Cited by 1,501Psychotherapy Techniques and ApplicationsCounseling Practices and SupervisionCounseling, Therapy, and Family Dynamics

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Factor structure of the working alliance inventory

Tracey, Terence J., Kokotovic, Anna M.·1989·Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

DOI 10.1037/1040-3590.1.3.207

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Abstract

The Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) was completed after the 1st psychotherapy session by 84 university counseling center clients and 15 therapists rating their work with 123 clients

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Crossref · 10.1037/1040-3590.1.3.207

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Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures.
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A Reliability Coefficient for Maximum Likelihood Factor Analysis
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Goodness-of-fit indexes in confirmatory factor analysis: The effect of sample size.
Marsh, H. W., Balla, J. R., & McDonald, R. P. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.391 · Cited by 3,953
Development and validation of the working alliance inventory
Horvath, A. O., & Greenberg, L. S. (1989) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-0167.36.2.223 · Cited by 3,520
The psychotherapeutic process: A research handbook.
Greenberg, L. S., & Pinsof, W. M. (1986) · Cited by 1,386
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Two Helping Alliance Methods for Predicting Outcomes of Psychotherapy
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“The Physician–Patient Working Alliance Scale, adapted by Fuertes et al. (14), is based on Tracy and Kokotovic’s short C-Working Alliance Inventory (34).”
Background
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“%) sessions (50- minuteses sion, once a week) [pre therapy] [pre, 5th, 15th, 23th, 28th session] CATS [5th, 15th, 28th session] ∙ ECR(anxiety) associated with CATS at 5th β=-0.23 (p=0.05)* ∙ All other association not significant [ECR(anxiety)(avoidance) & CATS at 5th, 15th, 28th session] (statistics not reported) ∙ EC…”
Influential
Helping Skills, Working Alliance, and Session Depth in China: A Multilevel Analysis
Li, X., Kivlighan, D. M., Hill, C. E., Hou, Z., & Xu, M. (2018) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000018763965 · Cited by 9
“These results provide some evidence of reliability and validity for the translated Chinese version of WAI-S used in this study.”
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da Costa, H., Martin, B., & Franck, N. (2020) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001125 · Cited by 11
“We only considered the overall score used to measure TA, as this is the general factor (as opposed to subgroup) that best represents the TA concept (Tracey and Kokotovic, 1989).”
Method
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Larose, S., Tarabulsy, G. M., Harvey, M., Guay, F., Deschênes, C., Cyrenne, D., & Garceau, O. (2012) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00934.x · Cited by 9
“The construct validity of this version has been established by confirmatory factor analysis (Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
Method
Role Induction in Career Counseling
Fouad, N. A., Chen, Y., Guillen, A., Henry, C., Kantamneni, N., Novakovic, A., Priester, P. E., & Terry, S. (2007) · The Career Development Quarterly · doi:10.1002/j.2161-0045.2007.tb00017.x · Cited by 9
Physician’s Listening and Adherence to Medical Recommendations among Persons with Diabetes
Shafran‐Tikva, S., & Kluger, A. N. (2017) · International Journal of Listening · doi:10.1080/10904018.2016.1250634 · Cited by 9
“Alliance is an unwritten contract between the physician and the patient that defines the goals of the treatment and the means of their achievement (Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Providing objective feedback in supervision in motivational interviewing: results from a randomized controlled trial
Beckman, M., Forsberg, L., Lindqvist, H., & Ghaderi, A. (2019) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465819000687 · Cited by 10
“The GLMM analyses of the working alliance showed no significant interaction or group effects, but a significant effect of time for the total WAI-S score as well as for two of the three subscales (Table 3).”
MethodInfluential
Counselors' Adjective Correlates of Working Alliance
Dykeman, C., & LaFleur, N. K. (1996) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1996.78.2.563 · Cited by 9
Cognitive errors assessed by observer ratings in bipolar affective disorder: relationship with symptoms and therapeutic alliance
Kramer, U., Bodenmann, G., & Drapeau, M. (2009) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x09990043 · Cited by 9
“A 12-item short version was developed by Tracey & Kokotovic (1989), based on factor-analytical procedures.”
Method
Investigating the Relationship Between the Therapeutic Alliance and Treatment Outcome in Violent Offender Treatment
Ross, L. (2008) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.16967833 · Cited by 9
Why are Psychopaths Difficult to Treat? Testing the Two-Component Model for the Treatment of PCL Psychopaths
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de Haan, E., Terblanche, N. H. D., & Nowack, K. M. (2026) · Human Resource Development International · doi:10.1080/13678868.2026.2633990 · Cited by 8
“The short-form Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) in short form by Tracey and Kokotovic (1989) was used as a measure of the strength of the coach–coachee relationship (Horvath & Greenberg, 1986).”
Internet-based treatment for Romanian adults with panic disorder: protocol of a randomized controlled trial comparing a Skype-guided with an unguided self-help intervention (the PAXPD study)
Ciuca, A., Berger, T., Crişan, L. G., & Miclea, M. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0709-9 · Cited by 9
“Working Alliance Inventory-Short Form (WAI-S) [102, 103].”
Influential
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Deep Annotation of Therapeutic Working Alliance in Psychotherapy
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“The 12-item WAI-S [6], a shorter version of the WAI, was investigated in two youth studies showing a single factor solution for the patient version in youths receiving treatment for anxiety [30] or depression [31].”
MethodResult
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McLeod, J., Stänicke, E., Oddli, H. W., Smith, S. L., Pearce, P., & Cooper, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1390579 · Cited by 9
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“Quality of the working alliance was assessed using the Working Alliance Inventory-Short Form (WAI-SF; Tracey and Kokotovic, 1989).”
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“The current study used the validated Dutch 12-item version short form [63], derived from the original working alliance inventory [64], and adapted for coachees.”
Method
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“Working Alliance Inventory-Short Forms (WAI-S; Horvath & Greenberg, 1989; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
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Method
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“Internal consistency of the WAI-S has typically ranged from .83 to .98 (Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
Method
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“First, it was measured with the Counselor Alliance Scale, which was taken from the Working Alliance Inventory [26-28], and used to measure treatment progress with the counselor at discharge, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks.”
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“Therapeutic Alliance Therapeutic alliance was assessed by means of two measures: the Working Alliance Inventory-Short Form [WAI-SF; (35, 36)] and the System for Observing Family Therapy Alliances-Self report [SOFTA-S; (37, 38)].”
Method
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“Therapeutic alliance was evaluated using a French translation of the client short-form version of the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
Method
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“The WAI shows good construct validity and high internal consistency [62].”
Background
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“The bi-factor model is similar to the model used by Heppner, Pretorius, Wei, Lee, and Wang (2002) and Tracey and colleagues (Tracey, Glidden, & Kokotovic, 1988; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
Method
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“This relationship is to be measured using the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI; Horvath & Greenberg, 1989; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
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Aardal, H., Schanche, E., Hjeltnes, A., Danielsen, Y. S., Bertelsen, T. B., Zahl-Olsen, R., & Stiegler, J. R. (2025) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2025.2560935 · Cited by 7
“Client, Short-Form (WAI-C-S; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
Influential
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“The 12-item WAI-S (Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989) is focused on three subscales: task (e.g., “What I am doing in counseling gives me new ways of looking at my problem”, bond (e.g., “I am confident in group facilitators’ ability to help me”, and goal (e.g., “The group facilitators and I are working towards mutually agreed u…”
Method
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“Working Alliance Inventory – Short (WAI-S; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
Background
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Baier, A. L., Feeny, N. C., Coyne, A. E., & Zoellner, L. A. (2023) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2023.2184733 · Cited by 9
“Working Alliance Inventory-Patient - Short Form (WAI) (Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
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“These included surveys on perception of SR and involuntarily admitted patients’ perceptions of their treatment, questionnaires on patient satisfaction,(22,23) and the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI).(24,25) The items identified from the existing questionnaires for development of the SR-PPT were reviewed by a professi…”
Method
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“TheWAI-S (Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989) is a shortened version of the original 36-itemWAI.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citation
Interpersonal pathoplasticity and trajectories of change in routine adolescent and young adult residential substance abuse treatment.
Boswell, J. F., Cain, N. M., Oswald, J. M., McAleavey, A. A., & Adelman, R. W. (2017) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000219 · Cited by 7
“Consequently, we chose to focus on the overall WAI-S score in our analyses.”
MethodInfluential
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“The 12 most indicative items were selected using confirmatory factor analysis to form the WAV-12 short form (Tracey and Kokotovic, 1989).”
BackgroundMethod
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Mihalo, J. R., & Valenti, M. W. (2018) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.01.011 · Cited by 7
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Ozier, D., Mariani, M., & Collins, M. (2019) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.5217 · Cited by 7
“Following the final session, participants completed the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire(7) and the Working Alliance Inventory‐Short Form (SF).(8) One week following training a researcher contacted the participants to conduct recorded interviews.”
Method
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“BAI: Beak Anxiety Inventory CBT: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy EQ-5D: EuroQol-5-Divison GAD-7: Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 ICBT: Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy JART: Japanese Adult Rating Test OCD: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9 RCT: Randomized Controlled Trial UC: U…”
MethodInfluential
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“Tracey and Kokotovic (1989) developed an abbreviated version (WAI-S) comprising 12 items, maintaining the three factors (four items each), with versions for both client and therapist.”
Background
Satisfaction with antipsychotics as a medication: the role of therapeutic alliance and patient-perceived participation in decision making in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder
Torrecilla-Olavarrieta, R., Pérez‐Revuelta, J. I., García‐Spínola, E., Martín, Á. L., Mongil-SanJuan, J. M., Rodríguez‐Gómez, C., Moreno, J. M. V., & González‐Sáiz, F. (2020) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1080/13651501.2020.1804942 · Cited by 7
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“The quality of the therapeutic alliance was assessed with the observer-rated version of the Working Alliance Inventory Short [WAI-O-S; (22, 23)], which is based on Bordin’s (24) conceptualization of working alliance.”
Method
Processes and outcomes of individual career counselling for different types of clients: a latent profile analysis replication and extension
Milot‐Lapointe, F., Corff, Y. L., & Savard, R. (2021) · British Journal of Guidance and Counselling · doi:10.1080/03069885.2021.1959518 · Cited by 8
“The short form of theWAI showed high internal consistency coefficients varying from .83 to .98 (Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
Background
Weight loss for overweight and obese patients with prostate cancer: a study protocol of a randomised trial comparing clinic-based versus Telehealth delivered EXercise and nutrition intervention (the TelEX trial)
Galvao, D. A., Taaffe, D. R., Hayne, D., López, P., Lyons‐Wall, P., Tang, C., Chambers, S. K., Devine, A., Spry, N. A., Jeffery, E., et al. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058899 · Cited by 9
Early trajectories of symptom change and working alliance as predictors of treatment outcome
Lin, T., Anderson, T., Austin, M., & Mischkowski, D. (2022) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2022.2080028 · Cited by 9
“In this study, we used a shortened, 12-item version of the WAI (i.e., the WAI-S) because of its ease of administration and comparable psychometric properties (Busseri & Tyler, 2003; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
Method
The effectiveness of dialectical behavior group therapy on stress, depression, and cognitive emotion regulation in mothers of intellectually disabled students: A randomized clinical trial
Shareh, H., & Yazdanian, M. (2023) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13591045231163068 · Cited by 7
“Working Alliance Inventory- Short form (WAI-S; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
Method
Medication-Free Treatment in Mental Health Care How Does It Differ from Traditional Treatment?
Standal, K., Solbakken, O. A., Rugkåsa, J., Halvorsen, M. S., Abbass, A. A., Wirsching, C., Brakstad, I. E., & Heiervang, K. S. (2024) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s435610 · Cited by 7
L’alliance thérapeutique avec les patients limite en thérapie cognitivo-comportementale
Cheval, S., Mirabel-Sarron, C., Guelfi, J., & Rouillon, F. (2009) · Annales Médico-psychologiques revue psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.amp.2008.09.006 · Cited by 7
Enhancing Evidence-Based Coaching Practice by Developing a Coaching Relationship Competency Framework
Lai, Y., & McDowell, A. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31012-1_17 · Cited by 7
“Second, Coaching Alliance Inventory (CAI) which is modified from Tracey and Kokotovic’s (Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989) Working Alliance Inventory-Short Form was applied in this study to cross validate with CRCF questionnaire.”
Method
The impact of sex offender’s interpersonal style, treatment readiness and the therapeutic alliance on treatment gain
Watson, R., Daffern, M., & Thomas, S. D. M. (2018) · Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.1080/14789949.2018.1432673 · Cited by 7
“The WAI-SF has an internal consistency ranging from .98 (client’s form) to .95 (therapist’s form; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989), with Polaschek and Ross (2010) finding internal consistency coefficients from acceptable to excellent.”
Background
Treatment expectancy and working alliance in pharmacotherapy as predictors of outcomes in complicated grief.
Goetter, E. M., Mauro, C., Qiu, X., Skritskaya, N. A., Reynolds, C. F., Zisook, S., Shear, M. K., & Simon, N. M. (2018) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000294 · Cited by 7
“The WAI-SF (Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989) is a 12-item self-report measure commonly used as a measure of therapeutic alliance.”
Influential
The Complexity of Loss During a Forced Termination: A Case Illustration
Doorn, K. A., & Wooldridge, T. (2018) · British Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1111/bjp.12362 · Cited by 7
Transdiagnostic Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for the Treatment of Emotional Disorders: A Group Case Study
Harris, K. R., & Norton, P. J. (2018) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/1534650118793938 · Cited by 7
“The Working Alliance Inventory–Client version (WAI-C; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989) which measures client alliance with therapists and the Gross Cohesion Scale (GCS; Stokes, 1983) which measures alliance with the group were completed privately by clients at the end of alternating sessions.”
Method
Profiles of medical services use and health status in sex therapy clients: Associations with therapeutic alliance, attachment and trauma
Lafrenaye-Dugas, A.-J., Hébert, M., & Godbout, N. (2020) · The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality · doi:10.3138/cjhs.2019-0045 · Cited by 7
The dose‐effect model is good enough
Schuler, K. L., Kilmer, E. D., Callahan, J. L., Dziurzynski, K., & Swift, J. K. (2020) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12337 · Cited by 7
The Brazilian-adapted Working Alliance Inventory: preliminary report on the psychometric properties of the original and short revised versions
Serralta, F. B., Benetti, S. P. D. C., Laskoski, P. B., & Abs, D. (2020) · Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1590/2237-6089-2019-0099 · Cited by 7
Self-Contempt, the Working Alliance and Outcome in Treatments for Borderline Personality Disorder: An Exploratory Study
Sallin, L., Geissbüehler, I., Grandjean, L., Beuchat, H., Martin-Söelch, C., Pascual‐Leone, A., & Kramer, U. (2020) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2020.1849848 · Cited by 7
“The overall score of WAI-12 ranges between 0 and 84 (Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Predictors of preference for cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and yoga interventions among older adults
Brenes, G. A., Clary, H. M. M., Miller, M. E., Divers, J., Anderson, A., Hargis, G., & Danhauer, S. C. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.03.055 · Cited by 7
The Process and Outcome of Transactional Analysis Psychotherapy For the Treatment of Depression: An Adjudicated Case Series
David, M., & Widdowson, J. (2013) · Cited by 7
From incarceration to community care: structured assessment of correctional adaptation.
Rotter, M., Carr, W. A., Magyar, M. S., & Rosenfeld, B. D. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 7
Relationship between Racial Microaggression and Psychological Wellbeing of African American College Students.
Helm, C. A. (2013) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota) · Cited by 7
Treatment of comorbid depression and alcohol use disorders in an inpatient setting: comparison of acceptance and commitment therapy versus treatment as usual
Petersen, C. L. (2007) · Holmes Museum Of Anthropology (Wichita State University) · Cited by 7
What can Speech and Language Tell us About the Working Alliance in Psychotherapy
Bayerl, S. P., Roccabruna, G., Chowdhury, S. A., Ciulli, T., Danieli, M., Riedhammer, K., & Riccardi, G. (2022) · Interspeech (USB) · doi:10.21437/interspeech.2022-347 · Cited by 11
More than Meets the “I”: A Panoramic View of Epistemic Trust in Psychotherapy
Fisher, S., Fonagy, P., & Zilcha‐Mano, S. (2024) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000541667 · Cited by 6
“This 12-item self-report instrument measures the therapeutic alliance [45] based on Bordin ’ s [46] working alliance theory.”
Influence of Therapist Attachment Style on the Working Alliance in Individual Psychotherapy: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Marín‐Cavestany, M., de la Cruz, M. Á., Durán, J. I., Stiles, B. J., Lahera, G., & Andrade‐González, N. (2025) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.70025 · Cited by 9
Guided Internet-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Women With Bulimia Nervosa
Hamatani, S., Matsumoto, K., Andersson, G., Sato, Y., Fukudo, S., Sudo, Y., Hirano, Y., Ino, K., Ishibashi, T., Tomioka, Y., et al. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.25165 · Cited by 6
Activation in persons with mental health disorders: An integrative review
Keen, A., Lu, Y. Y.-F., Oruche, U. M., Mazurenko, O., & Draucker, C. B. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/jpm.12789 · Cited by 6
The therapeutic alliance in cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Strappini, F., Socci, V., Saliani, A. M., Grossi, G., D’Ari, G., Damato, T., Pompili, N., Alessandri, G., & Mancini, F. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.951925 · Cited by 8
“Among these studies, some employed the standard version composed of 36 items (58, 59, 64), while others adopted the short forms composed of 12 items by Tracey and Kokotovic (65, 67, 68, 70, 86) or by Hatcher and Gillaspy (66, 68, 87).”
Method
Longitudinal measurement invariance of the Working Alliance Inventory - Short form across coaching sessions
Stefens, M., Rondeel, E. W. M., Templin, J. L., Brode, D., de Waart, E., de Jong, R. D., ten Hoeve-Rozema, J., Waringa, A., Reijnders, J. S. A. M., Jacobs, N., et al. (2022) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-022-00968-5 · Cited by 6
“These dimensions are commonly assessed by rating scales such as the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI; 36 items; [9]), or the more parsimonious Working Alliance Inventory— Short form (WAI-S; 12 items; [10]).”
Motivation Scales of Career Decision Making as a Counselor
Lee, J., Park, S.-Y., Hee, L. J., & Lee, S. M. (2011) · Korea Journal of Counseling · doi:10.15703/kjc.12.6.201112.2145 · Cited by 6
Relationships between working alliance and outcomes in group therapy for people diagnosed with schizophrenia
Abel, D. B., Cruz, L. N., Lukachko, A., Roché, M. W., & Silverstein, S. M. (2020) · Psychosis · doi:10.1080/17522439.2020.1779796 · Cited by 9
“The WAI-S (Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989) is a 12-item self-report measure.”
Method
Automatic Identification of Ruptures in Transcribed Psychotherapy Sessions
Tsakalidis, A., Atzil–Slonim, D., Polakovski, A., Shapira, N., Tuval‐Mashiach, R., & Liakata, M. (2021) · Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology (CLPsych) · doi:10.18653/v1/2021.clpsych-1.15 · Cited by 7
“The PSQ has been widely used in psychotherapy research and demonstrates sound psychometric properties, including predictive validity with a variety of process indices such as the Working Alliance Inventory (Tracey and Kokotovic, 1989).”
Method
Within‐patient perceptions of alliance and attunement: Associations with progress in psychotherapy
Doorn, K. A., Bar‐Sella, A., Zilcha‐Mano, S., Luo, X., Silberschatz, G., Kealy, D., McCollum, J. K., & Snyder, J. F. (2022) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2737 · Cited by 8
Psychometric properties of the measure of achieved capabilities in homeless services
Greenwood, R. M., O’Shaughnessy, B. R., Manning, R. M., Vargas-Moniz, M., Sacchetto, B., Ornelas, J., Jorge-Monteiro, M. F., Almas, I., Duarte, T., Disperati, F., et al. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14755-9 · Cited by 7
“Measures Working Alliance Inventory-Short Form (WAI-SF) [87, 88].”
‘Turning up and tuning in’. Factors associated with parental non‐attendance and non‐adherence in intervention for young children with speech, language communication needs
Williams, P., Slonims, V., & Weinman, J. A. (2023) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1111/1460-6984.12961 · Cited by 6
Writing Manuals for Psychodynamic Group Treatments
Lorentzen, S. (2012) · Group Analysis · doi:10.1177/0533316411411862 · Cited by 6
“…great interest for some of the research questions of our study, and we have operationalized these similarly in STGP and LTGP, using standardized measures of the therapeutic alliance, group cohesiveness, and group climate (Tracey and Kokotovic, 1989; Lese and MacNair-Semands, 2000; MacKenzie, 1983).”
Method
Design of a controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of Supportive Parenting (‘Stevig Ouderschap’): an intervention to empower parents at increased risk of parenting problems by providing early home visits
Horrevorts, E. M. B., van Grieken, A., Broeren, S., Bannink, R., Bouwmeester-Landweer, M. B. R., Groen, E. H., & Raat, H. (2015) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-015-0104-1 · Cited by 6
“Both the Youth Health Care nurse and parents complete the Working Alliance Inventory (in Dutch: Werkalliantie Vragenlijst [WAV]) to assess the quality of the relation between parent and nurse [28].”
Background
Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial of telephone-delivered cognitive behavior therapy compared with befriending for treating depression and anxiety in older adults with COPD
You, E. C., Doyle, C., Dunt, D. R., Ames, D. J., Fearn, M., & Bhar, S. S. (2016) · International Journal of COPD · doi:10.2147/copd.s100859 · Cited by 7
“30 Horwath and Greenberg 31 developed the original WAI with both therapist and client versions, and this 36-item instrument was later shortened to 12 items by Tracey and Kokotovic.”
Trainee therapists’ views on the alliance in psychotherapy and supervision: a longitudinal study
Ybrandt, H., Sundin, E., & Capone, G. (2016) · British Journal of Guidance and Counselling · doi:10.1080/03069885.2016.1153037 · Cited by 6
“Following Tracey and Kokotovic (1989) and Stiles et al. (2004), the present study used the global WAI score (the mean of the 36 items).”
Method
Consumer factors predicting level of treatment response to illness management and recovery.
White, D. A., McGuire, A. B., Luther, L., Anderson, A. I., Phalen, P. L., & McGrew, J. H. (2017) · Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.1037/prj0000284 · Cited by 6
“This measure has been found to be appropriate for SMI populations (Busseri & Tyler, 2003; Gehrs & Goering, 1994; Horvath & Greenberg, 1989; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989) and to have good reliability and validity (Horvath & Greenberg, 1989; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
Selected Posters from the 2012 Poster Session of the American Psychoanalytic Association
Authors, V. (2012) · Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association · doi:10.1177/0003065112450148 · Cited by 6

Authors: Tracey, T. J., & Kokotovic, A. M.
Affiliations: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
ORCID: Tracey, Terence J.
Venue: Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1989-09
Volume: 1
Issue: 3
Pages: 207-210
ISSN: 1040-3590 (ISSN-L)
1939-134X
DOI: 10.1037/1040-3590.1.3.207
OpenAlex: W2091499037
Cited by: 1,501
References: 15
Citations by year: 2026: 42 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 81 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 104 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 78 · 2015: 85 · 2014: 97 · 2013: 67 · 2012: 72
FWCI: 4.61
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Assessment (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling Practices and Supervision
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling, Therapy, and Family Dynamics
Keywords: Working Alliance Inventory, therapeutic relationship, factor structure, psychotherapy, counseling center clients, therapist ratings

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