The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Factor structure of the working alliance inventory
Abstract
The Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) was completed after the 1st psychotherapy session by 84 university counseling center clients and 15 therapists rating their work with 123 clients
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Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This measure has strong psychometric properties and has been used widely in psychotherapy research [57].”
In the citing paper
“The WAI and WAI-S has previously demonstrated reliability as well as convergent, concurrent, discriminant, and predictive validity (Horvath and Greenberg, 1989; Tracey and Kokotovic, 1989).”
From Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for adolescents with anxiety disorders: A feasibility study (2018) · cites this paper as Tracey and Kokotovic, 1989
In the citing paper
“The time of administration of the WAI (in terms of the number of sessions) has been found to influence the rating of the working alliance [5,29].”
From Does the Quality of the Working Alliance Predict Treatment Outcome in Online Psychotherapy for Traumatized Patients? (2006) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“High scores were also found on the non-VR-specific WAI-short form (WAI-S) [32].”
In the citing paper
“Additional outcome measures included treatment adherence, validated by the number of missed appointments and dropouts, medication compliance, satisfaction with treatment, and working alliance, measured by the following self-reported instruments: Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-4) [16], Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ-8) [17], and the short version of the Working Alliance Inventory”
From Home-based psychiatric outpatient care through videoconferencing for depression: a randomized controlled follow-up trial (2016) · cites this paper as [18]
Citations
Cites
Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures.
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588 · Cited by 20,015
A Reliability Coefficient for Maximum Likelihood Factor Analysis
Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, C. (1973) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02291170 · Cited by 7,330
The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance.
Bordin, E. S. (1979) · Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice · doi:10.1037/h0085885 · Cited by 5,238
Goodness-of-fit indexes in confirmatory factor analysis: The effect of sample size.
Marsh, H. W., Balla, J. R., & McDonald, R. P. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.391 · Cited by 3,953
Development and validation of the working alliance inventory
Horvath, A. O., & Greenberg, L. S. (1989) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-0167.36.2.223 · Cited by 3,520
The psychotherapeutic process: A research handbook.
Greenberg, L. S., & Pinsof, W. M. (1986) · Cited by 1,386
The development of the Working Alliance Inventory.
Horvath, A. O., & Greenberg, L. S. (1986) · Cited by 529
The Relationship in Counseling and Psychotherapy
Gelso, C. J., & Carter, J. A. (1985) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000085132001 · Cited by 515
Two Helping Alliance Methods for Predicting Outcomes of Psychotherapy
Luborsky, L. B., Crits-Christoph, P. F., Alexander, L. B., Margolis, M., & COHEN, M. (1983) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-198308000-00005 · Cited by 297
Brief Psychotherapy of Bereavement Reactions
Horowitz, M. J. (1984) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1984.01790160024002 · Cited by 208
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,001–1,011 of 1,011
Dowling, D., Martland, N., King, S., Nguyen, J., Neely, E., Ball, J., Grant, N., Dom, G., & McNulty, N. (2022) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x22000125 · Cited by 9
“However, Stubbings et al., 2013) investigated experiences of the TA amongst clients and clinicians using the Working Alliance Inventory Short Form (Tracey and Kokotovic, 1989), a self-report questionnaire evaluating Bordin (1994) components of the working alliance, as part of a wider evaluation of in-person CBT compar…”
MethodChen, F., Wu, H., & Huang, C. (2014) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-014-9304-8 · Cited by 6
“[38].”
Wiggs, K. A., & Drake, C. E. (2016) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/1534650115585387 · Cited by 5
Stockton, D., Kellett, S., Wilkinson, N., Hague, J., Bliss, P., Heaver, M., & Devine, A. (2021) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-021-00118-6 · Cited by 5
Neto, D. D., Coelho, A., Albuquerque, S., & Nunes da Silva, A. (2025) · Clinical Psychology in Europe · doi:10.32872/cpe.14307 · Cited by 4
“The follow-up assessment ensures that all participants are evaluated one year after the death, enabling a PGD diagnosis. x Acceptance and Action Questionnaire II (AAQ-II) x The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) x The Working Alliance Inventory-short form (WAI-S) x Note .”
InfluentialAcceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for Problematic Anger: A Case Study
Tifft, E. D., Roberts, M. Z., Underwood, S. B., & Forsyth, J. P. (2022) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/15346501221080931 · Cited by 3
“The Working Alliance Inventory—Short Form (WAI-S; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989) is a 12-item measure of the therapeutic alliance across domains of agreement on goals, agreement on therapeutic tasks, and strength of the client-therapist bond.”
Shinno, S., Matsumoto, K., Hamatani, S., Inaba, Y., Ozawa, Y., Kawasaki, Y., Ikai, T., Sutoh, C., Hayashi, H., & Shimizu, E. (2024) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/53659 · Cited by 2
“The trial also assessed the psychological bond between therapists and participants using the Working Alliance Inventory-Short Form (WAI-SF) [38], depressive symptoms using the Patient Health Questionnaire–9 (PHQ-9) [39,40], and generalized anxiety symptoms using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder–7…”
MethodShields, C., Murrell, S. A., & Salsman, N. (2006) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/1534650103261222 · Cited by 2
“Helen’s score on the short form (12 item) of the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI; Horvath & Greenberg, 1989; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989) was 58 after the first session (range from 12 to 84; the higher the score, the stronger the perceived alliance).”
BackgroundDiehm, M. L., Kunz, J. I., Goerigk, S., Wolf, J., Lange, J., Jobst, A., Padberg, F., & Reinhard, M. A. (2025) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.70200 · Cited by 2
“The therapeutic working alliance was assessed at the end of each treatment week using the 12-item Working Alliance Inventory—Short, patient version (WAI- S-P; Tracey and Kokotovic 1989), derived from the original 36-item WAI (Horvath and Greenberg 1989).”
Bockting, C., Bosmans, G., Bergers, N., Gavan, L., Hiligsmann, M., de Beurs, D., Molenberghs, G., Wijnen, B., Lokkerbol, J., & van der Spek, N. (2024) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-024-08499-7 · Cited by 1
“This measure has strong psychometric properties and has been used widely in psychotherapy research [57].”
MethodHart (1991) · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(199107)47:4
Metadata
- Authors
- Tracey, T. J., & Kokotovic, A. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- ORCID
- Tracey, Terence J.
- Venue
- Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 1989-09
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 207-210
- ISSN
- 1040-3590 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-134X
- OpenAlex
- W2091499037
- Cited by
- 1,501
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 81 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 104 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 78 · 2015: 85 · 2014: 97 · 2013: 67 · 2012: 72
- FWCI
- 4.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Assessment (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling Practices and Supervision
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling, Therapy, and Family Dynamics
- Keywords
- Working Alliance Inventory, therapeutic relationship, factor structure, psychotherapy, counseling center clients, therapist ratings
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