The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 44 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development.
Abstract
A primary goal of scale development is to create a valid measure of an underlying construct. We discuss theoretical principles, practical issues, and pragmatic decisions to help developers maximize the construct validity of scales and subscales. First, it is essential to begin with a clear conceptualization of the target construct. Moreover, the content of the initial item pool should be overinclusive and item wording needs careful attention. Next, the item pool should be tested, along with variables that assess closely related constructs, on a heterogeneous sample representing the entire range of the target population. Finally, in selecting scale items, the goal is unidimensionality rather than internal consistency ; this means that virtually all interitem correlations should be moderate in magnitude. Factor analysis can play a crucial role in ensuring the unidimensionality and discriminant validity of scales.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, the intercorrelation between the two factors is .5, which also suggests that the two factors represent the same construct (Clark & Watson, 1995).”
From Preliminary Psychometric Properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire–II: A Revised Measure of Psychological Inflexibility and Experiential Avoidance (2011) · cites this paper as Clark & Watson, 1995
In the citing paper
“All items achieved values above the recommended 0.20, which makes it possible, despite the lower Cronbach’s alpha indices compared to the original version, to consider the MIS-PL a tool with acceptable reliability (Clark and Watson, 1995).”
From Psychometric Evaluation of the Polish Version of the Mindfulness Inventory for Sport (MIS-PL) (2024) · cites this paper as Clark and Watson, 1995
In the citing paper
“An additional analysis of the item-total correlation matrix showed that all items achieved values above the recommended 0.20 (Clark and Watson, 1995).”
From Psychometric Evaluation of the Polish Version of the Mindfulness Inventory for Sport (MIS-PL) (2024) · cites this paper as Clark and Watson, 1995
In the citing paper
“As the process of writing items for any self-report questionnaire requires authors to define or conceptualize the construct they are attempting to measure (Clark & Watson, 1995)”
From Using Self-Report Assessment Methods to Explore Facets of Mindfulness (2006) · cites this paper as Clark & Watson, 1995
In the citing paper
“The average inter-item correlation (0.20) was acceptable according to Clark and Watson (1995)”
From A psychometric analysis of the reading the mind in the eyes test: toward a brief form for research and applied settings (2015) · cites this paper as Clark and Watson (1995)
In the citing paper
“We chose these two tools, instead of traditional measures of internal consistency (i.e., Cronbach's Alpha [Cronbach, 1951] or KR-20 for dichotomous data [Kuder and Richardson, 1937]) because unlike traditional estimates which do not assess homogeneity (Cortina, 1993; Clark and Watson, 1995), omega and CFA, simultaneously provide estimates of both.”
From A psychometric analysis of the reading the mind in the eyes test: toward a brief form for research and applied settings (2015) · cites this paper as Clark and Watson, 1995
In the citing paper
“however the range of inter-item correlations (−0.07 to 0.36) still falls outside of their recommendations.”
From A psychometric analysis of the reading the mind in the eyes test: toward a brief form for research and applied settings (2015) · cites this paper as Clark and Watson (1995)
In the citing paper
“The average inter-item correlation, as well as the range of inter-item correlations, are outside the range recommended by Clark and Watson (1995) for sufficient internal consistency (recommended values range from 0.15 to 0.50).”
From A psychometric analysis of the reading the mind in the eyes test: toward a brief form for research and applied settings (2015) · cites this paper as Clark and Watson, 1995
In the citing paper
“however the range of inter-item correlations (-0.07 to 0.59) still falls outside of their recommendation.”
From A psychometric analysis of the reading the mind in the eyes test: toward a brief form for research and applied settings (2015) · cites this paper as Clark and Watson (1995)
In the citing paper
“The average inter-item correlation (0.18) is acceptable according to Clark and Watson (1995)”
From A psychometric analysis of the reading the mind in the eyes test: toward a brief form for research and applied settings (2015) · cites this paper as Clark and Watson (1995)
Citations
Cites
Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests
Cronbach, L. J. (1951) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02310555 · Cited by 43,931
Psychometric theory (2nd ed.).
Sitgreaves, R. (1979) · Contemporary Psychology · doi:10.1037/018882 · Cited by 14,384
Construct validity in psychological tests.
Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E. (1955) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0040957 · Cited by 11,195
What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications
Cortina, J. M. (1993) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.78.1.98 · Cited by 8,810
Negative affectivity: the disposition to experience aversive emotional states
Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1984) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.96.3.465 · Cited by 4,636
Self-citationHandbook of Personality : Theory and Research
Pervin, L. A. (1992) · Cited by 4,543
Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments.
Floyd, F. J., & Widaman, K. F. (1995) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.286 · Cited by 3,970
Fundamentals of item response theory
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-4185 · Cited by 3,420
Relation of sample size to the stability of component patterns.
Guadagnoli, E., & Velicer, W. F. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.265 · Cited by 2,880
Content validity in psychological assessment: A functional approach to concepts and methods.
Haynes, S. N., Richard, D. C. S., & Kubany, E. S. (1995) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037//1040-3590.7.3.238 · Cited by 2,387
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8 · Cited by 38,459
Using Self-Report Assessment Methods to Explore Facets of Mindfulness
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191105283504 · Cited by 7,511
Boateng, G. O., Neilands, T. B., Frongillo, E. A., Melgar-Quiñonez, H. R., & Young, S. L. (2018) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2018.00149 · Cited by 5,925
Blevins, C. A., Weathers, F. W., Davis, M. T., Witte, T. K., & Domino, J. L. (2015) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22059 · Cited by 5,233
The meaning in life questionnaire: assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life
Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M. (2006) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.80 · Cited by 4,843
Bond, F. W., Hayes, S. C., Baer, R. A., Carpenter, K. M., Guenole, N., Orcutt, H. K., Waltz, T., & Zettle, R. D. (2011) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.03.007 · Cited by 3,950
Starting at the beginning: an introduction to coefficient alpha and internal consistency
Streiner, D. L. (2003) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8001_18 · Cited by 3,794
MacKenzie, S. B., Podsakoff, P. M., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2011) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/23044045 · Cited by 3,165
Assessment of Mindfulness by Self-Report: The Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., & Allen, K. B. (2004) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191104268029 · Cited by 2,298
Cheung, G. W., Cooper-Thomas, H. D., Lau, R. S., & Wang, L. C. (2024) · Asia Pacific Journal of Management · doi:10.1007/s10490-023-09871-y · Cited by 2,262
“…with second-order factors violate the assumption of unidimensionality of measures (i.e., each indicator assesses a single underlying construct; Clark & Watson, 1995), and therefore Cronbach’s alpha and CR are not appropriate reliability measures because they ignore the second-order factor…”
Kirca, A. H., Jayachandran, S., & Bearden, W. O. (2005) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jmkg.69.2.24.60761 · Cited by 2,182
Weathers, F. W., Bovin, M. J., Lee, D. J., Sloan, D. M., Schnurr, P. P., Kaloupek, D. G., Keane, T. M., & Marx, B. P. (2018) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000486 · Cited by 1,799
Current Concepts in Validity and Reliability for Psychometric Instruments: Theory and Application
Cook, D. A., & Beckman, T. J. (2006) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.10.036 · Cited by 1,745
Validity of Antonovsky’s sense of coherence scale: a systematic review
Eriksson, M., & Lindström, B. (2005) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2003.018085 · Cited by 1,542
The Toronto Mindfulness Scale: Development and validation
Lau, M. A., Bishop, S. R., Segal, Z. V., Buis, T., Anderson, N. D., Carlson, L., Shapiro, S., Carmody, J., Abbey, S., & Devins, G. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20326 · Cited by 1,456
Constructing validity: New developments in creating objective measuring instruments.
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (2019) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000626 · Cited by 1,470
Self-citationThe Material Values Scale: Measurement Properties and Development of a Short Form
Richins, M. L. (2004) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/383436 · Cited by 1,427
Development of the Gender Minority Stress and Resilience Measure.
Testa, R. J., Habarth, J., Peta, J., Balsam, K., & Bockting, W. (2015) · Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity · doi:10.1037/sgd0000081 · Cited by 1,406
Initial construction and validation of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory.
Pincus, A. L., Ansell, E. B., Pimentel, C. A., Cain, N. M., Wright, A. G. C., & Levy, K. N. (2009) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0016530 · Cited by 1,334
Developing and validating measures of facets of customer-based brand equity
Netemeyer, R. G., Krishnan, B., Pullig, C., Wang, G., Yagci, M. I., Dean, D. H., Ricks, J. M., & Wirth, F. F. (2003) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/s0148-2963(01)00303-4 · Cited by 1,352
Betsch, C., Schmid, P., Heinemeier, D., Korn, L., Holtmann, C., & Böhm, R. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0208601 · Cited by 1,276
Wood, A. M., Linley, P. A., Maltby, J., Baliousis, M., & Joseph, S. (2008) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.55.3.385 · Cited by 1,237
Why employees do bad things: Moral disengagement and unethical organizational behavior
MOORE, C., DETERT, J. R., KLEBE TREVIÑO, L., BAKER, V. L., & MAYER, D. M. (2012) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2011.01237.x · Cited by 1,159
Ten Steps in Scale Development and Reporting: A Guide for Researchers
Carpenter, S. (2018) · Communication Methods and Measures · doi:10.1080/19312458.2017.1396583 · Cited by 1,141
Osman, A., Wong, J. L., Bagge, C. L., Freedenthal, S. L., Gutierrez, P. M., & Lozano, G. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.21908 · Cited by 1,097
Dhir, A., Yossatorn, Y., Kaur, P., & Chen, S. (2018) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.01.012 · Cited by 1,033
Anticipatory and consummatory components of the experience of pleasure: A scale development study
Gard, D. E., Gard, M. G., Kring, A. M., & John, O. P. (2006) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2005.11.001 · Cited by 1,015
Applying Bifactor Statistical Indices in the Evaluation of Psychological Measures
Rodriguez, A., Reise, S. P., & Haviland, M. G. (2016) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2015.1089249 · Cited by 990
Duckworth, A. L., & Yeager, D. S. (2015) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x15584327 · Cited by 993
Wang, B., Rau, P.-L. P., & Yuan, T. (2023) · Behaviour & Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2022.2072768 · Cited by 1,036
Platte, P., Wade, S. E., Pirke, K. M., Trimborn, P., & Fichter, M. M. (1995) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/1098-108x(199501)17:1 · Cited by 22
A step-by-step approach to using SAS for factor analysis and structural equation modeling
Hatcher, L., & O’Rourke, N. (2014) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 949
The Assessment of Present-Moment Awareness and Acceptance: The Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale
Cardaciotto, L., Herbert, J. D., Forman, E. M., Moitra, E., & Farrow, V. (2008) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191107311467 · Cited by 940
Wilkins, K. C., Lang, A. J., & Norman, S. B. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20837 · Cited by 946
Wortmann, J. H., Jordan, A. H., Weathers, F. W., Resick, P. A., Dondanville, K. A., Hall-Clark, B., Foa, E. B., Young-McCaughan, S., Yarvis, J. S., Hembree, E. A., et al. (2016) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000260 · Cited by 913
Construct Validity: Advances in Theory and Methodology
Strauss, M. E., & Smith, G. T. (2008) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153639 · Cited by 876
Developing and investigating the use of single-item measures in organizational research.
Fisher, G. G., Matthews, R. A., & Gibbons, A. M. (2015) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0039139 · Cited by 794
Scale development: ten main limitations and recommendations to improve future research practices
Morgado, F. F. D. R., Meireles, J. F. F., Neves, C. M., Amaral, A. C. S., & Ferreira, M. E. C. (2017) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1186/s41155-016-0057-1 · Cited by 790
A Review of Key Likert Scale Development Advances: 1995–2019
Jebb, A. T., Ng, V., & Tay, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.637547 · Cited by 1,114
How can we conceptualize behavioural addiction without pathologizing common behaviours?
Kardefelt‐Winther, D., Heeren, A., Schimmenti, A., van Rooij, A., Maurage, P., Carras, M., Edman, J., Blaszczynski, A., Khazaal, Y., & Billieux, J. (2017) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13763 · Cited by 780
Koltko-Rivera, M. E. (2004) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.8.1.3 · Cited by 880
Reise, S. P., Scheines, R., Widaman, K. F., & Haviland, M. G. (2013) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164412449831 · Cited by 766
Davis, R. A., Flett, G. L., & Besser, A. (2002) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/109493102760275581 · Cited by 750
Development and validation of the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms (IDAS).
Watson, D., O'Hara, M. W., Simms, L. J., Kotov, R., Chmielewski, M., McDade-Montez, E. A., Gamez, W., & Stuart, S. (2007) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.19.3.253 · Cited by 740
Self-citationMeasurement and Mismeasurement of Mood: Recurrent and Emergent issues
Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1997) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6802_4 · Cited by 720
Self-citationThe big five personality dimensions and job performance
Rothmann, S., & Coetzer, E. P. (2003) · SA Journal of Industrial Psychology · doi:10.4102/sajip.v29i1.88 · Cited by 717
A Generalized Multidimensional Scale for Measuring Customer Engagement
Vivek, S. D., Beatty, S. E., Dalela, V., & Morgan, R. M. (2014) · The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice · doi:10.2753/mtp1069-6679220404 · Cited by 806
Construct Validation in Social and Personality Research
Flake, J. K., Pek, J. C. X., & Hehman, E. (2017) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550617693063 · Cited by 715
Bottesi, G., Ghisi, M., Altoè, G., Conforti, E., Melli, G., & Sica, C. (2015) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.04.005 · Cited by 701
de Zúñiga, H. G., Molyneux, L., & Zheng, P. (2014) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/jcom.12103 · Cited by 649
The development of a financial toxicity patient‐reported outcome in cancer: The COST measure
de Souza, J. A., Yap, B. J., Hlubocky, F. J., Wroblewski, K., Ratain, M. J., Cella, D. F., & Daugherty, C. K. (2014) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.28814 · Cited by 695
Maxham, J. G., & Netemeyer, R. G. (2003) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jmkg.67.1.46.18591 · Cited by 649
On orthorexia nervosa: A review of the literature and proposed diagnostic criteria
Dunn, T. M., & Bratman, S. (2016) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006 · Cited by 635
Knekta, E., Runyon, C., & Eddy, S. L. (2019) · CBE—Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.18-04-0064 · Cited by 765
Grös, D. F., Antony, M. M., Simms, L. J., & McCabe, R. E. (2007) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.19.4.369 · Cited by 615
Sharma, L., Markon, K. E., & Clark, L. A. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0034418 · Cited by 630
Self-citationAdaptational Style and Dispositional Structure: Coping in the Context of the Five‐Factor Model
Watson, D., & Hubbard, B. (1996) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00943.x · Cited by 646
Self-citationMental illness stigma and ethnocultural beliefs, values, and norms: An integrative review
Abdullah, T., & Brown, T. L. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.05.003 · Cited by 661
Schnell, T. (2009) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760903271074 · Cited by 699
DSM-Oriented and empirically based approaches to constructing scales from the same item pools
Achenbach, T. M., Dumenci, L., & Rescorla, L. A. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3203_02 · Cited by 615
Lemoine, G. J., Hartnell, C. A., & Leroy, H. (2019) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/annals.2016.0121 · Cited by 614
Psychometric Evaluation of the Moral Injury Events Scale
Nash, W. P., Carper, T. L. M., Mills, M. A., Au, T. M., Goldsmith, A. A., & Litz, B. T. (2013) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-13-00017 · Cited by 620
ISSUES AND STRATEGIES FOR REDUCING THE LENGTH OF SELF‐REPORT SCALES
Stanton, J. M., Sinar, E. F., Balzer, W. K., & Smith, P. C. (2002) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2002.tb00108.x · Cited by 608
Trockel, M., Bohman, B., Lesure, E., Hamidi, M. S., Welle, D., Roberts, L., & Shanafelt, T. (2018) · Academic Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40596-017-0849-3 · Cited by 602
Kohring, M., & Matthes, J. (2007) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650206298071 · Cited by 413
King, L. A., King, D. W., Vogt, D. S., Knight, J., & Samper, R. E. (2006) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15327876mp1802_1 · Cited by 599
Schaefer, L. M., Burke, N. L., Thompson, J. K., Dedrick, R. F., Heinberg, L. J., Calogero, R. M., Bardone‐Cone, A. M., Higgins, M. K., Frederick, D. A., Kelly, M. C., et al. (2014) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0037917 · Cited by 671
Master, A., Cheryan, S., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2015) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000061 · Cited by 662
Cooper, M. L., Shapiro, C. M., & Powers, A. M. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.75.6.1528 · Cited by 583
Cooper, M. L., Shapiro, C. M., & Powers, A. M. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.6.1528 · Cited by 586
A Systematic Review of Human Resource Management Systems and Their Measurement
Boon, C. T., den Hartog, D. D., & Lepak, D. (2019) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206318818718 · Cited by 523
The Construct Validity and Refinement of Process-Based Policing Measures
Reisig, M. D., Bratton, J., & Gertz, M. G. (2007) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854807301275 · Cited by 564
Ponterotto, J. G., & Ruckdeschel, D. E. (2007) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.105.3.997-1014 · Cited by 555
Gámez, W., Chmielewski, M., Kotov, R., Ruggero, C., & Watson, D. (2011) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0023242 · Cited by 524
Self-citationClinical handbook of mindfulness
(2009) · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-09593-6 · Cited by 543
Horton and Wohl revisited: exploring viewers’ experience of parasocial interaction
Hartmann, T., & Goldhoorn, C. (2011) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01595.x · Cited by 569
Beyond work and family: A measure of work/nonwork interference and enhancement.
Fisher, G. G., Bulger, C. A., & Smith, C. S. (2009) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016737 · Cited by 911
Toward DSM—V and the classification of psychopathology.
Widiger, T. A., & Clark, L. A. (2000) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.6.946 · Cited by 540
Self-citationFinlay, W. M. L., & Lyons, E. (2001) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.13.3.319 · Cited by 521
Linking Green Human Resource Management Practices to Environmental Performance in Hotel Industry
Yusoff, Y. M., Nejati, M., Kee, D. M. H., & Amran, A. (2018) · Global Business Review · doi:10.1177/0972150918779294 · Cited by 613
Greco, L. A., Lambert, W., & Baer, R. A. (2008) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.20.2.93 · Cited by 514
Piper, M. E., Piasecki, T. M., Federman, E. B., Bolt, D. M., Smith, S. S., Fiore, M. C., & Baker, T. B. (2004) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.72.2.139 · Cited by 510
Dik, B. J., Eldridge, B. M., Steger, M. F., & Duffy, R. D. (2012) · Journal of Career Assessment · doi:10.1177/1069072711434410 · Cited by 513
Development and validation of the Eating Pathology Symptoms Inventory (EPSI).
Forbush, K. T., Wildes, J. E., Pollack, L. O., Dunbar, D., Luo, J., Patterson, K., Petruzzi, L. J., Pollpeter, M. J., Miller, H. L., Stone, A. M., et al. (2013) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0032639 · Cited by 506
Self-citationRolffs, J. L., Rogge, R. D., & Wilson, K. G. (2018) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191116645905 · Cited by 504
Francis, A. W., Dawson, D. L., & Golijani-Moghaddam, N. (2016) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2016.05.003 · Cited by 496
Kashdan, T. B., Stiksma, M. C., Disabato, D. J., McKnight, P. E., Bekier, J., Kaji, J., & Lazarus, R. (2017) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2017.11.011 · Cited by 544
Watson, D., O’Hara, M. W., Naragon-Gainey, K., Koffel, E., Chmielewski, M., Kotov, R., Stasik, S. M., & Ruggero, C. J. (2012) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191112449857 · Cited by 470
Self-citationThe Concept of Mental Toughness: Tests of Dimensionality, Nomological Network, and Traitness
Gucciardi, D. F., Hanton, S., Gordon, S., Mallett, C. J., & Temby, P. (2014) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12079 · Cited by 620
The Measurement of Curiosity As a Feeling of Deprivation
Litman, J. A., & Jimerson, T. L. (2004) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8202_3 · Cited by 481
Development of a Scale to Measure Professional Skepticism
Hurtt, R. K. (2010) · Auditing A Journal of Practice & Theory · doi:10.2308/aud.2010.29.1.149 · Cited by 476
Green marketing orientation: Conceptualization, scale development and validation
Papadas, K. A., Avlonitis, G. J., & Carrigan, M. (2017) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.05.024 · Cited by 528
The brief experiential avoidance questionnaire: Development and initial validation
Gámez, W., Chmielewski, M., Kotov, R., Ruggero, C., Suzuki, N., & Watson, D. (2014) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0034473 · Cited by 450
Self-citationBrand origin recognition accuracy: its antecedents and consumers’ cognitive limitations
Samiee, S., Shimp, T. A., & Sharma, S. (2005) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400145 · Cited by 468
Lam, L. N. H., Nguyen, P. V., Le, N. T. T., & Tran, K. T. (2021) · Journal of Open Innovation Technology Market and Complexity · doi:10.3390/joitmc7010066 · Cited by 543
Swami, V., & Barron, D. (2019) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.08.014 · Cited by 454
The Alzheimer's Disease Knowledge Scale: Development and Psychometric Properties
Carpenter, B. D., Balsis, S. M., Otilingam, P. G., Hanson, P. K., & Gatz, M. (2009) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnp023 · Cited by 476
Internet Privacy Concerns and Social Awareness as Determinants of Intention to Transact
Dinev, T., & Hart, P. (2005) · International Journal of Electronic Commerce · doi:10.2753/jec1086-4415100201 · Cited by 448
Lynam, D. R., Gaughan, E. T., Miller, J. D., Miller, D. J., Mullins‐Sweatt, S. N., & Widiger, T. A. (2010) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0021146 · Cited by 464
Lilienfeld, S. O. (2017) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691616659391 · Cited by 500
Metadata
- Authors
- Clark, L. A., & Watson, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Iowa (US)
- University of Notre Dame (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Assessment
- Published
- 1995-09
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 309-319
- ISSN
- 1040-3590 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-134X
- OpenAlex
- W2005364767
- Cited by
- 6,567
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 393 · 2025: 319 · 2024: 313 · 2023: 343 · 2022: 337 · 2021: 455 · 2020: 420 · 2019: 404 · 2018: 432 · 2017: 359 · 2016: 357 · 2015: 352 · 2014: 353 · 2013: 269 · 2012: 248
- FWCI
- 18.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Assessment (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Health Education and Validation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- construct validity, scale development, item pool, item wording, unidimensionality, internal consistency, factor analysis, discriminant validity, subscales, construct conceptualization
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
