., & van Saase, J. L. C. M. (2010) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-010-0281-8 · Cited by 148
Cognitive reflection test: Whom, how, when
Brañas‐Garza, P., Kujal, P., & Lenkei, B. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics · doi:10.1016/j.socec.2019.101455 · Cited by 158
Alter, A. L., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2008) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/pbr.15.5.985 · Cited by 150
Self-citationHopkins, R. F., Lyle, K. B., Hieb, J. L., & Ralston, P. A. S. (2016) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-015-9349-8 · Cited by 136
Svedholm‐Häkkinen, A. M., & Lindeman, M. (2012) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.2012.02118.x · Cited by 146
Making Products Feel Special: When Metacognitive Difficulty Enhances Evaluation
Pocheptsova, A., Labroo, A. A., & Dhar, R. (2010) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1509/jmkr.47.6.1059 · Cited by 137
Brain drain: The cognitive neuroscience of foreign language processing in multinational corporations
Volk, S., Köhler, T., & Pudelko, M. (2014) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/jibs.2014.26 · Cited by 136
Carpenter, S. K., Wilford, M. M., Kornell, N., & Mullaney, K. M. (2013) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-013-0442-z · Cited by 132
The Price Precision Effect: Evidence from Laboratory and Market Data
Thomas, M., Simon, D. H., & Kadiyali, V. (2009) · Marketing Science · doi:10.1287/mksc.1090.0512 · Cited by 131
On Language Processing Shaping Decision Making
Costa, A., Vives, M., & Corey, J. D. (2017) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721416680263 · Cited by 129
Dan Ariely, C., & Norton, M. I. (2008) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163536 · Cited by 140
Visceral fit: While in a visceral state, associated states of the world seem more likely.
Risen, J. L., & Critcher, C. R. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0022460 · Cited by 131
The ‘whys’ and ‘whens’ of individual differences in thinking biases
Neys, W. D., & Bonnefon, J. (2013) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2013.02.001 · Cited by 122
Gervais, W. M. (2013) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691613489836 · Cited by 127
Morsanyi, K., & Handley, S. J. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0026099 · Cited by 126
Just out of reach: On the reliability of the action-sentence compatibility effect.
Papesh, M. H. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000125 · Cited by 123
Eibach, R. P., Mock, S. E., & Courtney, E. A. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.03.002 · Cited by 133
Do all ducks lay eggs? The generic overgeneralization effect
Leslie, S., Khemlani, S., & Glucksberg, S. (2011) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2010.12.005 · Cited by 114
Heuristic Reasoning in Chemistry: Making decisions about acid strength
McClary, L., & Talanquer, V. (2010) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/09500693.2010.528463 · Cited by 111
Disfluent fonts don’t help people solve math problems.
Meyer, A., Frederick, S., Burnham, T. C., Pinto, J. D. G., Boyer, T. W., Ball, L. J., Pennycook, G., Ackerman, R., Thompson, V. A., & Schuldt, J. P. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000049 · Cited by 109
People underestimate the value of persistence for creative performance.
Lucas, B. J., & Nordgren, L. F. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspa0000030 · Cited by 115
Words Meet Photos: When and Why Photos Increase Review Helpfulness
Ceylan, G., Diehl, K., & Proserpio, D. (2023) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/00222437231169711 · Cited by 104
Corrugator activity confirms immediate negative affect in surprise
Topolinski, S., & Strack, F. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00134 · Cited by 102
The Benefits of Cognitive Disfluency
Alter, A. L. (2013) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721413498894 · Cited by 102
Self-citationAI makes you smarter but none the wiser: The disconnect between performance and metacognition
Fernandes, D., Villa, S., Nicholls, S., Haavisto, O., Buschek, D., Schmidt, A., Kosch, T., Shen, C., & Welsch, R. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2025.108779 · Cited by 144
Rijke, W. J., Bollen, L., Eysink, T. H. S., & Tolboom, J. (2018) · Informatics in Education · doi:10.15388/infedu.2018.05 · Cited by 100
Predicting replication outcomes in the Many Labs 2 study
Forsell, E., Viganola, D., Pfeiffer, T., Almenberg, J., Wilson, B., Chen, Y., Nosek, B. A., Johannesson, M., & Dreber, A. (2018) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2018.10.009 · Cited by 101
Effects of Lightness‐Location Congruency on Consumers’ Purchase Decision‐Making
須永, 努., Park, J., & Spence, C. J. (2016) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20929 · Cited by 96
Suppressing Secrecy Through Metacognitive Ease
Alter, A. L., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2009) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02461.x · Cited by 94
Self-citationPancer, E., & Poole, M. (2016) · Social Influence · doi:10.1080/15534510.2016.1265582 · Cited by 94
Asymmetries in predictive and diagnostic reasoning.
Fernbach, P. M., Darlow, A., & Sloman, S. A. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0022100 · Cited by 93
Gilovich, T. D., & Griffin, D. W. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy001015 · Cited by 93
Can exposure to prenatal sex hormones (2D:4D) predict cognitive reflection?
Bosch‐Domènech, A., Brañas‐Garza, P., & Espín, A. M. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.01.023 · Cited by 96
A framework for understanding reasoning errors: From fake news to climate change and beyond
Pennycook, G. (2022) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2022.11.003 · Cited by 95
Reber, R., & Greifeneder, R. (2017) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2016.1258173 · Cited by 87
The order of disorder: Deconstructing visual disorder and its effect on rule-breaking.
Kotabe, H., Kardan, O., & Berman, M. G. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000240 · Cited by 87
The persistence of the fluency–confidence association in problem solving
Ackerman, R., & Zalmanov, H. (2012) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-012-0305-z · Cited by 86
Eitel, A., Kühl, T., Scheiter, K., & Gerjets, P. (2014) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3004 · Cited by 85
Lost in Translation: The Effects of Incentive Compensation on Strategy Surrogation
Choi, J., Hecht, G., & Tayler, W. B. (2012) · The Accounting Review · doi:10.2308/accr-10273 · Cited by 87
Metadata
- Authors
- Alter, A. L., Oppenheimer, D. M., Epley, N., & Eyre, R. N.
- Affiliations
- Princeton University (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
- Published
- 2007
- Volume
- 136
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 569-576
- ISSN
- 0096-3445 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2222
- OpenAlex
- W2138921773
- Cited by
- 844
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 43 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 63 · 2015: 62 · 2014: 51 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 40
- FWCI
- 17.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology General (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (051811; SES0241544)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Family Practice › Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Cognitive Science and Education Research
- Keywords
- metacognition, analytical thinking, intuitive thinking, heuristics, syllogistic reasoning, persuasion, peripheral cues, cognitive effort, dual-process theory
- MeSH terms
- Cognition, Decision Making, Humans, Judgment, Pilot Projects, Intuition
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
