Cited by 12,298Psychometric Methodologies and TestingStatistical Methods and Bayesian InferenceStatistical Distribution Estimation and Applications

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 64 of the 66 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification

Hu, Li-tze, Bentler, Peter M.·1998·Psychological Methods

DOI 10.1037/1082-989x.3.4.424

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

This study evaluated the sensitivity of maximum likelihood (ML)-, generalized least squares (GLS)-, and asymptotic distribution-free (ADF)-based fit indices to model misspecification, under conditions that varied sample size and distribution. The effect of violating assumptions of asymptotic robustness theory also was ex-amined. Standardized root-mean-square residual (SRMR) was the most sensitive index to models with misspecified factor covariance(s), and Tucker-Lewis Index (1973; TLI), Bollen's fit index (1989; BL89), relative noncentrality index (RNI), comparative fit index (CFI), and the ML- and GLS-based gamma hat, McDonald's centrality index (1989; Me), and root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA) were the most sensitive indices to models with misspecified factor loadings. With ML and GLS methods, we recommend the use of SRMR, supple-mented by TLI, BL89, RNI, CFI, gamma hat, Me, or RMSEA (TLI, Me, and RMSEA are less preferable at small sample sizes). With the ADF method, we recommend the use of SRMR, supplemented by TLI, BL89, RNI, or CFI. Finally, most of the ML-based fit indices outperformed those obtained from GLS and ADF

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/1082-989x.3.4.424

Cites

64 of 64 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788
Self-citation
Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124192021002005 · Cited by 27,200
Comparative fit indexes in structural models.
Bentler, P. M. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238 · Cited by 25,266
Self-citation
Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures.
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588 · Cited by 20,015
Self-citation
Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling.
MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.1.2.130 · Cited by 10,418
EQS : structural equations program manual
Bentler, P. M. (1989) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 9,669
Self-citation
Experimental Design: Procedures for the Behavioral Sciences
Kirk, R. (2013) · doi:10.4135/9781483384733 · Cited by 8,539
Testing Structural Equation Models.
Clogg, C. C., Bollen, K. A., & Long, J. S. (1995) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2580595 · Cited by 8,246
Untitled work
(1993) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,690
A Reliability Coefficient for Maximum Likelihood Factor Analysis
Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, C. (1973) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02291170 · Cited by 7,330

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 66 references

2 of the 66 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 1,201

Toward a fuller conception of Machismo: Development of a traditional Machismo and Caballerismo Scale.
Arciniega, G. M., Anderson, T. C., Tovar‐Blank, Z. G., & Tracey, T. J. G. (2008) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.55.1.19 · Cited by 681
Testing Structural Equation Models or Detection of Misspecifications?
Saris, W. E., Satorra, A., & van der Veld, W. M. (2009) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705510903203433 · Cited by 679
Impact of competitiveness on salespeople's commitment and performance
Lam, L. W. (2012) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.10.026 · Cited by 757
Using parcels to convert path analysis models into latent variable models
Coffman, D. L., & MacCallum, R. C. (2005) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr4002_4 · Cited by 662
How Should the Internal Structure of Personality Inventories Be Evaluated?
Hopwood, C. J., & Donnellan, M. B. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868310361240 · Cited by 671
Supplier development: Improving supplier performance through knowledge transfer
Modi, S. B., & Mabert, V. A. (2006) · Journal of Operations Management · doi:10.1016/j.jom.2006.02.001 · Cited by 675
Digitalization, business models, and SMEs: How do business model innovation practices improve performance of digitalizing SMEs?
Bouwman, H., Nikou, S., & de Reuver, M. (2019) · Telecommunications Policy · doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2019.101828 · Cited by 653
A Short Version of the Occupational Self-Efficacy Scale: Structural and Construct Validity Across Five Countries
Rigotti, T., Schyns, B., & Mohr, G. (2008) · Journal of Career Assessment · doi:10.1177/1069072707305763 · Cited by 653
Choosing PLS path modeling as analytical method in European management research: A realist perspective
Rigdon, E. E. (2016) · European Management Journal · doi:10.1016/j.emj.2016.05.006 · Cited by 653
Partial Least Squares Path Modeling
Henseler, J. (2017) · International series in quantitative marketing · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-53469-5_12 · Cited by 698
Meta-analytic structural equation modeling: A two-stage approach.
Cheung, M. W. ‐., & Chan, W. (2005) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.10.1.40 · Cited by 671
Impact of “e-Learning crack-up” perception on psychological distress among college students during COVID-19 pandemic: A mediating role of “fear of academic year loss”
Hasan, N., & Bao, Y. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105355 · Cited by 661
Psychometric properties of the State-Trait Inventory for Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety (STICSA): Comparison to the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI).
Grös, D. F., Antony, M. M., Simms, L. J., & McCabe, R. E. (2007) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.19.4.369 · Cited by 615
Corporate psychopathy: talking the walk.
Babiak, P., Neumann, C. S., & Hare, R. D. (2010) · Behavioral Sciences & the Law · doi:10.1002/bsl.925 · Cited by 628
The Precursors of Reading Ability in Young Readers: Evidence From a Four-Year Longitudinal Study
Oakhill, J. V., & Cain, K. (2011) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2010.529219 · Cited by 631
Comparison of Model Fit Indices Used in Structural Equation Modeling Under Multivariate Normality
Cangür, Ş., & Ercan, İ. (2015) · Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods · doi:10.22237/jmasm/1430453580 · Cited by 656
The measurement of everyday cognition (ECog): Scale development and psychometric properties.
Farias, S. T., Mungas, D., Reed, B., Cahn, D. A., Jagust, W. J., Baynes, K., & DeCarli, C. S. (2008) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.22.4.531 · Cited by 665
The Influence of Individualism, Collectivism, and Locus of Control on Environmental Beliefs and Behavior
McCarty, J. A., & Shrum, L. J. (2001) · Journal of Public Policy & Marketing · doi:10.1509/jppm.20.1.93.17291 · Cited by 630
A critical look at the use of SEM in international business research
Richter, N., Sinkovics, R. R., Ringle, C. M., & Schlaegel, C. (2016) · International Marketing Review · doi:10.1108/imr-04-2014-0148 · Cited by 678
Sensitivity of Fit Indices to Model Misspecification and Model Types
Fan, X., & Sivo, S. A. (2007) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273170701382864 · Cited by 604
Does the Possibility to Make Equity Investments in Crowdfunding Projects Crowd Out Reward–Based Investments?
Cholakova, M., & Clarysse, B. (2014) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1111/etap.12139 · Cited by 619
Refining the Architecture of Aggression: A Measurement Model for the Buss–Perry Aggression Questionnaire
Bryant, F. B., & Smith, B. D. (2001) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1006/jrpe.2000.2302 · Cited by 595
Anxiety and depression as bidirectional risk factors for one another: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.
Jacobson, N. C., & Newman, M. G. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000111 · Cited by 576
A Knowledge Management Success Model: Theoretical Development and Empirical Validation
Kulkarni, U. R., Ravindran, S., & Freeze, R. D. (2006) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.2753/nus0742-1222230311 · Cited by 785
Simulation Study on Fit Indexes in CFA Based on Data With Slightly Distorted Simple Structure
Beauducel, A., & Wittmann, W. W. (2005) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1207/s15328007sem1201_3 · Cited by 593
Positive Reappraisal Mediates the Stress-Reductive Effects of Mindfulness: An Upward Spiral Process
Garland, E. L., Gaylord, S. A., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2011) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-011-0043-8 · Cited by 572
The use of partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) in management accounting research: Directions for future theory development
Nitzl, C. (2016) · Journal of Accounting Literature · doi:10.1016/j.acclit.2016.09.003 · Cited by 580
The Hull Method for Selecting the Number of Common Factors
Lorenzo‐Seva, U., Timmerman, M. E., & Kiers, H. A. L. (2011) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2011.564527 · Cited by 576
SEEING ANOTHER VIEWPOINT: ANTECEDENTS AND OUTCOMES OF EMPLOYEE PERSPECTIVE TAKING.
Parker, S. K., & Axtell, C. M. (2001) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/3069390 · Cited by 563
Toward a model of social influence that explains minority student integration into the scientific community.
Estrada, M., Woodcock, A., Hernandez, P. R., & Schultz, P. W. (2011) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020743 · Cited by 546
The implementation leadership scale (ILS): development of a brief measure of unit level implementation leadership
Aarons, G. A., Ehrhart, M. G., & Farahnak, L. R. (2014) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/1748-5908-9-45 · Cited by 559
The contribution of personality traits and self‐efficacy beliefs to academic achievement: A longitudinal study
Caprara, G. V., Vecchione, M., Alessandri, G., Gerbino, M., & Barbaranelli, C. (2010) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1348/2044-8279.002004 · Cited by 580
Viral marketing: Motivations to forward online content
Ho, J., & Dempsey, M. A. (2009) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2008.08.010 · Cited by 559
Stay Away From Me
Baek, T. H., & Morimoto, M. (2012) · Journal of Advertising · doi:10.2753/joa0091-3367410105 · Cited by 572
Exploring pro-environmental behaviors of consumers: An analysis of contextual factors, attitude, and behaviors
Ertz, M., Karakaş, F., & Sarigöllü, E. (2016) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.06.010 · Cited by 611
The link between perceived human resource management practices, engagement and employee behaviour: a moderated mediation model.
Alfes, K., Shantz, A. D., Truss, C., & Soane, E. C. (2013) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2012.679950 · Cited by 770
The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale: A Review with a Theoretical and Empirical Examination of Item Content and Factor Structure
Carleton, R. N., Thibodeau, M. A., Sapach, M. J. N. T., Welch, P. G., Abrams, M. P., Robinson, T. P., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058067 · Cited by 547
Effects of brand personality on brand trust and brand affect
Sung, Y., & Kim, J. (2010) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20349 · Cited by 606
The Controlling Interpersonal Style in a Coaching Context: Development and Initial Validation of a Psychometric Scale
Bartholomew, K. J., Ntoumanis, N., & Thøgersen‐Ntoumani, C. (2010) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.32.2.193 · Cited by 603
The Adult Attachment Interview and self-reports of attachment style: An empirical rapprochement.
Roisman, G. I., Holland, A. S., Fortuna, K., Fraley, R. C., Clausell, E., & Clarke, A. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.4.678 · Cited by 575
An Update and Extension to SEM Guidelines for Admnistrative and Social Science Research
Gefen, D., Rigdon, E. E., & Straub, D. W. (2011) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · Cited by 542
The Role of Price Perceptions in an Integrated Model of Behavioral Intentions
Varki, S., & Colgate, M. (2001) · Journal of Service Research · doi:10.1177/109467050133004 · Cited by 565
An Examination of the Determinants of Entertainment Vacationers’ Intentions to Revisit
Petrick, J. F., Morais, D. B., & Norman, W. C. (2001) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/004728750104000106 · Cited by 534
Toward a Further Understanding of the Relationships Between Perceptions of Support and Work Attitudes: A Meta-Analysis
Ng, T. W. H., & Sorensen, K. L. (2008) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601107313307 · Cited by 676
Impact of total quality management on corporate green performance through the mediating role of corporate social responsibility
Abbas, J. (2019) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118458 · Cited by 563
The Antisocial Process Screening Device
Vitacco, M. J., Rogers, R., & Neumann, C. S. (2003) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191103010002005 · Cited by 513
A model of involvement in work-related learning and development activity: the effects of individual, situational, motivational, and age variables.
Maurer, T. J., Weiss, E. M., & Barbeite, F. G. (2003) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.4.707 · Cited by 553
Match Makers and Deal Breakers: Analyses of Assortative Mating in Newlywed Couples
Watson, D., Klohnen, E. C., Casillas, A., Simms, E. N., Haig, J. R., & Berry, D. S. (2004) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00289.x · Cited by 532
An Examination of the Construct of Perceived Value for the Prediction of Golf Travelers’ Intentions to Revisit
Petrick, J. F., & Backman, S. J. (2002) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/004728750204100106 · Cited by 502
Factor Analytic Models: Viewing the Structure of an Assessment Instrument From Three Perspectives
Byrne, B. M. (2005) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8501_02 · Cited by 496
Going to work ill: A meta-analysis of the correlates of presenteeism and a dual-path model.
Miraglia, M., & Johns, G. (2015) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/ocp0000015 · Cited by 566
Structural equation modeling in medical research: a primer
Beran, T., & Violato, C. (2010) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/1756-0500-3-267 · Cited by 498
Decoding the Meaning of Factorial Invariance and Updating the Practice of Multi-group Confirmatory Factor Analysis: A Demonstration With TIMSS Data
Wu, A. D., Li, Z., & Zumbo, B. D. (2020) · Scholarworks (University of Massachusetts Amherst) · doi:10.7275/mhqa-cd89 · Cited by 497
Age diversity, age discrimination climate and performance consequences—a cross organizational study
Kunze, F., Boehm, S. A., & Bruch, H. (2010) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.698 · Cited by 490
Coping: A Multidimensional, Hierarchical Framework of Responses to Stressful Consumption Episodes
Duhachek, A. (2005) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/426612 · Cited by 501
RESIDENTS’ PERSPECTIVES OF A WORLD HERITAGE SITE
Nicholas, L., Thapa, B., & Ko, Y. J. (2009) · Annals of Tourism Research · doi:10.1016/j.annals.2009.03.005 · Cited by 497
Effects of Training Goals and Goal Orientation Traits on Multidimensional Training Outcomes and Performance Adaptability
Kozlowski, S. W. J., Gully, S. M., Brown, K. G., Eduardo Salas, A., Smith, E. M., & Nason, E. (2001) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.2000.2930 · Cited by 481
Evaluating Model Fit of Measurement Models in Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Goretzko, D., Siemund, K., & Sterner, P. (2023) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/00131644231163813 · Cited by 646
More information from fewer questions: the factor structure and item properties of the original and brief fear of negative evaluation scale
Rodebaugh, T. L., Woods, C. M., Thissen, D. M., Heimberg, R. G., Chambless, D. L., & Rapee, R. M. (2004) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.16.2.169 · Cited by 477
Factorial and Construct Validity of the Italian Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)
Terracciano, A., McCrae, R. R., & Paul T., J. C. (2003) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027//1015-5759.19.2.131 · Cited by 477
Long and Short Measures of Flow: The Construct Validity of the FSS-2, DFS-2, and New Brief Counterparts
Jackson, S. A., Martin, A. J., & Eklund, R. C. (2008) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.30.5.561 · Cited by 504
Structural Equation Modeling
Ullman, J. B., & Bentler, P. M. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118133880.hop202023 · Cited by 511
Self-citation
Psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 in older primary care patients
Gloster, A. T., Rhoades, H. M., Novy, D., Klotsche, J., Senior, A., Kunik, M., Wilson, N., & Stanley, M. A. (2008) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.01.023 · Cited by 474
Manifest variable path analysis: Potentially serious and misleading consequences due to uncorrected measurement error.
Cole, D. A., & Preacher, K. J. (2013) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/a0033805 · Cited by 518
Turnover of Information Technology Professionals: A Narrative Review, Meta-Analytic Structural Equation Modeling, and Model Development1
Joseph, D., Ng, K.-Y., Koh, C., & Ang, S. (2007) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/25148807 · Cited by 468
Perceived sports competence mediates the relationship between childhood motor skill proficiency and adolescent physical activity and fitness: a longitudinal assessment
Barnett, L. M., Morgan, P. J., van Beurden, E., & Beard, J. (2008) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-5-40 · Cited by 526
The Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ): Normative data and latent structure in a large non-clinical sample
Crawford, J. R., Smith, G. N., Maylor, E. A., Sala, S. D., & Logie, R. H. (2003) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210244000027 · Cited by 465
A conceptual framework for determining metaverse adoption in higher institutions of gulf area: An empirical study using hybrid SEM-ANN approach
Akour, I. A., Al-Maroof, R. S., Alfaisal, R., & Salloum, S. A. (2022) · Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100052 · Cited by 499
Building consumer–brand relationship: A cross‐cultural experiential view
Chang, P., & Chieng, M. (2006) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20140 · Cited by 462
TEACHER'S CORNER: The MACS Approach to Testing for Multigroup Invariance of a Second-Order Structure: A Walk Through the Process
Byrne, B. M., & Stewart, S. M. (2006) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1207/s15328007sem1302_7 · Cited by 459
Depression, craving, and substance use following a randomized trial of mindfulness-based relapse prevention.
Witkiewitz, K., & Bowen, S. (2010) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019172 · Cited by 453
The home language environment of monolingual and bilingual children and their language proficiency
Scheele, A. F., Leseman, P. P. M., & Mayo, A. Y. (2009) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716409990191 · Cited by 504
Why do firms both make and buy? An investigation of concurrent sourcing
Parmigiani, A. (2007) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.580 · Cited by 466
Green human resource management and environmental performance: The role of green innovation and environmental strategy in a developing country
Aftab, J., Abid, N., Cucari, N., & Savastano, M. (2022) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.3219 · Cited by 578
Translation and Validation of Body Image Instruments: Challenges, Good Practice Guidelines, and Reporting Recommendations for Test Adaptation
Swami, V., & Barron, D. (2019) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.08.014 · Cited by 454
Psychometric evaluation of the five-factor Modified Drinking Motives Questionnaire — Revised in undergraduates
Grant, V. V., Stewart, S. H., O’Connor, R. M., Blackwell, E., & Conrod, P. (2007) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.07.004 · Cited by 442
Authentic Leadership, Authentic Followership, Basic Need Satisfaction, and Work Role Performance: A Cross-Level Study
Leroy, H., Anseel, F., Gardner, W. L., & Sels, L. (2015) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206312457822 · Cited by 447
The Problem with Having Two Watches: Assessment of Fit When RMSEA and CFI Disagree
Lai, K., & Green, S. B. (2016) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2015.1134306 · Cited by 514
“My Questionnaire is Too Long!” The assessments of motivational-affective constructs with three-item and single-item measures
Gogol, K., Brunner, M., Goetz, T., Martin, R., Ugen, S., Keller, U., Fischbach, A., & Preckel, F. (2014) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2014.04.002 · Cited by 482
Affiliation with antisocial peers, susceptibility to peer influence, and antisocial behavior during the transition to adulthood.
Monahan, K. C., Steinberg, L., & Cauffman, E. (2009) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017417 · Cited by 439
The Mediating Effect of Place Attachment on the Relationship between Festival Satisfaction and Loyalty to the Festival Hosting Destination
Lee, J., Kyle, G. T., & Scott, D. R. M. (2012) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/0047287512437859 · Cited by 445
Achieving green innovation and sustainable development goals through green knowledge management: Moderating role of organizational green culture
Wang, S., Abbas, J., Sial, M. S., Otero, S. Á., & Cioca, L. (2022) · Journal of Innovation & Knowledge · doi:10.1016/j.jik.2022.100272 · Cited by 437
The assessment of school engagement: Examining dimensionality and measurement invariance by gender and race/ethnicity
Wang, M., Willett, J. B., & Eccles, J. S. (2011) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2011.04.001 · Cited by 492
Intention to use analytical artificial intelligence (AI) in services – the effect of technology readiness and awareness
Flavián, C., Pérez-Rueda, A., Belanche, D., & Casaló, L. V. (2021) · Journal of service management · doi:10.1108/josm-10-2020-0378 · Cited by 525
Customer service providers' attitudes relating to customer service and customer satisfaction in the customer-server exchange.
Susskind, A. M., Kacmar, K. M., & Borchgrevink, C. P. (2003) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.1.179 · Cited by 426
Longitudinal associations between depression, anxiety, pain, and pain-related disability in chronic pain patients
Lerman, S. F., Rudich, Z., Brill, S., Shalev, H., & Shahar, G. (2015) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000158 · Cited by 408
Behavioral disinhibition: Liability for externalizing spectrum disorders and its genetic and environmental relation to response inhibition across adolescence.
Young, S. E., Friedman, N. P., Miyake, A., Willcutt, E. G., Corley, R. P., Haberstick, B. C., & Hewitt, J. K. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014657 · Cited by 420
Fit Indices Versus Test Statistics
Yuan, K.-H. (2005) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr4001_5 · Cited by 415
Psychometric properties of the Positive Mental Health Scale (PMH-scale)
Lukat, J., Margraf, J., Lutz, R., van der Veld, W. M., & Becker, E. S. (2016) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-016-0111-x · Cited by 449
Measuring Teachers’ enjoyment, anger, and anxiety: The Teacher Emotions Scales (TES)
Frenzel, A. C., Pekrun, R. H., Goetz, T., Daniels, L. M., Durksen, T. L., Becker-Kurz, B., & Klassen, R. M. (2016) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2016.05.003 · Cited by 479
Transformational leadership and performance outcomes: Analyses of multiple mediation pathways
Ng, T. W. H. (2016) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.11.008 · Cited by 516
Distinguishing Hope and Optimism: Two Sides of a Coin, or Two Separate Coins?
Bryant, F. B., & Cvengros, J. A. (2004) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.23.2.273.31018 · Cited by 438
OPRA: A Cross-Cultural, Multiple-Item Scale for Measuring Organization-Public Relationships
Huang, Y. C. (2001) · Journal of Public Relations Research · doi:10.1207/s1532754xjprr1301_4 · Cited by 411
Sensitivity of Fit Indexes to Misspecified Structural or Measurement Model Components: Rationale of Two-Index Strategy Revisited
Fan, X., & Sivo, S. A. (2005) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1207/s15328007sem1203_1 · Cited by 410
The moderating influence of environmental consciousness and recycling intentions on green purchase behavior
Kautish, P., Paul, J., & Sharma, R. (2019) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.389 · Cited by 476
The role of system trust in business-to-consumer transactions
PENNINGTON, R., WILCOX, H. D., & GROVER, V. (2003) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.1080/07421222.2003.11045777 · Cited by 407
The German Version of the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS): Psychometric Properties, Validity, and Population-Based Norms
Glaesmer, H., Grande, G., Braehler, E., & Roth, M. (2011) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000058 · Cited by 485
Absorptive capacity and relationship learning mechanisms as complementary drivers of green innovation performance
Albort-Morant, G., Leal‐Rodríguez, A. L., & Marchi, V. D. (2018) · Journal of Knowledge Management · doi:10.1108/jkm-07-2017-0310 · Cited by 437
Reexamining the circumplex model of affect.
Remington, N. A., Fabrigar, L. R., & Visser, P. S. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.79.2.286 · Cited by 506
On specifying the null model for incremental fit indices in structural equation modeling.
Widaman, K. F., & Thompson, J. S. (2003) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.8.1.16 · Cited by 401

Authors: Hu, L.-T., & Bentler, P. M.
Affiliations: University of California, Santa Cruz (US)
ORCID: Bentler, Peter M.
Venue: Psychological Methods
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1998-12
Volume: 3
Issue: 4
Pages: 424-453
ISSN: 1082-989X (ISSN-L)
1939-1463
DOI: 10.1037/1082-989x.3.4.424
OpenAlex: W2005092827
Semantic Scholar: a92c9726361d9c1d165dbf2ea781b6c48363a816
Cited by: 12,298
References: 66
Citations by year: 2026: 639 · 2025: 1003 · 2024: 1076 · 2023: 1094 · 2022: 934 · 2021: 884 · 2020: 738 · 2019: 665 · 2018: 600 · 2017: 512 · 2016: 465 · 2015: 450 · 2014: 474 · 2013: 433 · 2012: 386
FWCI: 43.57
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Methods (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Distribution Estimation and Applications
Keywords: model fit indices, model misspecification, structural equation modeling, comparative fit index, RMSEA, asymptotic robustness, factor loadings, sample size, distributional assumptions

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks