Cited by 1,501Psychotherapy Techniques and ApplicationsCounseling Practices and SupervisionCounseling, Therapy, and Family Dynamics

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Factor structure of the working alliance inventory

Tracey, Terence J., Kokotovic, Anna M.·1989·Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

DOI 10.1037/1040-3590.1.3.207

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Abstract

The Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) was completed after the 1st psychotherapy session by 84 university counseling center clients and 15 therapists rating their work with 123 clients

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Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures.
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A Reliability Coefficient for Maximum Likelihood Factor Analysis
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The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance.
Bordin, E. S. (1979) · Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice · doi:10.1037/h0085885 · Cited by 5,238
Goodness-of-fit indexes in confirmatory factor analysis: The effect of sample size.
Marsh, H. W., Balla, J. R., & McDonald, R. P. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.391 · Cited by 3,953
Development and validation of the working alliance inventory
Horvath, A. O., & Greenberg, L. S. (1989) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-0167.36.2.223 · Cited by 3,520
The psychotherapeutic process: A research handbook.
Greenberg, L. S., & Pinsof, W. M. (1986) · Cited by 1,386
The development of the Working Alliance Inventory.
Horvath, A. O., & Greenberg, L. S. (1986) · Cited by 529
The Relationship in Counseling and Psychotherapy
Gelso, C. J., & Carter, J. A. (1985) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000085132001 · Cited by 515
Two Helping Alliance Methods for Predicting Outcomes of Psychotherapy
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Horowitz, M. J. (1984) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1984.01790160024002 · Cited by 208

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“Working alliance was measured with the Working Alliance Inventory – Short Version (WAI-S) (Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
Method
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Moran, G. S., Mashiach‐Eizenberg, M., Roe, D., Berman, Y., Shalev, A., Kaplan, Z., & Epstein, P. G. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.08.004 · Cited by 41
“The Working Alliance Inventory (Horvath and Greenberg, 1989; Tracey and Kokotovic, 1989), originally developed by Horvath and Greenberg (1989), was measured by participants in its short version (WAI-S; Tracey and Kokotovic, 1989).”
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“Insight is an underlying dimension in several of the 12 items in the Working Alliance Inventory (Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989), but to a lesser degree in the other treatment factors.”
BackgroundMethod
The Effectiveness of Parent Management Training—Oregon Model in Clinically Referred Children with Externalizing Behavior Problems in The Netherlands
Thijssen, J., Vink, G., Muris, P., & de Ruiter, C. (2016) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-016-0660-5 · Cited by 39
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“The Working Alliance Inventory-Short Form The Working Alliance Inventory-Short Form (WAI-S) (Tracey and Kokotovic, 1989) is a shortened 12-item version of the full 36-item WAI (Horvath and Greenberg, 1989) measuring the therapeutic alliance with three sub-scales, goal (agreement on the goals of therapy), task (agreeme…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
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Stjerneklar, S., Hougaard, E., & Thastum, M. (2019) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2019.01.003 · Cited by 38
“Therapeutic alliance was assessed with The Working Alliance Inventory-Short Form (WAI-S; Tracey and Kokotovic, 1989).”
Method
Mixed-methods feasibility study on the cultural adaptation of a child abuse prevention model
Beasley, L. O., Silovsky, J. F., Owora, A. H., Burris, L., Hecht, D. B., DeMoraes-Huffine, P., Cruz, I., & Tolma, E. L. (2014) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.04.017 · Cited by 38
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Cheli, S., Cavalletti, V., & Petrocchi, N. (2020) · Psychosis · doi:10.1080/17522439.2020.1786148 · Cited by 40
Development of working alliance over the course of psychotherapy
Hersoug, A. G., Høglend, P. A., Havik, O. E., & Monsen, J. T. (2009) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1348/147608309x471497 · Cited by 39
Working Alliance for Clients with Social Anxiety Disorder: Relationship with Session Helpfulness and Within‐Session Habituation
Hayes, S. A., Hope, D. A., VanDyke, M. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (2007) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070600947624 · Cited by 38
“The total score from a shortened 12-item version of the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI), which has been shown to have comparable psychometric properties to the original 36-item version (Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989), was used in this study.”
Method
Shared Decision Making in mental health care using Routine Outcome Monitoring as a source of information: a cluster randomised controlled trial
Metz, M. J., Franx, G. C., Veerbeek, M., de Beurs, E., Feltz-Cornelis, C. M. V. D., & Beekman, A. T. F. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0696-2 · Cited by 37
“Psychometric qualities of the WAI-S proved to be good [41,43, 46, 47].”
Cognitive Processing Therapy for the Treatment of Acute Stress Disorder Following Sexual Assault: A Randomised Effectiveness Study
Nixon, R. D. V., Best, T., Wilksch, S. R., Angelakis, S., Beatty, L., & Weber, N. (2016) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/bec.2017.2 · Cited by 38
Multicultural orientation in clinical supervision: examining impact through dyadic data
King, K. M., Borders, L. D., & Jones, C. T. (2020) · The Clinical Supervisor · doi:10.1080/07325223.2020.1763223 · Cited by 43
“…competent, the supervisory working alliance (i.e., agreement on supervision goals, necessary tasks to achieve them, and formation of an interpersonal bond; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989) is enhanced (Crockett & Hays, 2015; Phillips et al., 2017; Schroeder et al., 2015; Wong et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The Relationship of the Therapeutic Alliance to Patient Characteristics and Functional Outcome During an Episode of Physical Therapy Care for Patients With Low Back Pain: An Observational Study
Alodaibi, F., Beneciuk, J. M., Holmes, R., Kareha, S., Hayes, D., & Fritz, J. M. (2021) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/pzab026 · Cited by 47
How does the therapeutic alliance develop throughout cognitive behavioral therapy for panic disorder? Sawtooth patterns, sudden gains, and stabilization
Weiss, M., Kivity, Y., & Huppert, J. D. (2013) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2013.868947 · Cited by 44
“The psychometrics of the WAI-C have been found to be very strong (Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
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Lemmens, L. H., Arntz, A., Peeters, F. P., Hollon, S. D., Roefs, A., & Huibers, M. J. (2011) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-12-150 · Cited by 37
“All sessions will be videotaped, and a random selection of tapes will be analysed by independent assessors on treatment adherence (content and quality) by using the Collaborative Study Psychotherapy Rating Scale - version 6 (CSPRS-6) [67], and on quality of therapeutic alliance using the Observer version of the Workin…”
Method
How Technology Influences the Therapeutic Process: A Comparative Field Evaluation of Augmented Reality and In Vivo Exposure Therapy for Phobia of Small Animals
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“This questionnaire was based on the short version of the Therapist Working Alliance Inventory [21].”
Influential
Negative Symptoms and Poor Insight as Predictors of the Similarity Between Client and Therapist Ratings of Therapeutic Alliance in Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Patients With Schizophrenia
Lysaker, P. H., Davis, L. W., Buck, K. D., Outcalt, S., & Ringer, J. M. (2011) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31820c73eb · Cited by 37
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“ProcedureaPhase and week Posttask monitoringTaskPretask monitoring Phase 1: self-confrontation 1 SAM1SAMb SAM2SAM and PHQ-9c 2 SAM3SAM SAM and WAI-Sd4SAM and PHQ-9 Phase 2: cognitive reappraisal 3 SAM5SAM SAM6SAM and PHQ-9 4 SAM7SAM SAM and WAI-S8SAM and PHQ-9 Phase 3: social sharing 5 SAM9SAM SAM and WAI-S10SAM and P…”
Method
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“The WAI and Feeling Word Checklist–24 (FWC–24) [73] will be filled in by the therapist after sessions 3, 12 and 20.”
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“The WAI demonstrates good psychometric properties, including content validity and internal consistency (α = 0.93; Tracey and Kokotovic, 1989).”
BackgroundInfluential
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“We adapted the patient (WAI-S-P, [35]) version for children and adolescents by translating and back-translating using a systematic process based on recommendations for good practice [38].”
BackgroundMethod
Alliance and Group Cohesion in Relationship Education
Owen, J. J., Antle, B. F., & Barbee, A. P. (2013) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12039 · Cited by 36
“Working alliance inventory—short form (WAI-S, Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989) The WAI-S is a client-rated measure of working alliance that consists of 12 items that assess goals and tasks for therapy as well as the relational bond between the client and therapist.”
Method
The therapeutic relationship in secondary mental health care: a conceptual review of measures
Catty, J., Winfield, H., & Clement, S. (2007) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.01070.x · Cited by 36
“That they tested it against the short version of the WAI (28) suggests that they regard it as based on Bordin’s pantheoretical construct of the alliance.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
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“A well-validated 12-item short version of the scale was used in this study (Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989 ).”
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“The WAI-S contains three subscales: agreement on tasks, goals and bonds, each of which contains four items.”
Method
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“The Working Alliance Inventory—Short (WAI-S) was derived through factor analysis of the full length version, to which it is quite similar (Busseri & Tyler, 2003; Martin et al., 2000; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
BackgroundMethod
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Norton, P. J., & Kazantzis, N. (2015) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000062 · Cited by 40
“Although some have suggested a three-factor structure (i.e., Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989), T hi s do cu m en t is co py ri gh te d by th e A m er ic an Ps yc ho lo gi ca l A ss oc ia tio n or on e of its al lie d pu bl is he rs .”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The Working Alliance Inventory's Measurement Properties: A Systematic Review
Paap, D., Karel, Y., Verhagen, A. P., Dijkstra, P. U., Geertzen, J. H. B., & Pool, G. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.945294 · Cited by 44
“The WAI-S (WAI-short form, 12 items) followed shortly thereafter, using confirmatory factor analysis (Tracey and Kokotovic, 1989).”
BackgroundMethod
A psychological intervention for engaging dialogically with auditory hallucinations (Talking With Voices): A single-site, randomised controlled feasibility trial
Longden, E., Corstens, D., Bowe, S. E., Pyle, M., Emsley, R., Peters, S., Branitsky, A., Chauhan, N., Dehmahdi, N., Jones, W., et al. (2022) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2022.11.007 · Cited by 35
“Participants in the intervention arm additionally completed a measure of therapeutic alliance, the Working Alliance Inventory (Tracey and Kokotovic, 1989), and a customised therapy evaluation, both dispensed by trial therapists.”
Method
How experienced therapists introduce the technical aspects in the initial alliance formation: Powerful decision makers supporting clients' agency
Oddli, H. W., & Rønnestad, M. H. (2011) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2011.633280 · Cited by 35
“’’ In line with this, Tryon and Winograd (2002) referred to a study which indicated that ‘‘higher engaging trainees were older, more verbally proficient, and better diagnosticians than were lower engaging trainee therapists’’ (ibid.”
MethodResult
Assessing client self-narrative change in emotion-focused therapy of depression: an intensive single case analysis.
Angus, L., & Kagan, F. (2013) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0033358 · Cited by 38
Therapeutic alliance in forensic mental health: coercion, consent and recovery
Donnelly, V., Lynch, A., Devlin, C., Naughten, L., Gibbons, O., Mohan, D. J., & Kennedy, H. G. (2011) · Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0790966700011861 · Cited by 35
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“TRs were assessed by the short form (Tracey and Kokotovic, 1989) Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) (Horvath and Greenberg, 1989)”
Method
Alliance and termination status in couple therapy: A comparison of methods for assessing discrepancies
Bartle‐Haring, S., Glebova, T., Gangamma, R., Grafsky, E. L., & Delaney, R. O. (2012) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2012.676985 · Cited by 35
“Therapeutic alliance was assessed with the Working Alliance Inventory Shortened Version (WAI-S; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989), which is based on Bordin’s three constructs of alliance*tasks, goals, and bonds (Bordin, 1994).”
BackgroundMethod
Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention: History, Mechanisms of Action, and Effects
Penberthy, J., Konig, A., Gioia, C., Rodríguez, V. M., Starr, J. A., Meese, W., Worthington-Stoneman, D., Kersting, K., & Natanya, E. (2013) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-013-0239-1 · Cited by 5
“In this study, therapeutic alliance was measured using the 12-item client version of the Working Alliance Inventory, Short Form (WAI-S; Tracey and Kokotovic 1989).”
Method
Therapeutic Reactance as a Predictor of Outcome in the Treatment of Chronic Depression.
Arnow, B. A., Manber, R., Blasey, C. M., Klein, D. N., Blalock, J. A., Markowitz, J. C., ROTHBAUM, B. O., Rush, A. J., Thase, M. E., Riso, L. P., et al. (2003) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.71.6.1025 · Cited by 38
Use of traditional healing among Sami psychiatric patients in the north of Norway
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Video Therapy for Atypical Eating Disorder and Obesity: A Case Study
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“The therapeutic relationship, as measured by the WAI was rated at the maximum level (total score of 84) both at mid and post therapy, suggesting that the use of videoconferencing as a mode of treatment delivery did not interfere with the development of a positive therapeutic rapport.”
Method
Making the Parents as Partners Principle a Reality: The Role of the Alliance
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“The child's alliance could be assessed by using the short form of the WAI ( Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989 ), modified for use with children.”
Method
Working alliance inventory applied to virtual and augmented reality (WAI-VAR): psychometrics and therapeutic outcomes
Miragall, M., Baños, R. M., Cebolla, A., & Botella, C. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01531 · Cited by 29
“The WAI is also available in a short version (WAI-S, Tracey and Kokotovic, 1989), both for patients and therapists.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Interpersonal Factors Are Associated with Lower Therapist Adherence in Cognitive–Behavioural Therapy for Panic Disorder
Zickgraf, H. F., Chambless, D. L., McCarthy, K. S., Gallop, R., Sharpless, B. A., Milrod, B. L., & Barber, J. P. (2016) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1955 · Cited by 49
“The client and therapist versions of the WAI-S each have excellent internal consistency (α = .83–.96; Busseri & Tyler, 2003).”
MethodInfluential
Relationships between Techniques and Outcomes for Borderline Personality Disorder
Goldman, G. A., & Gregory, R. J. (2010) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2010.64.4.359 · Cited by 34
Patterns of Patient Disclosure in Psychotherapy
Hall, D. A., & Farber, B. A. (2001) · Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis · doi:10.1521/jaap.29.2.213.17262 · Cited by 34
An Exploration of the Working Alliance in Mental Health Case Management
Kondrat, D. C., & Early, T. J. (2010) · Social Work Research · doi:10.1093/swr/34.4.201 · Cited by 34
Interpersonal processes affecting early alliance formation in experiential therapy for depression
Wong, K. K. Y., & Pos, A. E. (2012) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2012.708794 · Cited by 34
“A short form (12-item) WAI has been shown to have comparable psychometric properties (Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989 ).”
Background
Talk About Death: End of Life Planning with a Virtual Agent
Utami, D., Bickmore, T., Nikolopoulou, A. I., & Paasche‐Orlow, M. K. (2017) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-67401-8_55 · Cited by 34
“This was assessed after interacting with the agent using the bond items from the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) [18].”
Method
Career and personal counseling: Comparing process and outcome
Lewis, J. (2001) · Journal of Employment Counseling · doi:10.1002/j.2161-1920.2001.tb00834.x · Cited by 34
Are Grittier Front-Line Therapists More Likely to Implement Evidence-Based Interventions?
Wolf, D. A. P. S., Linn, B. K., & Dulmus, C. N. (2018) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-018-0305-1 · Cited by 33
Supervisor Attachment, Supervisory Working Alliance, and Affect in Social Work Field Instruction
Bennett, S., Mohr, J. J., Deal, K. H., & Hwang, J. (2012) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731512468492 · Cited by 33
“The Time 1 questionnaire for FIs included demographic questions: Relationship Scales Questionnaire (RSQ; Kurdek, 2002); Positive and Negative Affect scale (PANAS; Watson & Clark, 1994); and Working Alliance Inventory–Supervisor Version (WAI; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
Method
Transdiagnostic Cognitive–Behavioral Group Therapy for Anxiety: Outcome and Process
Norton, P. J., Hayes, S. A., & Springer, J. (2008) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2008.1.3.266 · Cited by 38
Context of Treatment and Therapeutic Alliance: Critical Factors in Court-Mandated Batterer Intervention Programs
Boira, S., del Castillo, M. F., Carbajosa, P., & Servós, C. M. (2013) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2013.43 · Cited by 33
“Descriptive analysis of the studied variables (N = 27) M SD Range Therapeutic alliance (WAI-S) 4 – 28 Task subscale 20.78 6.26 Bond subscale 21.22 4.77 Goals subscale 16.33 3.80 Total 58.33 12.14 12 – 84 Group climate 1 – 7 The atmosphere created in the group among the participants was positive 6.11 1.31 The participa…”
MethodInfluential
How do supportive techniques bring about therapeutic change: The role of therapeutic alliance as a potential mediator.
Leibovich, L., Front, O., McCarthy, K. S., & Zilcha‐Mano, S. (2019) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/pst0000253 · Cited by 33
“The alliance was assessed after each session, using the 12-item version of the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
Method
Internet-based psychodynamic therapy vs cognitive behavioural therapy for social anxiety disorder: A preference study
Lindegaard, T., Hesslow, T., Nilsson, M., Johansson, R., Carlbring, P., Lilliengren, P., & Andersson, G. (2020) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2020.100316 · Cited by 33
Treating Avoidant Personality Disorder With Combined Individual Metacognitive Interpersonal Therapy and Group Mentalization-Based Treatment
Simonsen, S., Popolo, R., Juul, S., Frandsen, F. W., Sørensen, P., & Dimaggio, G. (2021) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001432 · Cited by 37
“To assess therapeutic alliance, we used theWorking Alliance Inventory (WAI-S) (Tracey and Kokotovic, 1989).”
MethodInfluential
Validity of the Working Alliance Inventory Within Child Protection Services
Killian, M., Forrester, D., Westlake, D., & Antonopoulou, V. (2015) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731515596816 · Cited by 33
Randomized control trial of an integrated therapy for comorbid anger and gambling
Korman, L. M., Collins, J., Littman-Sharp, N., Skinner, W., McMain, S., & Mercado, V. (2008) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503300701858362 · Cited by 33
“Confirmatory factor analyses of the short form of the WAI support its bilevel factor structure, with a general alliance factor and secondary goal, task, and bond factors (Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
Method
Effects of Field Instructor Training on Student Competencies and the Supervisory Alliance
Deal, K. H., Bennett, S., Mohr, J. J., & Hwang, J. (2011) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731511410577 · Cited by 33
“The Time 1 questionnaire for FIs included demographic questions, Working Alliance Inventory–Supervisor Version (WAI; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989), and CBE (Bogo et al., 2002).”
Method
Differences in client and therapist views of the working alliance in drug treatment
Meier, P. S., & Donmall, M. (2005) · Journal of Substance Use · doi:10.1080/14659890500137004 · Cited by 33
“The test–retest reliability was published as r 5 0.83 across a 2-week period (Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
MethodInfluential
Therapeutic alliance in early schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a cross-sectional study
Johansen, R. E. B., Iversen, V. C., Melle, I. S., & Hestad, K. A. (2013) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1744-859x-12-14 · Cited by 37
“Therapeutic alliance was assessed with the Working Alliance Inventory - Short Form (WAI-S) [40], a 12-item short version of the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) [41].”
Method
Therapeutic alliance in psychological therapy for people with recent onset psychosis who use cannabis
Berry, K., Gregg, L., Lobban, F., & Barrowclough, C. (2016) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.02.014 · Cited by 32
“2 Therapeutic alliance Therapeutic alliance was assessing by therapist and client versions of the 12-item Working Alliance Inventory (WAI[17] completed approximately one month into therapy [mean number of sessions for therapist WAI = 3.”
Method
Improving treatment for patients with childhood abuse related posttraumatic stress disorder (IMPACT study): protocol for a multicenter randomized trial comparing prolonged exposure with intensified prolonged exposure and phase-based treatment
Oprel, D. A. C., Hoeboer, C. M., Schoorl, M., de Kleine, R. A., Wigard, I. G., Cloître, M., van Minnen, A., & van der Does, W. A. J. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1967-5 · Cited by 36
A randomized preference trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy and yoga for the treatment of worry in anxious older adults
Brenes, G. A., Divers, J., Miller, M. E., & Danhauer, S. C. (2018) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2018.05.002 · Cited by 31
“Therapist [78] X Assesses therapist-patient working alliance.”
Learning to provide children with a secure base and a safe haven: The Circle of Security‐Parenting (COS‐P) group intervention
Kim, M., Woodhouse, S. S., & Dai, C. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22643 · Cited by 32
Patients' and therapists' shared and unique views of the therapeutic alliance: An investigation using confirmatory factor analysis in a nested design.
Hatcher, R. L., Barends, A. W., Hansell, J. H., & Gutfreund, M. J. (1995) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.63.4.636 · Cited by 126
Patients’ experiences of self-disclosure in psychotherapy: The effects of gender and gender role identification
Pattee, D., & Farber, B. A. (2008) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503300701874534 · Cited by 32
“Cronbach’s alpha for the short form has been reported as .98 (Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
Therapist Awareness of Client Resistance in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Hara, K. M., Westra, H. A., Aviram, A., Button, M. L., Constantino, M. J., & Antony, M. M. (2015) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2014.998705 · Cited by 44
“Working Alliance Inventory—Short Form (Horvath & Greenberg, 1989; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989).”
The Relationship Between Counseling Trainee Perfectionism and the Working Alliance With Supervisor and Client
Ganske, K. H., Gnilka, P. B., Ashby, J. S., & Rice, K. G. (2015) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.2015.00177.x · Cited by 32
Psychotherapy supervision conducted via videoconferencing: A qualitative study of users' experiences
Gammon, D., Sørlie, T., Bergvik, S., & Høifødt, T. S. (1998) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039489850139445 · Cited by 32
Treatment process, alliance and outcome in brief versus extended treatments for marijuana dependence
Gibbons, C. J., Nich, C., Steinberg, K. L., Roffman, R. A., Corvino, J., Babor, T. F., & Carroll, K. M. (2010) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03047.x · Cited by 32
A Systematic Review of Potential Mechanisms of Change in Psychotherapeutic Interventions for Personality Disorder
Berthollier, C. F. N. (2014) · Journal of Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.4172/2161-0487.1000133 · Cited by 35
“However, it was not clear if the observer version of the Working Alliance Inventory was scored by raters who were blinded to the purpose of the study and this may have introduced bias to the results [37].”
Background
Mediators of Change in Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Clinical Burnout
Santoft, F., Salomonsson, S., Hesser, H., Lindsäter, E., Ljótsson, B., Lekander, M., Kecklund, G., Öst, L.-G., & Hedman-Lagerlöf, E. (2019) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2018.08.005 · Cited by 31
Psychotherapy for social phobia: How do alliance and cognitive process interact to produce outcome?
Hoffart, A., Borge, F., Sexton, H. C., Clark, D. M., & Wampold, B. E. (2011) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2011.626806 · Cited by 31
“As a measure of individual therapy alliance, patients rated five items (1–7 Likert scale where 1 = Never and 7 = Always) of the 12-item short form of the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989 ).”
Method
Interpersonal predictors of early therapeutic alliance in a transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral treatment for adolescents with anxiety and depression.
Levin, L. K., Henderson, H. A., & Ehrenreich, J. T. (2012) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0028265 · Cited by 39
Do therapists self-disclose more to clients with greater symptomatology?
Kelly, A. E., & Rodriguez, R. R. (2007) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/0033-3204.44.4.470 · Cited by 31
The therapy relationship with lesbian and gay clients.
Kelley, F. A. (2014) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0037958 · Cited by 31
Expectancies, Working Alliance, and Outcome in Transdiagnostic and Single Diagnosis Treatment for Anxiety Disorders: An Investigation of Mediation
Sauer-Zavala, S. E., Boswell, J. F., Bentley, K. H., Thompson‐Hollands, J., Farchione, T. J., & Barlow, D. H. (2017) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-017-9855-8 · Cited by 31
“Confirmatory factor analysis by Tracey and Kokotovic (1989) created a 12-item short version of the WAI by taking the four items that loaded most strongly on each of the three factors and retaining the same structure and subscales as the longer version.”
Specialized Treatment for Patients with Severe Avoidant Personality Disorder: Experiences from Scandinavia
Simonsen, S., Eikenæs, I. U.-M., Nørgaard, N. L., Normann‐Eide, E., Juul, S., & Wilberg, T. (2018) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-018-9395-x · Cited by 35
Process assessment in treatment matching research.
DiClemente, C. C., Carroll, K. M., Connors, G. J., & Kadden, R. M. (1994) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol Supplement · doi:10.15288/jsas.1994.s12.156 · Cited by 31
Therapeutic alliance, expressed emotion, and treatment outcome for anorexia nervosa in a family-based partial hospitalization program
Rienecke, R. D., Richmond, R. L., & Lebow, J. R. (2016) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.06.017 · Cited by 30
The Effect of Therapeutic Alliance on Dropout in Cognitive Processing Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Sijercic, I., Liebman, R. E., Stirman, S. W., & Monson, C. M. (2021) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22676 · Cited by 37
Towards optimal treatment selection for borderline personality disorder patients (BOOTS): a study protocol for a multicenter randomized clinical trial comparing schema therapy and dialectical behavior therapy
Wibbelink, C. J. M., Arntz, A. R., Grasman, R. P. P. P., Sinnaeve, R., Boog, M., Bremer, O. M. C., Dek, E. C. P., Alkan, S. G., James, C., Koppeschaar, A. M., et al. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03670-9 · Cited by 33
Working Together to Promote Diabetes Control: A Practical Guide for Diabetes Health Care Providers in Establishing a Working Alliance to Achieve Self-Management Support
Jones, A., Vallis, M., Cooke, D. D., & Pouwer, F. (2015) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2016/2830910 · Cited by 33
“[22]) of the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI-12: [28, 29]).”
Background
Hope-inspiring therapeutic relationships, professional expectations and social inclusion for young people with psychosis
Berry, C., & Greenwood, K. (2015) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.07.032 · Cited by 30
“TheWAI-s (Tracey and Kokotovic, 1989) was also used with professionals.”
Method
Does Change Occur for the Reasons We Think It Does? A Test of Specific Therapeutic Operations During Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Chronic Pain
Burns, J. W., Nielson, W. R., Jensen, M. P., Heapy, A. A., Czlapinski, R. A., & Kerns, R. D. (2014) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000141 · Cited by 30
The Alliance in Relationship Education Programs
Quirk, K. M., Owen, J. J., Inch, L. J., France, T., & Bergen, C. (2013) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12019 · Cited by 30

Authors: Tracey, T. J., & Kokotovic, A. M.
Affiliations: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
ORCID: Tracey, Terence J.
Venue: Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1989-09
Volume: 1
Issue: 3
Pages: 207-210
ISSN: 1040-3590 (ISSN-L)
1939-134X
DOI: 10.1037/1040-3590.1.3.207
OpenAlex: W2091499037
Cited by: 1,501
References: 15
Citations by year: 2026: 42 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 81 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 104 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 78 · 2015: 85 · 2014: 97 · 2013: 67 · 2012: 72
FWCI: 4.61
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Assessment (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling Practices and Supervision
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling, Therapy, and Family Dynamics
Keywords: Working Alliance Inventory, therapeutic relationship, factor structure, psychotherapy, counseling center clients, therapist ratings

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