Cited by 1,501Psychotherapy Techniques and ApplicationsCounseling Practices and SupervisionCounseling, Therapy, and Family Dynamics

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Factor structure of the working alliance inventory

Tracey, Terence J., Kokotovic, Anna M.·1989·Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

DOI 10.1037/1040-3590.1.3.207

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Abstract

The Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) was completed after the 1st psychotherapy session by 84 university counseling center clients and 15 therapists rating their work with 123 clients

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Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures.
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Goodness-of-fit indexes in confirmatory factor analysis: The effect of sample size.
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Development and validation of the working alliance inventory
Horvath, A. O., & Greenberg, L. S. (1989) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-0167.36.2.223 · Cited by 3,520
The psychotherapeutic process: A research handbook.
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The development of the Working Alliance Inventory.
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The Relationship in Counseling and Psychotherapy
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Two Helping Alliance Methods for Predicting Outcomes of Psychotherapy
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Measuring Therapeutic Alliance With Children in Residential Treatment and Therapeutic Day Care
Roest, J. J., van der Helm, P., Strijbosch, E., van Brandenburg, M., & Stams, G. J. J. M. (2014) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731514540478 · Cited by 17
“The WAI-S is a short questionnaire for adults, derived from the WAI (Horvath & Greenberg, 1989) and was adapted for specific use in a child population and children with mild intellectual disability.”
MethodInfluential
The efficacy of teaching psychology students exposure and response prevention for obsessive‐compulsive disorder
Solem, S., Hansen, B. K. A., Vogel, P. A., & Kennair, L. E. O. (2008) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2008.00703.x · Cited by 17
Testing an integrated self-determined work motivation model for people with disabilities: A path analysis.
Tansey, T. N., Iwanaga, K., Bezyak, J., & Ditchman, N. (2017) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/rep0000141 · Cited by 20
Adherence to a home exercise programme following a clinical programme for non-acute non-specific low back pain: an exploratory study
L'Heureux, J., Coutu, M., Berbiche, D., & Larivière, C. (2019) · European Journal of Physiotherapy · doi:10.1080/21679169.2019.1617777 · Cited by 18
Validating the working alliance inventory as a tool for measuring the effectiveness of coach–athlete relationships in sport
Moen, F., Hrozanova, M., & Stenseng, F. (2019) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2019.1695414 · Cited by 17
“Research supports both three first-order dimensions, one general secondorder dimension and a hierarchical bilevel model (Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Repairing alliance ruptures using supportive techniques in telepsychotherapy during the COVID-19 pandemic
Dolev‐Amit, T., Leibovich, L., & Zilcha‐Mano, S. (2020) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070.2020.1777089 · Cited by 20
“…a score for two primary dimensions (attachment anxiety, and attachment avoidance); the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI; Horvath & Greenberg, 1989; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989), a 12-item self-report measure assessing the therapeutic alliance, in which patients are assigned an overall score and a…”
Background
Race and cultural factors in an RCT of prolonged exposure and sertraline for PTSD
Kline, A. C., Feeny, N. C., & Zoellner, L. A. (2020) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2020.103690 · Cited by 18
Investigating Possible Effects from a One-Year Coach-Education Program
Moen, F., Olsen, M., & Bjørkøy, J. A. (2020) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports9010003 · Cited by 17
“Coaches’ perception of the coach–athlete working alliance was measured using the working alliance inventory— short version [52,53].”
Method
Therapeutic alliance and change in psychiatric symptoms in adolescents and young adults receiving drug treatment
Rogers, N., Lubman, D. I., & Allen, N. B. (2008) · Journal of Substance Use · doi:10.1080/14659890802092063 · Cited by 17
“Client and therapist WAI_S scores were considered independently in this study based on preliminary data analysis, and other studies using the WAI_S (Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989; Tichenor & Hill, 1989; Meier, Donmall, Barrowclough, McElduff, & Heller, 2005).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Preliminary relationships between adherence and outcome in dynamic deconstructive psychotherapy.
Goldman, G. A., & Gregory, R. J. (2009) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0017947 · Cited by 17
Factor Structure of the Counselor Burnout Inventory in a Sample of Sexual Offender and Sexual Abuse Therapists
Lee, J., Wallace, S. L., Puig, A., Choi, B. Y., Nam, S. K., & Lee, S. M. (2010) · Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development · doi:10.1177/0748175610362251 · Cited by 17
“According to Tracey and Kokotovic (1989), the low scores on the goodness of fit indices are not unusual in counseling and psychology studies in which constructs often lack a concise definition.”
Background
Assessing Vocational Rehabilitation Engagement of People With Disabilities
Dutta, A., Chan, F. H., Kundu, M. M., Kaya, C., Brooks, J., Sánchez, J., & Tansey, T. N. (2016) · Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0034355215626698 · Cited by 18
“Tracey and Kokotovic (1989) developed the WAI-S, 12-item version of WAI, using the items most indicative of the three”
Method
Attachment Theory and Research as a Guide to Psychotherapy Practice
Borelli, J. L., & David, D. H. (2004) · Imagination Cognition and Personality · doi:10.2190/kqye-p3en-xatc-pwb7 · Cited by 18
Relationship Factors in Treating Substance Use Disorders
Lebow, J. L., Kelly, J. F., Knobloch-Fedders, L. M., & Moos, R. H. (2005) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780195156843.003.0015 · Cited by 17
“The WAI has parallel forms for the patient's and the therapist's ratings, and has wellestablished internal consistency, interrater reliability, and construct validity (Horvath & Greenberg, 1989·; Safran & Wallner, 1991; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
Background
Continuity of Care in Children’s Mental Health: Development of a Measure
Tobon, J. I., Reid, G. J., & Goffin, R. D. (2013) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-013-0518-0 · Cited by 16
“Parents and youth completed the short-form of the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI; Horvath and Greenberg 1989; Tracey and Kokotovic 1989), a 12-item measure assessing therapeutic alliance.”
Background
System Transformation Under the California Mental Health Services Act: Implementation of Full-Service Partnerships in L.A. County
Starks, S. L., Arns, P. G., Padwa, H., Friedman, J. R., Marrow, J., Meldrum, M. L., Bromley, E., Kelly, E. L., Brekke, J. S., & Braslow, J. T. (2017) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201500390 · Cited by 16
Using digital health tools for the Remote Assessment of Treatment Prognosis in Depression (RAPID): a study protocol for a feasibility study
de Angel, V., Lewis, S., Munir, S., Matcham, F., Dobson, R., & Hotopf, M. H. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059258 · Cited by 17
A natural language processing approach reveals first-person pronoun usage and non-fluency as markers of therapeutic alliance in psychotherapy
Ryu, J., Heisig, S., McLaughlin, C., Katz, M., Mayberg, H. S., & Gu, X. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.106860 · Cited by 19
Effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) manualized program for clinically anxious children: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial
Jansen, M., van Doorn, M. M., Lichtwarck‐Aschoff, A., Kuijpers, R., Theunissen, H., Korte, M., van Rossum, J., Wauben, A., & Granic, I. (2012) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-12-16 · Cited by 18
“The therapist will fill in the Dutch translated version of the Working-Alliance-Inventory-Short Form (WAI-S; [34,35]).”
Method
What are Clients Asking Their Therapist During Therapist-Assisted Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behaviour Therapy? A Content Analysis of Client Questions
Soucy, J. N., Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., Pugh, N. E., Dear, B. F., & Titov, N. (2019) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465818000668 · Cited by 18
“The Working Alliance Inventory-Short Revised (WAI-SR; Tracey and Kokotovic, 1989) measured therapeutic alliance using 12 items at post-treatment (Cronbach’s α = 0.”
Influential
Delivering cognitive analytic consultancy to community mental health teams: Initial practice‐based evidence from a multi‐site evaluation
Kellett, S., Ghag, J., Ackroyd, K., Freshwater, K., Finch, J., Freear, A., Hartley, J., & Simmonds‐Buckley, M. (2019) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12221 · Cited by 16
Therapeutic Alliance and Alliance Ruptures and Resolutions: Theoretical Definitions, Assessment Issues, and Research Findings
Lingiardi, V., & Colli, A. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-1382-0_16 · Cited by 19
How the interpersonal and attachment styles of therapists impact upon the therapeutic alliance and therapeutic outcomes.
Wongpakaran, T., & Wongpakaran, N. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 15
Are patient–nurse relationships in breast cancer linked to adult attachment style?
Harding, R., Beesley, H., Holcombe, C., Fisher, J., & Salmon, P. (2015) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.12693 · Cited by 16
“As a secondary measure, the Working Alliance Inventory – Short (WAI-s; Tracey & Kokotovic 1989), was also used (Hill et al. 2004).”
Method
Preliminary results of a video-assisted psychotherapist workshop in alliance strategies.
Smith-Hansen, L., Constantino, M. J., Piselli, A., & Remen, A. L. (2011) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0022184 · Cited by 16
Early relationship struggles: A case study of alliance formation and reparation
Råbu, M., Halvorsen, M. S., & Haavind, H. (2011) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/14733145.2011.546073 · Cited by 18
“Independent ratings from both the patient and therapist on the short version of the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI; Hatcher & Gillapsy, 2006 ; Horvath, 1994a , 1994b ; Horvath & Greenberg, 1989 ; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989 ) allow for a first inspection of the quality of the alliance across sessions from the initial st…”
The Relationship Between Provider Competence, Content Exposure, and Consumer Outcomes in Illness Management and Recovery Programs
McGuire, A. B., White, D. A., Bartholomew, T., Flanagan, M., McGrew, J. H., Rollins, A. L., Mueser, K. T., & Salyers, M. P. (2015) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-015-0701-6 · Cited by 16
The Impeding Role of Self-Critical Perfectionism on Therapeutic Alliance During Treatment and Eating Disorder Symptoms at Follow-up in Patients with an Eating Disorder
Boone, L. (2016) · Psychologica Belgica · doi:10.5334/pb.297 · Cited by 16
“The short form (12-items) of the patient-reported Working Alliance Inventory (WAI-SR) (Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989) was used to assess the therapeutic alliance (5 items; e.g., “I feel that my therapist appreciates me”).”
Method
Mentors’ behavioral profiles and college adjustment in young adults participating in an academic mentoring program
Brodeur, P., Larose, S., Tarabulsy, G. M., & Feng, B. (2017) · International Journal of Mentoring and Coaching in Education · doi:10.1108/ijmce-03-2016-0027 · Cited by 21
The Case Manager’s View of the Helping Alliance
Klinkenberg, W. D., Calsyn, R. J., & Morse, G. A. (2002) · Care management journals · doi:10.1891/cmaj.3.3.120.57441 · Cited by 16
“In order to assess the concurrent validity of this 3-item scale, we obtained ratings of the helping alliance from case managers for 26 other homeless participants with mental illness using both our 3-item scale and the short form of the Working Alliance Inventory (Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
Method
Development of a cognitive behavioral therapy with integrated mindfulness for Latinx immigrants with co-occurring disorders: Analysis of intermediary outcomes.
Fortuna, L. R., Falgas-Bague, I., Ramos, Z., Porche, M. V., & Alegría, M. (2020) · Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000949 · Cited by 16
Consumer perceptions of assertive community treatment interventions
Tschopp, M. K., Berven, N. L., & Chan, F. (2011) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-010-9335-z · Cited by 15
“It is comprised of 12 items and three subscales: (a) tasks, (b) goals, and (c) bonds (Tracey and Kokotovic 1989).”
Background
The Role of Safety Behaviors in Panic Disorder Treatment: Self-Regulation or Self-Defeat?
Aafjes-van Doorn, K., Zilcha-Mano, S., Graham, K., Caldari, A., Barber, J. P., Chambless, D. L., & Milrod, B. (2019) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-019-09432-9 · Cited by 15
The Efficacy and Therapeutic Alliance of Augmented Reality Exposure Therapy in Treating Adults With Phobic Disorders: Systematic Review
Hasan, S., Alhaj, H., & Hassoulas, A. (2023) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/51318 · Cited by 15
“Therapeutic alliance can be tested by 3 main domains of a good alliance [18,19].”
Background
Engaging dialogically with auditory hallucinations: design, rationale and baseline sample characteristics of the Talking With Voices pilot trial
Longden, E., Corstens, D., Pyle, M., Emsley, R., Peters, S., Chauhan, N., Dehmahdi, N., & Morrison, A. P. (2021) · Psychosis · doi:10.1080/17522439.2021.1884740 · Cited by 15
Cultural humility, counseling alliance, and counseling outcome among LGBTQ+ clients
Ratanashevorn, R., Kim, S. R., Kashubeck‐West, S., & Ojanen, T. T. (2024) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/jcad.12510 · Cited by 15
A theory led narrative review of one-to-one health interventions: the influence of attachment style and client-provider relationship on client adherence
Nanjappa, S., Chambers, S., Marcenes, W. S., Richards, D., & Freeman, R. (2014) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cyu029 · Cited by 15
The Differential Role of Classroom Working Alliance in Predicting School-Related Outcomes for Students With and Without High-Incidence Disabilities
Toste, J. R., Bloom, E. L., & Heath, N. L. (2012) · The Journal of Special Education · doi:10.1177/0022466912458156 · Cited by 15
Psychiatric genetic counseling for serious mental illness: Impact on psychopathology and psychotropic medication adherence
Morris, E. M., Batallones, R., Ryan, J., Slomp, C., Carrion, P. B., Albert, A., & Austin, J. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113663 · Cited by 15
Effects of religious vs. standard cognitive behavioral therapy on therapeutic alliance: A randomized clinical trial
Koenig, H., Pearce, M. J., Nelson, B., Shaw, S., Robins, C., Daher, N., Cohen, H., & King, M. (2016) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2015.1006156 · Cited by 14
Process analysis of trauma‐focused cognitive behavioural therapy for individuals with schizophrenia
O’Driscoll, C., Mason, O. J., Brady, F., Smith, B., & Steel, C. (2015) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12072 · Cited by 15
Therapist Personal Agency: A Model for Examining the Training Context
Mutchler, M. S., & Anderson, S. A. (2010) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2010.00198.x · Cited by 15
Reconceptualizing Teacher-Student Relationships
Toste, J. R., Heath, N. L., Connor, C. M., & Peng, P. (2015) · The Elementary School Journal · doi:10.1086/683110 · Cited by 17
Brief case management versus usual care for frequent users of emergency departments: the Coordinated Access to Care from Hospital Emergency Departments (CATCH-ED) randomized controlled trial
Stergiopoulos, V., Gozdzik, A., de Bibiana, J. T., Guimond, T. H., Hwang, S. W., WASYLENKI, D. A., & Leszcz, M. (2016) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-016-1666-1 · Cited by 15
Attachment and therapeutic alliance in psychological therapy for people with recent onset psychosis who use cannabis
Berry, K., Palmer, T., Gregg, L., Barrowclough, C., & Lobban, F. A. (2018) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2178 · Cited by 15
Building the bond: Predictors of the alliance in neurorehabilitation
Rowlands, L., Coetzer, R., & Turnbull, O. H. (2020) · Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3233/nre-193005 · Cited by 16
Does it make a difference to be more “on the same page”? Investigating the role of alliance convergence for outcomes in two different samples
Nissen‐Lie, H. A., Solbakken, O. A., Falkenström, F., Wampold, B. E., Holmqvist, R., Ekeblad, A., & Monsen, J. T. (2020) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2020.1823030 · Cited by 19
Child Survivor of War: A Case Study
Roysircar, G. (2004) · Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development · doi:10.1002/j.2161-1912.2004.tb00369.x · Cited by 15
“As measured by the Working Alliance Inventory ( Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989 ), the difference score between Stephen’s and the therapist’s evaluation of their relationship was very low, a difference score of 3 points.”
Method
Pretreatment Correlates of the Therapeutic Alliance in the Chronically Depressed
Santiago, N. J., Klein, D. N., Vivian, D., Vocisano, C., Dowling, F., Arnow, B. A., Manber, R., Markowitz, J. C., McCullough, J. P., Riso, L. P., et al. (2002) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1023/a:1020524910971 · Cited by 15
“The early therapeutic alliance was assessed during the second week of treatment using the abbreviated version ( Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989 ) of the patient report form of the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI; Horvath & Greenberg, 1989).”
Method
Blended cognitive behavior therapy : efficacy and acceptability for treating depression in the adult and adolescent population
Topooco, N. (2018) · doi:10.3384/diss.diva-148016 · Cited by 16
Feasibility of guided internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for patients with anorexia nervosa
Hamatani, S., Matsumoto, K., Takahashi, J., Shiko, Y., Ozawa, Y., Niitsu, T., Hirano, Y., & Shimizu, E. (2022) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2022.100504 · Cited by 12
“We used the Working Alliance Inventory-Short Form (WAI-SF), which assesses the strength of the therapeutic alliance (Tracey and Kokotovic, 1989), to assess the goodness of the therapeutic relationship between the therapist and the patient.”
Method
Effects of Video-Based Therapy Preparation Targeting Experiential Acceptance or the Therapeutic Alliance
Johansen, A. B., Lumley, M., & Cano, A. (2011) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0022422 · Cited by 14
The Therapeutic Alliance Predicts Outcomes of Cognitive Behavior Therapy but Not of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depressive Symptoms
Snippe, E., Fleer, J., Tovote, K. A., Sanderman, R., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., & Schroevers, M. J. (2015) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000379755 · Cited by 14
Factor Structure of the Short Version of the Working Alliance Inventory and Its Longitudinal Measurement Invariance Across Individual Career Counseling Sessions
Milot‐Lapointe, F., Corff, Y. L., & Savard, R. (2020) · Journal of Career Assessment · doi:10.1177/1069072720925048 · Cited by 14
“Student clients were asked to provide information regarding the actual degree they short form of the WAI (WAI-S; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989) was used to assess Bordin’s theoretical construct of working alliance.”
MethodResult
What do these sounds tell us about the therapeutic alliance: Acoustic markers as predictors of alliance
Nof, A., Amir, O., Goldstein, P., & Zilcha‐Mano, S. (2020) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2534 · Cited by 14
“WAI, Working Alliance Inventory (Horvath & Greenberg, 1989; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989) minimal responses and long silences (e.g. ‘I had a bad fight with my wife last night and hardly slept, but I don't want to share it with you.”
Background
Depth of experiencing and therapeutic alliance: What predicts outcome for whom in emotion‐focused therapy for trauma?
Harrington, S., Pascual‐Leone, A., Paivio, S. C., Edmondstone, C., & Baher, T. (2021) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12342 · Cited by 14
Cognitive-Behavioral Versus Supportive Psychotherapy for Intermittent Explosive Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial
McCloskey, M. S., Chen, E. Y., Olino, T. M., & Coccaro, E. F. (2022) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2022.05.001 · Cited by 14
Renegotiating tasks or goals as rupture repair: A task analysis in a cognitive–behavioral therapy for personality disorder
Muran, J. C., Eubanks, C. F., Lipner, L. M., & Bloch‐Elkouby, S. (2022) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2022.2079439 · Cited by 14
“More specifically, these rupture and repair sessions were identified based on the Working Alliance Inventory— 12 item version (WAI-12: Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989) and a series of direct rupture report items (which included a rating of rupture intensity and an open-ended narrative description of the…”
Method
An updated meta-analysis of the relation between adult attachment style and working alliance
Notsu, H., Blansfield, R. E., Spina, D. S., & Levy, K. N. (2024) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2024.2370344 · Cited by 17
“AAS = Adult Attachment Scale (Collins & Read, 1990); AAS_rv = Adult Attachment Scale revised (Collins, 1996); AAInv = Adult Attachment Inventory (Simpson, 1990); ASQ = Attachment Style Questionnaire (Feeney & Ryan, 1994); CALPAS = California Psychotherapy Alliance Scale (Gaston & Marmar, 1994); CASF = Combined Allianc…”
One-to-one support for crisis intervention using online synchronous instant messaging: evaluating working alliance and client satisfaction
Buffini, K. B., & Gordon, M. (2014) · British Journal of Guidance and Counselling · doi:10.1080/03069885.2014.987723 · Cited by 14
“Tracey and Kokotovic (1989) found the WAI-S to have overall excellent internal consistency (α = 0.98), as well as across its subscales (Goal: α = 0.90; Task: α = 0.90; Bond: α = 0.92).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial comparing the efficacy of a specialist and a generic parenting programme for the treatment of preschool ADHD
McCann, D., Thompson, M. J. J., Daley, D., Barton, J., Laver‐Bradbury, C., Hutchings, J., Coghill, D., Stanton, L., Maishman, T., Dixon, L., et al. (2014) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-15-142 · Cited by 14
“The Working Alliance Inventory [54] will be used to look at aspects of the parent-therapist relationship during therapy.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
When therapist estimations of the process of treatment can predict patients rating on outcome: The case of the working alliance.
Zilcha‐Mano, S., Muran, J. C., Eubanks, C. F., Safran, J. D., & Winston, A. (2018) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000293 · Cited by 15
“The quality of the working alliance was assessed with the 12-item patient and therapist versions of the Working Alliance Inventory (Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
How does mentoring by teachers improve the adjustment of academically at-risk students in high school?
Larose, S., Duchesne, S., & Châteauvert, G. B. (2018) · International Journal of School & Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/21683603.2018.1509035 · Cited by 14
“The construct validity of this version has been established by confirmatory factor analysis (Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
Method
Computer use in mental health treatment: Understanding collaborative documentation and its effect on the therapeutic alliance.
Matthews, E. B. (2019) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/pst0000254 · Cited by 14
“The WAI-Short Form consists of 12 items answered using a 7-point Likert scale and produces both a total alliance score in addition to subscale scores for three domains of alliance: task, bond, and goals (Bordin, 1979).”
MethodInfluential
A Meta-Analytic Investigation of the Association Between Working Alliance and Outcomes of Individual Career Counseling
Milot‐Lapointe, F., Corff, Y. L., & Arifoulline, N. (2020) · Journal of Career Assessment · doi:10.1177/1069072720985037 · Cited by 14
“The Working Alliance Inventory (WAI; Horvath & Greenberg, 1989) or its short form (WAI-S; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989) were used in 15 studies.”
Method
Decídetexto: Feasibility and Acceptability of a Mobile Smoking Cessation Intervention in Puerto Rico
Cartujano‐Barrera, F., Peña-Vargas, C., Arana‐Chicas, E., Perez-Ramos, J. G., Mattei, J., Hurtado‐de‐Mendoza, A., Costas-Muñíz, R., Jiménez, J., Cupertino, A. P., & Castro, E. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18041379 · Cited by 14
“0), which is considered in the medium range of therapeutic alliance in quitting smoking [26].”
Background
Reevaluating the Alliance–Outcome Relationship in the Early Sessions of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy of Depression
Whelen, M. L., Murphy, S. T., & Strunk, D. R. (2021) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702620959352 · Cited by 15
“The short form of the Working Alliance Inventory–Client Version (WAI; Horvath & Greenberg, 1989; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989) consists of 12 items rated on a 7-point Likert-type scale.”
Method
Mindfulness-based schema therapy and forgiveness therapy among women affected by infidelity: A randomized clinical trial
Aliabadi, M. R. R., & Shareh, H. (2021) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2021.1913294 · Cited by 14
“The WAI-S has strong internal consistency, ranging from 0.70 to 0.91 for the subscales and 0.90 to 0.95 for the total score (Busseri & Tyler, 2003; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Emotion-focused group therapy among women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder: A randomized clinical trial
Shareh, H., Ghodsi, M., & Keramati, S. (2021) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2021.1980239 · Cited by 14
“Working Alliance Inventory- Short Form (WAI-S, Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
A Pilot Study of Psychotherapist Trainees’ Alpha-Amylase and Cortisol Levels During Treatment of Recently Suicidal Clients With Borderline Traits
Miller, G., Iverson, K., Kemmelmeier, M., Maclane, C., Pistorello, J., Fruzzetti, A., Crenshaw, K. Y., Erikson, K. M., Katrichak, B. M., Oser, M., et al. (2010) · Professional Psychology: Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/a0019118 · Cited by 19
“The Working Alliance Inventory—Short Form—Therapist Version (adapted from WAI-shT; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989) is a 12-item questionnaire for therapists to complete to examine the therapist’s perception of the working alliance with a given client.”
Method
An Investigation of the Relationship Between the Alliance Negotiation Scale and Psychotherapy Process and Outcome
Doran, J. M., Safran, J. D., & Muran, J. C. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22340 · Cited by 18
“In the current study, a short-form of the client inventory was used (WAI-S; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989), based on its availability in the research program and its strong psychometric properties.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Assessing the efficacy of imagery-enhanced cognitive behavioral group therapy for social anxiety disorder: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
McEvoy, P. M., Moulds, M. L., Grisham, J. R., Holmes, E. A., Moscovitch, D. A., Hendrie, D. V., Saulsman, L. M., Lipp, O. V., Kane, R. T., Rapee, R. M., et al. (2017) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2017.06.010 · Cited by 15
Development of the Working Alliance Inventory-Short Form Japanese version through factor analysis and test–retest reliability
Takasaki, H., Miki, T., & Hall, T. M. (2018) · Physiotherapy Theory and Practice · doi:10.1080/09593985.2018.1487492 · Cited by 16
“A short form of the WAI with four items from each factor was then developed (Tracey and Kokotovic, 1989).”
Method
Evaluating Modular Approach to Therapy for Children with Anxiety, Depression, Trauma and Conduct Problems (MATCH-ADCT) in Norwegian child and adolescent outpatient clinics: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Hagen, K. A., Olseth, A. R., Laland, H., Rognstad, K., Apeland, A., Askeland, E., Taraldsen, K., Christensen, B., Kjøbli, J., Ugueto, A. M., et al. (2019) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-018-3074-9 · Cited by 14
Differential effects of alliance and techniques on Panic-Specific Reflective Function and misinterpretation of bodily sensations in two treatments for panic
Solomonov, N., Falkenström, F., Gorman, B. S., McCarthy, K. S., Milrod, B. L., Rudden, M. G., Chambless, D. L., & Barber, J. P. (2019) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2019.1585591 · Cited by 17
“Working Alliance Inventory-Short Form (WAI-SF; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
Method
Change in Patient Activation and Mental Illness Symptoms After Communication Training: A Multisite Study With a Diverse Patient Sample
Chiang, M., Chang, J., Nakash, O., Cruz-Gonzalez, M. A., Fillbrunn, M. K., & Alegria, M. M. (2019) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201800216 · Cited by 14
Study design comparing written exposure therapy to cognitive processing therapy for PTSD among military service members: A noninferiority trial
Sloan, D. M., Marx, B. P., Resick, P. A., Young‐McCaughan, S., Dondanville, K. A., Mintz, J., Litz, B. T., & Peterson, A. L. (2019) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100507 · Cited by 16
“Sleep-Related Impairment [35]; PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5 [36]); Quick Drinking Screen (QDS) self-report version [37]; Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview (SITBI [38]); Snoring, Tired, Observed, Blood Pressure (STOP) Sleep Apnea Screen [39]; Veterans RAND 12-Item Health Survey (VR-12 [40]); Working Al…”
Method
The Development and Role of the Therapeutic Alliance in Supportive Psychotherapy with Adolescents
Bhola, P., & Kapur, M. (2013) · Psychological Studies · doi:10.1007/s12646-013-0191-0 · Cited by 14
“Working Alliance Inventory-Short form (WAI-S; Tracey and Kokotovic 1989) The client version of the 12 item short form of the original WAI (Horvath and Greenberg 1986) is rated on a seven point Likert scale, with higher scores indicating a stronger alliance.”
Method
Discussion of Racial Difference in Counseling: A Counselor's Perspective
Zhang, N., & McCoy, V. A. (2008) · Journal of College Student Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/87568220802367479 · Cited by 14
“Two versions (36-item original and 12-item short) exist, and each has two forms, one for therapist and the other for the client ( Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989 ).”
Background
Dignity, coercion and involuntary psychiatric care: A study of involuntary and voluntary psychiatry inpatients in Dublin
Plunkett, R., O’Callaghan, A. K., & Kelly, B. D. (2022) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1080/13651501.2021.2022162 · Cited by 13
“There are increased rates of involuntary admission among minority ethnic groups in many countries, including Switzerland (Lay et al. 2011) and New Zealand (Wheeler et al. 2005).”
Background
L’alliance thérapeutique lors d’une télépsychothérapie par vidéoconférence pour un trouble du spectre anxieux : recension systématique des écrits
Watts, S., Marchand, A., Bouchard, S., & Bombardier, M. (2016) · Revue québécoise de psychologie · doi:10.7202/1040171ar · Cited by 13
“Cinq font usage de l’Inventaire d’alliance thérapeutique (IAT) dans sa version originale (Horvath & Greenberg, 1989) alors que les cinq autres emploient la version courte de ce même instrument (Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
Background
Therapist Differentiation and Couple Clients' Perceptions of Therapeutic Alliance
Bartle‐Haring, S., Shannon, S., Bowers, D., & Holowacz, E. (2016) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12157 · Cited by 13
Operationalizing alliance rupture–repair events using control chart methods
Lipner, L. M., Muran, J. C., Eubanks, C. F., Gorman, B. S., & Winston, A. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2606 · Cited by 16
Therapeutic Alliance: A Comparison Study between Adolescent Patients and Their Therapists
Gergov, V., MARTTUNEN, M. J., Lindberg, N., Lipsanen, J. O., & Lahti, J. M. T. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182111238 · Cited by 13
“The WAI was originally created for adult therapy, but it has been widely used with adolescents [19,24] even though adolescent modifications are often made and a shorter version (WAI-S) [42] has been used more frequently and has been found to have good internal consistency with youth samples [24].”
Alliance ruptures and resolutions in short-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy for adolescent depression: An empirical case study
Cirasola, A., Martin, P., Fonagy, P., Eubanks, C. F., Muran, J. C., & Midgley, N. (2022) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2022.2061314 · Cited by 18
“…has demonstrated good construct validity with other therapeutic alliance measures (ranging between r= 0.74 and r= 0.80) (Horvath & Greenberg, 1989; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989) and internal consistency in both adult (Cronbach’s α= 0.93) (Horvath & Greenberg, 1989) and youth samples (Cronbach’s α =…”
BackgroundInfluential
A systematic review and narrative synthesis of indirect psychological intervention in acute mental health inpatient settings
Man, H., Wood, L., & Glover, N. (2022) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2780 · Cited by 12
Understanding Client Reactions in Online Mental Health Counseling
Li, A., Ma, L., Mei, Y., He, H., Zhang, S., Qiu, H., & Lan, Z. (2023) · Proceedings of the conference - Association for Computational Linguistics. Meeting · doi:10.18653/v1/2023.acl-long.577 · Cited by 19
Data-Informed Communication: How Measurement-Based Care Can Optimize Child Psychotherapy
Connors, E. H., Childs, A. W., Douglas, S. R., & Jensen‐Doss, A. (2024) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-024-01372-4 · Cited by 13
“Therapeutic alliance is comprised of the client (i.e., youth and caregiver(s), in the case of child psychotherapy) and clinician agreement on treatment goals, tasks to achieve those goals, and their personal bond or relationship quality (Bordin, 1979; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
Walk‐and‐Talk Therapy Versus Conventional Indoor Therapy for Men With Low Mood: A Randomised Pilot Study
Dickmeyer, A., Smith, J. J., Halpin, S. A., McMullen, S., Drew, R. J., Morgan, P. J., Valkenborghs, S. R., KAY‐LAMBKIN, F. J., & Young, M. D. (2025) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.70035 · Cited by 13
Internet-based approaches to collaborative therapeutic assessment: New opportunities for professional psychologists.
Smith, R. E., Fagan, C., Wilson, N. L., Chen, J. A., Corona, M., Nguyen, H. V., Racz, S. J., & Shoda, Y. (2011) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/a0025392 · Cited by 13
“Process measures, such as the Working Alliance Inventory-Short Form (Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989), are also administered periodically.”
Method
Alliance-focused therapy for anorexia nervosa: Integrative relational and behavioral change treatments in a single-case experimental design.
Satir, D. A., Goodman, D., Shingleton, R. M., Porcerelli, J. H., Gorman, B. S., Pratt, E. M., Barlow, D. H., & Thompson‐Brenner, H. (2011) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0026216 · Cited by 13
Investigating an approach to the alliance based on interpersonal defense theory
Westerman, M. A., & Muran, J. C. (2016) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2016.1152407 · Cited by 13
“Different considerations apply in the case of the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI; e.g., Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
Background
Coaching-Prozessforschung
(2018) · Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht eBooks · doi:10.13109/9783666402920 · Cited by 13
Eating Disorder Neuroimaging Initiative (EDNI): a multicentre prospective cohort study protocol for elucidating the neural effects of cognitive–behavioural therapy for eating disorders
Hamatani, S., Hirano, Y., Sugawara, A., Isobe, M., Kodama, N., Yoshihara, K., Moriguchi, Y., Ando, T., Endo, Y., Takahashi, J., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042685 · Cited by 13
Does the working alliance mediate the therapist competence-outcome relationship in cognitive behavior therapy for depression?
Impala, T., Dobson, K. S., & Kazantzis, N. (2021) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2021.1946195 · Cited by 14
“Working alliance was assessed using the 12-item Working Alliance Inventory-Short form RevisedObserver version (WAI; Kazantzis et al., 2020; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
Method
The effectiveness of VIPP-V parenting training for parents of young children with a visual or visual-and-intellectual disability: study protocol of a multicenter randomized controlled trial
Overbeek, M. M. M., Sterkenburg, P. S., Kef, S., & Schuengel, C. (2015) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-015-0916-6 · Cited by 13
“Therefore, the Dutch translation of the short version of the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) [37–40] will be administered to both the parent and the VIPP-V intervention worker at post-test to assess their feelings of working alliance.”
Premature termination of treatment for anorexia nervosa: Differences between patient‐initiated and staff‐initiated discharge
Sly, R., Mountford, V. A., Morgan, J. F., & Lacey, J. H. (2013) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22190 · Cited by 13
Evaluating the Effectiveness of an Integrated Cognitive-Behavioural Intervention (CBI) Model for Male Problem Gamblers in Hong Kong: A Matched-Pair Comparison Design
Zhuang, X., Wong, D. F. K., Ng, T. K., Jackson, A. C., Dowling, N. A., & Lo, H. H. M. (2018) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-018-9747-1 · Cited by 13
“The Working Alliance Inventory-Short Version (WAI-S) The 12-item WAI-S (client version) designed to measure the therapeutic relationship was adopted to measure the general group effects (Tracey and Kokotovic 1989).”
Method
International counseling students: acculturative stress, cultural distance, and the process of counseling with U.S. clients
Pérez‐Rojas, A. E., & Gelso, C. J. (2018) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070.2018.1553145 · Cited by 14
“The Working Alliance Inventory—Short Form (WAI-S; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989) is an abbreviated 12-item version of the original 36-item Working Alliance Inventory (WAI; Horvath & Greenberg, 1989, Horvath & Greenberg, 1989).”
Method
The Therapeutic Alliance Over 10 Sessions of Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder: Agreement and Congruence Analysis and Relation to Outcome.
Kivity, Y., Levy, K. N., Kolly, S., & Kramer, U. (2020) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2019_33_376 · Cited by 14

Authors: Tracey, T. J., & Kokotovic, A. M.
Affiliations: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
ORCID: Tracey, Terence J.
Venue: Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1989-09
Volume: 1
Issue: 3
Pages: 207-210
ISSN: 1040-3590 (ISSN-L)
1939-134X
DOI: 10.1037/1040-3590.1.3.207
OpenAlex: W2091499037
Cited by: 1,501
References: 15
Citations by year: 2026: 42 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 81 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 104 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 78 · 2015: 85 · 2014: 97 · 2013: 67 · 2012: 72
FWCI: 4.61
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Assessment (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling Practices and Supervision
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling, Therapy, and Family Dynamics
Keywords: Working Alliance Inventory, therapeutic relationship, factor structure, psychotherapy, counseling center clients, therapist ratings

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