Depression, craving, and substance use following a randomized trial of mindfulness-based relapse prevention.
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: A strong relation between negative affect and craving has been demonstrated in laboratory and clinical studies, with depressive symptomatology showing particularly strong links to craving and substance abuse relapse. Mindfulness-based relapse prevention (MBRP), shown to be efficacious for reduction of substance use, uses mindfulness-based practices to teach alternative responses to emotional discomfort and lessen the conditioned response of craving in the presence of depressive symptoms. The goal in the current study was to examine the relation between measures of depressive symptoms, craving, and substance use following MBRP. METHOD: Individuals with substance use disorders (N = 168; mean age 40.45 years, SD = 10.28; 36.3% female; 46.4% non-White) were recruited after intensive stabilization, then randomly assigned to either 8 weekly sessions of MBRP or a treatment-as-usual control group. Approximately 73% of the sample was retained at the final 4-month follow-up assessment. RESULTS: Results confirmed a moderated-mediation effect, whereby craving mediated the relation between depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory) and substance use (Timeline Follow-Back) among the treatment-as-usual group but not among MBRP participants. MBRP attenuated the relation between postintervention depressive symptoms and craving (Penn Alcohol Craving Scale) 2 months following the intervention (f(2) = .21). This moderation effect predicted substance use 4 months following the intervention (f(2) = .18). CONCLUSION: MBRP appears to influence cognitive and behavioral responses to depressive symptoms, partially explaining reductions in postintervention substance use among the MBRP group. Although results are preliminary, the current study provides evidence for the value of incorporating mindfulness practice into substance abuse treatment and identifies a potential mechanism of change following MBRP.
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Individuals with moderate depression in the MBRP group had a significantly lower probability of substance use, fewer drinks per drinking day, and fewer drinks per day than individuals with moderate depression in TAU.
“Furthermore, individuals with moderate depression in the MBRP group had a significantly lower probability of substance use, fewer drinks per drinking day, and fewer drinks per day than individuals with moderate depression in TAU.”
From Relapse prevention for addictive behaviors (2011) · cites this paper as [118]
The Results (Moderated Mediation Models; page unavailable) report significantly fewer days of substance use among MBRP participants with the highest depressive-symptom scores than comparable TAU participants. The paper does not report the claimed comparisons for probability of substance use, drinks per drinking day, or drinks per day; its reported outcome is days of alcohol or other drug use. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEvidence indicates that mindfulness interventions work through reducing stress and craving and improving mindfulness and interoceptive awareness.
“Evidence indicates that mindfulness interventions work through reducing stress and craving and improving mindfulness and interoceptive awareness [15,19,20,28–32].”
From Mindful moms: acceptability and impact of co-designed and digitally delivered video meditations for pregnant and parenting women with opioid use disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [32]
The Results (Moderated Mediation Models; page unavailable) report lower craving among MBRP participants with higher depressive symptoms than comparable treatment-as-usual participants. The Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention section says the practices are intended to increase awareness of physical and emotional states, but the paper does not establish reduced stress or improved mindfulness and interoceptive awareness as measured mechanisms. Its evidence for craving is also more specific than a general claim about how mindfulness interventions work. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe findings are consistent with other studies that have demonstrated the positive impact of mindfulness interventions on stress and mindfulness constructs.
“Our findings are consistent with other studies that have demonstrated the positive impact of mindfulness interventions on stress and mindfulness constructs [12,15,16,19,20,25–27,30,32].”
From Mindful moms: acceptability and impact of co-designed and digitally delivered video meditations for pregnant and parenting women with opioid use disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [32]
The Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention section reports greater increases in the ‘acting with awareness’ mindfulness subscale among intervention participants than controls. The Discussion suggests that mindfulness training may improve responses to negative emotional states, but this paper does not demonstrate an effect on stress as a measured outcome. Its Limitations section also says changes in measured mindfulness skills did not explain the current study’s findings. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTherapies that teach people to respond more flexibly in the presence of emotions increase healthy variation that can help them address diverse problems such as chronic pain, substance use, tinnitus, worksite stress, and suicidal behavior.
“Therapies that teach people to respond more flexibly in the presence of emotions increase healthy variation that can help them rise to the challenge of diverse problems such as chronic pain (e.g., Wicksell et al. 2009), substance use (e.g., Witkiewitz & Bowen 2010), tinnitus (e.g., Westin et al. 2011, worksite stress (Flaxman & Bond 2010), or suicidal behavior (Berking et al. 2009).”
From Evolving the future: Toward a science of intentional change (2014) · cites this paper as Witkiewitz & Bowen 2010
Compared to TAU, MBRP participants evinced a decreased relation between depressive symptoms and craving following treatment.
“Secondary analyses [118] showed that compared to TAU, MBRP participants evinced a decreased relation between depressive symptoms and craving following treatment.”
From Relapse prevention for addictive behaviors (2011) · cites this paper as [118]
In Witkiewitz and Bowen (2010), there was a significant moderated mediation effect such that craving partially mediated the relationship of depression to substance use frequency in the TAU condition but did not in the MBRP condition.
“In addition, there was a significant moderated mediation effect such that craving partially mediated the relationship of depression to substance use frequency in the TAU condition, but did not in the MBRP condition.”
From Decoupling as a Mechanism of Change in Mindfulness and Acceptance: A Literature Review (2015) · cites this paper as Witkiewitz & Bowen, 2010
In Witkiewitz and Bowen (2010), post treatment depression was less strongly related to substance use at follow up in the MBRP condition relative to TAU.
“Post treatment depression was also less strongly related to substance use at follow up in the MBRP condition relative to TAU.”
From Decoupling as a Mechanism of Change in Mindfulness and Acceptance: A Literature Review (2015) · cites this paper as Witkiewitz & Bowen, 2010
In Witkiewitz and Bowen (2010), intervention condition moderated the relationship between depression severity at post treatment and cravings to use alcohol/drugs at 2-month follow up, such that this relationship was weaker among those in MBRP.
“Intervention condition moderated the relationship between depression severity at post treatment and cravings to use alcohol/drugs at 2-month follow up, such that this relationship was weaker among those in MBRP (i.e., depression was less strongly related to cravings to use).”
From Decoupling as a Mechanism of Change in Mindfulness and Acceptance: A Literature Review (2015) · cites this paper as Witkiewitz & Bowen, 2010
Benefits of mindfulness for substance use were also found in subsequent studies.
“with benefits also found in subsequent studies.21,22”
From Mindfulness in psychiatry - Where are we now? (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
MBRP significantly reduced the association between postintervention depressive symptoms and craving 2 months following treatment, which in turn predicted reduced substance use at 4-months follow-up.
“MBRP significantly reduced the association between postintervention depressive symptoms and craving 2 months following treatment, which in turn predicted reduced substance use at 4-months follow-up [41, 56].”
From Mindfulness-based treatment of addiction: current state of the field and envisioning the next wave of research (2018) · cites this paper as [56]
Substance craving was assessed with an adapted version of the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale modified to include drug craving items, and this version has been validated in prior studies.
“Substance craving was assessed with an adapted version of the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS) (Flannery, Volpicelli, & Pettinati, 1999), modified to assess craving for alcohol and other psychoactive substances. The original PACS includes five question items that assess the duration, frequency and intensity of craving for alcohol on a 7-point scale. In the version adapted for this study the item”
From Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement versus CBT for co-occurring substance dependence, traumatic stress, and psychiatric disorders: Proximal outcomes from a pragmatic randomized trial (2016) · cites this paper as Witkiewitz & Bowen, 2011
Mindfulness-based relapse prevention attenuates the association between residual depression symptoms and subsequent cravings and use compared to treatment-as-usual.
“the association of residual depression symptoms post-treatment predicted cravings and subsequent use in the treatment as usual group; however, the depression-craving association was attenuated in the group who received mindfulness training.”
From Dispositional Mindfulness Uncouples Physiological and Emotional Reactivity to a Laboratory Stressor and Emotional Reactivity to Executive Functioning Lapses in Daily Life (2016) · cites this paper as Witkiewitz & Bowen (2010)
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- Bowen S Chawla N Marlatt G Mindfulness-based relapse prevention for substance use disorders: A clinician’s guide NY Guilford Press (in press)
- Gorski TT The Gorski-Cenaps Model for Recovery and Rrelapse Prevention 2007 Missouri Herald House/Independence Press
- Miller WR Tonigan JS Longabaugh R Mattson ME The Drinker Inventory of Consequences (DrInC) Project MATCH Monograph Series Vol. 4 1995 Rockville, MD National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
- Sobell LC Sobell MB Litten RZ Allen J A technique for assessing self-reported alcohol consumption Measuring Alcohol Consumption: Psychosocial and Biological Methods 1992 New Jersey Humana Press
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hayes, A. F., & Rockwood, N. J. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.11.001 · Cited by 2,350 · see citing works
Creswell, J. D. (2017) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-042716-051139 · Cited by 1,702 · see citing works
Rates of opioid misuse, abuse, and addiction in chronic pain
Vowles, K. E., McEntee, M. L., Julnes, P. S., Frohe, T. M., Ney, J. P., & van der Goes, D. N. (2015) · Pain · doi:10.1097/01.j.pain.0000460357.01998.f1 · Cited by 1,178 · see citing works
Hayes, A. F., & Rockwood, N. (2019) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764219859633 · Cited by 1,058 · see citing works
Hayes, S. C., Villatte, M., Levin, M., & Hildebrandt, M. (2011) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032210-104449 · Cited by 800 · see citing works
Bowen, S., Witkiewitz, K., Clifasefi, S. L., Grow, J., Chawla, N., Hsu, S. H., Carroll, H. A., Harrop, E., Collins, S. E., Lustyk, M. K., et al. (2014) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4546 · Cited by 701 · see citing works
Self-citationRelapse prevention for addictive behaviors
Hendershot, C. S., Witkiewitz, K., George, W. H., & Marlatt, G. A. (2011) · Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy · doi:10.1186/1747-597x-6-17 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Self-citationMindfulness treatment for substance misuse: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Li, W., Howard, M. O., Garland, E. L., McGovern, P., & Lazar, M. (2017) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2017.01.008 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
Mindfulness and Behavior Change
Schuman-Olivier, Z., Trombka, M., Lovas, D. A., Brewer, J. A., Vago, D. R., Gawande, R., Dunne, J. P., Lazar, S. W., Loucks, E. B., & Fulwiler, C. (2020) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000277 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Raab, K. (2014) · Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy · doi:10.1080/08854726.2014.913876 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
Chiesa, A., & Serretti, A. (2014) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2013.770027 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for substance craving
Witkiewitz, K., Bowen, S., Douglas, H., & Hsu, S. H. (2013) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.04.001 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Self-citationBrewer, J. A., Elwafi, H. M., & Davis, J. H. (2013) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0028490 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Mindfulness meditation-based pain relief: a mechanistic account
Zeidan, F., & Vago, D. R. (2016) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.13153 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Garland, E. L., & Howard, M. O. (2018) · Addiction Science & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1186/s13722-018-0115-3 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Mindful attention reduces neural and self-reported cue-induced craving in smokers
Westbrook, C., Creswell, J. D., Tabibnia, G., Julson, E., Kober, H., & Tindle, H. A. (2013) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsr076 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Garland, E. L., Froeliger, B., Zeidan, F., Partin, K., & Howard, M. O. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.08.006 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Garland, E. L., Froeliger, B., & Howard, M. O. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00173 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
“Indeed, substance dependent individuals participating in MindfulnessBased Relapse Prevention were less likely to experience craving in response to depressed mood, and this reduced craving and reactivity to negative emotion predicted fewer days of substance use (110).”
BackgroundThe third wave of cognitive behavioural therapies
Kahl, K. G., Winter, L., & Schweiger, U. (2012) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e328358e531 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Adverse events in meditation practices and meditation‐based therapies: a systematic review
Farias, M., Maraldi, E., Wallenkampf, K. C., & Lucchetti, G. (2020) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13225 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Evolving the future: Toward a science of intentional change
Wilson, D. S., Hayes, S. C., Biglan, A., & Embry, D. D. (2014) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x13001593 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
A narrative review of yoga and mindfulness as complementary therapies for addiction
Khanna, S., & Greeson, J. M. (2013) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2013.01.008 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Sancho, M., De Gracia, M., Rodríguez, R. C., Mallorquí-Bagué, N., Sánchez-González, J., Trujols, J., Sánchez, I., Jiménez-Murcia, S., & Menchón, J. M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00095 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
“Moreover, MBRP participants showed significantly higher negative expectancies of drug use and decreased depressive mood (45, 53) and anxiety (53) as well as no association between craving and depressive symptoms when compared to TAU individuals, who evidenced a strong association between these two lastly mentioned var…”
ResultGrant, S., Colaiaco, B., Motala, A., Shanman, R., Booth, M., Sorbero, M., & Hempel, S. (2017) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000000338 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Geiger, P. J., Boggero, I. A., Brake, C. A., Caldera, C. A., Combs, H. L., Peters, J. R., & Baer, R. A. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-015-0444-1 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Witkiewitz, K., Lustyk, M. K. B., & Bowen, S. (2013) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0029258 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Self-citationWitkiewitz, K. A., Bowen, S. W., Harrop, E. N., Carroll, H. A., Enkema, M. C., & Sedgwick, C. (2014) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2014.891845 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Self-citationChristopher, M. S., Hunsinger, M., Goerling, L. R. J., Bowen, S., Rogers, B. S., Gross, C. R., Dapolonia, E., & Pruessner, J. C. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.03.059 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Self-citationGarland, E. L., Roberts-Lewis, A., Tronnier, C. D., Graves, R., & Kelley, K. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.11.012 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Garrison, K. A., Pal, P., O’Malley, S. S., Pittman, B. P., Gueorguieva, R., Rojiani, R., Scheinost, D., Dallery, J., & Brewer, J. A. (2020) · Nicotine and Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/nty126 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Negative Urgency, Distress Tolerance, and substance abuse among college students
Kaiser, A. J., Milich, R. S., Lynam, D. R., & Charnigo, R. J. (2012) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.04.017 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Measuring mindfulness and examining its relationship with alcohol use and negative consequences
Fernandez, A. C., Wood, M. D., Stein, L. A. R., & Rossi, J. S. (2010) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0021742 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Elwafi, H. M., Witkiewitz, K., Mallik, S., IV, T. A. T., & Brewer, J. A. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.11.015 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Self-citationKatz, D., & Toner, B. (2013) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0132-3 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Meditation and mindfulness in clinical practice
Simkin, D. R., & Black, N. B. (2014) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2014.03.002 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Impulsive Personality and Alcohol Use: Bidirectional Relations Over One Year
Kaiser, A. J., Bonsu, J. A., Charnigo, R. J., Milich, R. S., & Lynam, D. R. (2016) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2016.77.473 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Sensory Imagery in Craving: From Cognitive Psychology to New Treatments for Addiction
Andrade, J., May, J., & Kavanagh, D. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.024611 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Price, C. J., Thompson, E. A., Crowell, S., & Pike, K. (2019) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.02.012 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Alcohol Craving Predicts Relapse After Residential Addiction Treatment
Stohs, M. E., Schneekloth, T. D., Geske, J. R., Biernacka, J. M., & Karpyak, V. M. (2018) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agy093 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Vinci, C., Peltier, M. R., Shah, S., Kinsaul, J., Waldo, K., McVay, M. A., & Copeland, A. L. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.05.012 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Price, C. J., Thompson, E. A., Crowell, S. E., Pike, K., Cheng, S. C., Parent, S., & Hooven, C. (2019) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2018.1488335 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Witkiewitz, K., Bowen, S., & Donovan, D. M. (2011) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0022282 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationRelationship between dispositional mindfulness and substance use: Findings from a clinical sample
Bowen, S., & Enkema, M. C. (2014) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.10.026 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Safety of Mindfulness-Based Interventions: a Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
Wong, S. Y. S., Chan, J. Y. C., Zhang, D., Lee, E. K. P., & Tsoi, K. K. F. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0897-0 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Roos, C. R., Bowen, S., & Witkiewitz, K. (2017) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000249 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationMindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Addictive Behaviors
Bowen, S. W., Chawla, N., & Witkiewitz, K. A. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-416031-6.00007-4 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationGarland, E. L., & Roberts-Lewis, A. (2013) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.02.004 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Motivational and mindfulness intervention for young adult female marijuana users
de Dios, M. A., Herman, D. S., Britton, W. B., Hagerty, C. E., Anderson, B. J., & Stein, M. D. (2012) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2011.08.001 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Easton, C. J., Crane, C. A., & Mandel, D. (2017) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12260 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Hsu, S. H., Collins, S. E., & Marlatt, G. A. (2013) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.11.002 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Vujanovic, A. A., Meyer, T. D., Heads, A. M. B., Stotts, A. L., Villarreal, Y. R., & Schmitz, J. M. (2016) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2016.1199697 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Combining Psychedelic and Mindfulness Interventions: Synergies to Inform Clinical Practice
Payne, J. E., Chambers, R., & Liknaitzky, P. (2021) · ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science · doi:10.1021/acsptsci.1c00034 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Mindfulness and alcohol problems in college students: the mediating effects of stress
Bodenlos, J. S., Noonan, M., & Wells, S. Y. (2013) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2013.805714 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Wupperman, P., Marlatt, G. A., Cunningham, A., Bowen, S., Berking, M., Mulvihill‐Rivera, N., & Easton, C. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20830 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationthe MYRIAD team, Kuyken, W., Nuthall, E., Byford, S., Crane, C., Dalgleish, T., Ford, T., Greenberg, M. T., Ukoumunne, O. C., Viner, R. M., et al. (2017) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-017-1917-4 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Black, D. S., Semple, R. J., Pokhrel, P., & Grenard, J. L. (2011) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-011-0057-2 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Mindfulness and Emotion Regulation
Heppner, W. L., Spears, C. A., Vidrine, J. I., & Wetter, D. W. (2015) · Handbook of Mindfulness and Self-Regulation · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2263-5_9 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Stein, L. A. R., Lebeau, R., Colby, S. M., Barnett, N. P., Golembeske, C., & Monti, P. M. (2011) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2011.72.497 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Davis, J. P., Berry, D., Dumas, T. M., Ritter, E., Smith, D. C., Menard, C., & Roberts, B. W. (2018) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2018.05.002 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Decoupling as a Mechanism of Change in Mindfulness and Acceptance: A Literature Review
Levin, M. E., Luoma, J. B., & Haeger, J. A. (2015) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445515603707 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Enkema, M. C., & Bowen, S. (2017) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.05.036 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationTreatment approaches for interoceptive dysfunctions in drug addiction
Paulus, M. P., Stewart, J. L., & Haase, L. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00137 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Ruscio, A. C., Muench, C., Brede, E., & Waters, A. J. (2015) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntv074 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Pharmacological interventions for drug-using offenders
Perry, A., Neilson, M., James, M. M., Glanville, J., Woodhouse, R., Godfrey, C., & Hewitt, C. E. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010862.pub2 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
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Glasner, S., Mooney, L. J., Ang, A., Garneau, H. C., Hartwell, E., Brecht, M.-L., & Rawson, R. A. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0586-9 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Mindful Awareness and Non-judging in Relation to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms
Wahbeh, H., Lu, M. W., & Oken, B. (2011) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-011-0064-3 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Gandy, S., Forstmann, M., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Timmermann, C., Luke, D. P., & Watts, R. (2020) · Health Psychology Open · doi:10.1177/2055102920978123 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Karpyak, V. M., Biernacka, J. M., Geske, J. R., Abulseoud, O. A., Brunner, M. D., Chauhan, M., Hall‐Flavin, D. K., Lewis, K. A., Loukianova, L. L., Melnyk, G. J., et al. (2016) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13386 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Garland, E. L., Roberts-Lewis, A., Kelley, K., Tronnier, C., & Hanley, A. (2014) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2014.850309 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Feldman, G., Lavallee, J., Gildawie, K., & Greeson, J. M. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-015-0487-3 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Spirituality Development for Homeless Youth: A Mindfulness Meditation Feasibility Pilot
Grabbe, L., Nguy, S. T., & Higgins, M. K. (2011) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-011-9552-2 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Adams, C. E., Benítez, L. D. L. M., Kinsaul, J., McVay, M. A., Barbry, A., Thibodeaux, A., & Copeland, A. L. (2012) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/nts133 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Witkiewitz, K. A., McCallion, E. A., Vowles, K. E., Kirouac, M., Frohe, T. M., Maisto, S. A., HODGSON, R. J., & Heather, N. (2015) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000033 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationRoos, C. R., Pearson, M. R., & Brown, D. B. (2015) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0038529 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Petit, G., Luminet, O., Uva, M. C. D. S., Monhonval, P., Leclercq, S., Quentin, S., Zammit, F., Maurage, P., & de Timary, P. (2017) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.13292 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Brett, E. I., Espeleta, H. C., Lopez, S. V., Leavens, E. L. S., & Leffingwell, T. R. (2018) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.04.002 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Mindfulness:<i>A Transtherapeutic Approach for Transdiagnostic Mental Processes</i>
Greeson, J., Garland, E. L., & Black, D. (2014) · The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Mindfulness · doi:10.1002/9781118294895.ch28 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Mindfulness-based interventions for substance use disorders
Goldberg, S. B., Pace, B. T., Griskaitis, M., Willutzki, R., Skoetz, N., Thönes, S., Zgierska, A. E., & Rösner, S. (2021) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011723.pub2 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
de Timary, P., Uva, M. C. D. S., Denoël, C., Hebborn, L. F., Derely, M., Desseilles, M., & Luminet, O. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071560 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Garland, E. L., Schwarz, N. R., Kelly, A., Whitt, A., & Howard, M. O. (2012) · Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions · doi:10.1080/1533256x.2012.702638 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
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LETS Act: a behavioral activation treatment for substance use and depression
Daughters, S. B., Magidson, J. F., Lejuez, C. W., & Chen, Y. (2016) · Advances in Dual Diagnosis · doi:10.1108/add-02-2016-0006 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Zemestani, M., & Ottaviani, C. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0576-y · Cited by 46 · see citing works
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Adams, C. E., Cano, M. A., Heppner, W. L., Stewart, D. W., Correa-Fernández, V., Vidrine, J. I., Li, Y., Cinciripini, P. M., Ahluwalia, J. S., & Wetter, D. W. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-013-0263-1 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Roos, C. R., Kirouac, M., Stein, E., Wilson, A. D., Bowen, S., & Witkiewitz, K. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-1054-5 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationPredictors of premature treatment termination in a large residential addiction medicine program
Syan, S. K., Minhas, M., Oshri, A., Costello, M. J., Sousa, S., Samokhvalov, A. V., Rush, B. R., & MacKillop, J. M. (2020) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108077 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
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Mindfulness-based interventions for addictive behaviors: implementation issues on the road ahead
Wilson, A. D., Roos, C. R., Robinson, C. S., Stein, E. R., Manuel, J. A., Enkema, M. C., Bowen, S., & Witkiewitz, K. (2017) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000319 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationDeng, L., Liu, L., Xia, C., Lan, J., Zhang, J., & Fang, X. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00526 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Karyadi, K. A., & Cyders, M. A. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-015-0386-7 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Opium Craving, Depression, and Anxiety
Taremian, F., Nazari, S., Moradveisi, L., & Moloodi, R. (2019) · Journal of Ect · doi:10.1097/yct.0000000000000568 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The role of mindfulness as approach-based coping in the PTSD-substance abuse cycle
Bowen, S. W., Boer, D. D., & Bergman, A. L. (2016) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.08.043 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationvan Lier, H. G., Pieterse, M. E., Schraagen, J. M., Postel, M. G., Vollenbroek-Hutten, M. M. R., de Haan, H. A., & Noordzij, M. L. (2017) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.1080/16066359.2017.1309525 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
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Considering Drug-Associated Contexts in Substance Use Disorders and Treatment Development
LeCocq, M. R., Randall, P. A., Besheer, J., & Chaudhri, N. (2020) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-019-00824-2 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
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Strong, D., Brown, R. A., Sims, M., Herman, D. S., Anderson, B., & Stein, M. (2012) · Journal of addiction medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0b013e31825d927f · Cited by 34 · see citing works
- Authors
- Witkiewitz, K., & Bowen, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 2010-06
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 362-374
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- PMC
- PMC3280693
- OpenAlex
- W2007429684
- Cited by
- 453
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 18.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R21 DA010562)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
- Keywords
- mindfulness-based relapse prevention, substance use disorders, depressive symptoms, craving, alcohol craving, relapse prevention, negative affect, moderated mediation, mechanisms of change, addiction treatment
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Ethanol, Alcoholism, Depressive Disorder, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Motivation, Illicit Drugs, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Meditation, Substance-Related Disorders, Secondary Prevention, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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