Cited by 4,734Psychometric Methodologies and TestingMeta-analysis and systematic reviewsStatistical Methods and Bayesian Inference

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 103 of the 103 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses.

McDonald, Roderick P., Ho, Moon-Ho Ringo·2002·Psychological Methods

DOI 10.1037/1082-989x.7.1.64

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Principles for reporting analyses using structural equation modeling are reviewed, with the goal of supplying readers with complete and accurate information. It is recommended that every report give a detailed justification of the model used, along with plausible alternatives and an account of identifiability. Nonnormality and missing data problems should also be addressed. A complete set of parameters and their standard errors is desirable, and it will often be convenient to supply the correlation matrix and discrepancies, as well as goodness-of-fit indices, so that readers can exercise independent critical judgment. A survey of fairly representative studies compares recent practice with the principles of reporting recommended here.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/1082-989x.7.1.64

Cites

103 of 103 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788
Maximum Likelihood from Incomplete Data Via the EM Algorithm
Dempster, A. P., Laird, N. M., & Rubin, D. B. (1977) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1977.tb01600.x · Cited by 50,444
Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411 · Cited by 41,941
Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error
Heckman, J. J. (1979) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1912352 · Cited by 28,779
Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124192021002005 · Cited by 27,200
Comparative fit indexes in structural models.
Bentler, P. M. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238 · Cited by 25,266
Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys
Rubin, D. B. (1987) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/9780470316696 · Cited by 20,701
Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures.
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588 · Cited by 20,015
Structural Equations with Latent Variables
Bollen, K. A. (1989) · Wiley series in probability and statistics · doi:10.1002/9781118619179 · Cited by 17,944
Structural Equations with Latent Variables.
Clogg, C. C., & Bollen, K. A. (1991) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2072165 · Cited by 17,475

Show all 102 references

Research works printed but not linked: 13

Arbuckle, 1997, Amos user's guide.
Bentler, 1985, Theory and implementation of EQS: A structural equations program.
Bentler, 1995, EQS structural equations programs manual.
Hartmann, 1992, The CALIS procedure: Extended user's guide.
Joreskog, 1996, LISREL 8: Users' reference guide.
Lohmoller, 1981, LVPLS 1.6 program manual: Latent variables path analysis with partial least squares estimation.
Mooijaart, 1993, Structural equation models with transformed variables., 249
Muthen, 1998, Mplus user's guide.
Neale, 1997, Mx: Statistical modeling
Satorra, 1994, Corrections to standard errors in covariance structure analysis., 399
Steiger, 1995, SEPATH: STATISTICA version 5.
West, 1995, Structural equation models with non-normal variables., 56
Wiley, 1973, The identification problem for structural equation models with unmeasured variables., 69

Sorted by citations

Items 601–700 of 1,024

Working Within Constraints: Can Transformational Leaders Alter the Experience of Red Tape?
Moynihan, D. P., Wright, B. E., & Pandey, S. K. (2012) · International Public Management Journal · doi:10.1080/10967494.2012.725318 · Cited by 80
The Role of Parental Support, Parental Monitoring, and Time Spent With Parents in Adolescent Academic Achievement in Iceland: A Structural Model of Gender Differences
Kristjánsson, Á. L., & Sigfúsdóttir, I. D. (2009) · Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00313830903180786 · Cited by 102
“Prior studies (McDonald & Ho, 2002 ) suggest that two of these indices (the comparative fit index [CFI] and root‐mean‐square error of approximation [RMSEA]) along with chi‐square information, are satisfactory as a measure for examining the fit of the model.”
Background
The problem of effect size heterogeneity in meta-analytic structural equation modeling.
Yu, J., Downes, P. E., Carter, K. M., & O’Boyle, E. H. (2016) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000141 · Cited by 81
Deconstructing the externalizing spectrum: Growth patterns of overt aggression, covert aggression, oppositional behavior, impulsivity/inattention, and emotion dysregulation between school entry and early adolescence
Olson, S. L., Sameroff, A. J., Lansford, J. E., Sexton, H. R., Davis-Kean, P. E., Bates, J. E., Pettit, G. S., & Dodge, K. A. (2013) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579413000199 · Cited by 86
The Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF): a validation study in Iranian mothers
Amini, P., Samani, R. O., Sepidarkish, M., Almasi‐Hashiani, A., Hosseini, M., & Maroufizadeh, S. (2019) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-019-4656-7 · Cited by 79
The WHO-5 Well-Being Index: A Validation Study in People with Infertility
Samani, R. O., Maroufizadeh, S., Almasi‐Hashiani, A., Sepidarkish, M., & Amini, P. (2020) · Iranian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.18502/ijph.v48i11.3525 · Cited by 79
We need to change how we compute RMSEA for nested model comparisons in structural equation modeling.
Savalei, V., Brace, J. C., & Fouladi, R. T. (2023) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000537 · Cited by 95
User acceptance of wireless technology in organizations: A comparison of alternative models
Wu, C.-S., Cheng, F.-F., Yen, D. C., & Huang, Y. (2010) · Computer Standards & Interfaces · doi:10.1016/j.csi.2010.03.002 · Cited by 90
A Preliminary Examination of Covitality as Integrated Well-Being in College Students
Jones, C. N., You, S., & Furlong, M. J. (2012) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-012-0017-9 · Cited by 81
“Although it is generally accepted that CFI and TLI values equal to or greater than .90 represent a well-fitting model (McDonald and Ho 2002), other statisticians have recommended a revised cutoff value close to .95 (Hu and Bentler 1999).”
Background
Managing for Stakeholders: The Role of Stakeholder-Based Management in Project Success
Rajablu, M., Marthandan, G., & Yusoff, W. F. W. (2014) · Asian Social Science · doi:10.5539/ass.v11n3p111 · Cited by 79
Food fraud and the perceived integrity of European food imports into China
Kendall, H., Naughton, P., Kuznesof, S. A., Raley, M. E., Dean, M., Clark, B., Stolz, H., Home, R. A., Chan, M., Zhong, Q., et al. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0195817 · Cited by 80
The role of the school climate in high school students’ mental health and identity formation: A South Australian study
Riekie, H. M., Aldridge, J. M., & Afari, E. (2016) · British Educational Research Journal · doi:10.1002/berj.3254 · Cited by 99
Triple bottom line model and food safety in organic food and conventional food in affecting perceived value and purchase intentions
Hsu, S.-Y., Chang, C.-C., & Lin, T. T. (2018) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-07-2017-0403 · Cited by 78
M-banking barriers in Pakistan: a customer perspective of adoption and continuity intention
Siyal, A. W., Ding, D., & Siyal, S. (2019) · Data Technologies and Applications · doi:10.1108/dta-04-2018-0022 · Cited by 83
Parental Psychological Distress, Parent - Child Relationship Qualities, and Child Adjustment: Direct, Mediating, and Reciprocal Pathways
Papp, L. M., Cummings, E. M., & Goeke‐Morey, M. C. (2005) · Parenting · doi:10.1207/s15327922par0503_2 · Cited by 78
“Inaddition,rootmeansquareerrorofapproximation(RMSEA) values below .08 and nonnormed fit index (NNFI) values greater than .90 represent acceptable model fit (McDonald & Ho, 2002; Thompson, 2000).”
Background
Physical Literacy in Children and Youth—A Construct Validation Study
Cairney, J., Clark, H. J., Dudley, D. A., & Kriellaars, D. J. (2019) · Journal of Teaching in Physical Education · doi:10.1123/jtpe.2018-0270 · Cited by 89
Influence analysis of interpretation services on ecotourism behavior for wildlife tourists
Lee, T. H., Jan, F., & Chen, J.-C. (2021) · Journal of Sustainable Tourism · doi:10.1080/09669582.2021.1949016 · Cited by 77
“The modified CFA indicated that the v2 value of the model was 3269.80 with 663 degrees of freedom (d.f.) (p 0.05), indicating that the measurement model did not fit the data, probably due to the large sample size used in this test (McDonald & Ho, 2002).”
MethodInfluential
Dynamic engagement: A longitudinal dual-process, reciprocal-effects model of teacher motivational practice and L2 student engagement
Zhou, S. A., Hiver, P. V., & Al‐Hoorie, A. H. (2023) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/13621688231158789 · Cited by 88
“For all analyses, model fit was examined using the chi-square test and four other model fit indices (McDonald & Ho, 2002): the comparative fit index (CFI), Tucker–Lewis Index (TLI), the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), and the standardized root mean square residual (SRMR).”
Parent Relationships, Emotion Regulation, Psychosocial Maturity and College Student Alcohol Use Problems
Fischer, J. L., Forthun, L. F., Pidcock, B. W., & Dowd, D. A. (2006) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-006-9126-6 · Cited by 89
A stress and coping framework for understanding resident responses to tourism development
Jordan, E. J., Vogt, C. A., & DeShon, R. P. (2015) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2015.01.002 · Cited by 80
Emotional and satisfaction benefits to visitors as explanatory factors in the monetary valuation of environmental goods. An application to periurban green spaces
López-Mosquera, N., & Sánchez, M. (2010) · Land Use Policy · doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2010.05.008 · Cited by 77
Exploratory Theoretical Tests of the Instructor Humor–Student Learning Link
Bolkan, S., & Goodboy, A. K. (2014) · Communication Education · doi:10.1080/03634523.2014.978793 · Cited by 77
“These items reflect students’ positive experiences with their instructors and therefore it may be reasonable to assume that they share a common cause (McDonald & Ho, 2002).”
Background
Local education authorities and student learning: the effects of policies and practices
Lee, M., Louis, K. S., & Anderson, S. E. (2012) · School Effectiveness and School Improvement · doi:10.1080/09243453.2011.652125 · Cited by 91
“Alongside this hypothesized model, we further explored other alternative or competing models (McDonald & Ho, 2002 ).”
Method
Developmental assessment of competence from early childhood to middle adolescence
Obradović, J., van Dulmen, M. H. M., Yates, T. M., Carlson, E. A., & Egeland, B. R. (2006) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.04.009 · Cited by 83
“CFI and GFI values greater than .90 are considered an acceptable fit, whereas values greater than .95 are considered a good fit (McDonald & Ho, 2002).”
BackgroundMethod
Personal Growth Initiative: Relations With Acculturative Stress and International Student Adjustment
Yakunina, E. S., Weigold, I. K., & Weigold, A. (2013) · International Perspectives in Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0030888 · Cited by 77
Artificial intelligence-based public healthcare systems: G2G knowledge-based exchange to enhance the decision-making process
Nasseef, O. A., Baabdullah, A. M., Alalwan, A. A., Lal, B., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2021) · Government Information Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.giq.2021.101618 · Cited by 91
Enhancing corporate sustainable development: Organizational learning, social ties, and environmental strategies
Ali, A., Jiang, X., & Ali, A. (2022) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.3184 · Cited by 76
Pathways from harsh parenting to adolescent antisocial behavior: A multidomain test of gender moderation
Burnette, M. L., Oshri, A., Lax, R., Richards, D., & Ragbeer, S. N. (2012) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579412000417 · Cited by 79
“A variety of global fit indices were used, including the traditional overall chi-square test of model fit and suggested criteria (McDonald & Ho, 2002) for the root mean square error of approximation (,0.08), test of close fit ( p .”
MethodInfluential
A Protective Factors Model for Alcohol Abuse and Suicide Prevention Among Alaska Native Youth
Allen, J., Mohatt, G. V., Fok, C. C. T., Henry, D., & Burkett, R. (2014) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10464-014-9661-3 · Cited by 76
“The root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA = .058; Brown and Cudeck 1993) exceeded .05, but values below .10 indicate an acceptable fit to the data (McDonald and Ho 2002).”
Method
Corporate brand image in retail banking: development and validation of a scale
Bravo, R., Gutiérrez, T. M., & Pérez, J. M. P. (2009) · Service Industries Journal · doi:10.1080/02642060802311260 · Cited by 76
“Thus, although the RMSEA reached the value of 0.06, which is over the threshold of 0.05 usually considered as a good model fit (Kline, 2005; Ullman, 1996), it is within the limits of acceptability considered by some authors (Hu & Bentler, 1999; McDonald & Ho, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluential
Predictive Validity of Early Literacy Indicators From the Middle of Kindergarten to Second Grade
Burke, M. D., Hagan–Burke, S., Kwok, O., & Parker, R. (2008) · The Journal of Special Education · doi:10.1177/0022466907313347 · Cited by 79
“Other stand-alone fit indices were used to supplement the overall χ2 statistic, including the Comparative Fit Index (CFI), the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), and the standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) (Hoyle & Panter, 1995; McDonald & Ho, 2002).”
Method
Teacher–child relationships and social competence: A two-year longitudinal study of Chinese preschoolers
Zhang, X., & Nurmi, J. (2012) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2012.03.001 · Cited by 76
“An RMSEA/SRMR value of less than 0.05 is considered to indicate a very good fit between model and data, with a value between 0.05 and 0.08 indicating an acceptable fit (McDonald & Ho, 2002).”
MethodInfluential
Consumer Attitudinal Insights about Social Media Advertising: A South Asian Perspective
Mir, I. A. (2012) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 76
Risk and Adversity, Parenting Quality, and Children's Social-Emotional Adjustment in Families Experiencing Homelessness
Labella, M. H., Narayan, A. J., McCormick, C. M., Desjardins, C. D., & Masten, A. S. (2017) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12894 · Cited by 83
Compatibility or restraint? The effects of sexual timing on marriage relationships.
Busby, D. M., Carroll, J. S., & Willoughby, B. J. (2010) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021690 · Cited by 75
Validation of Measures of Cyberbullying Perpetration and Victimization in Emerging Adulthood
Lee, J., Abell, N., & Holmes, J. L. (2015) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731515578535 · Cited by 91
“These criteria indicated a model-data fit approaching satisfactory within some statisticians’ suggested cut-off points (Hu & Bentler, 1999; McDonald & Ho, 2002).”
Direct and Indirect Effects of the Family Check-Up on Self-Regulation from Toddlerhood to Early School-Age
Chang, H., Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J., Gardner, F. E. M., & Wilson, M. N. (2014) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-014-9859-8 · Cited by 80
Psychometric Properties of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale With Older American Indians
Goins, R. T., Gregg, J. J., & Fiske, A. (2012) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027511431989 · Cited by 78
“…recommended (Bollen, 1989); (b) the comparative fit index (CFI), which uses baseline comparisons, with values greater than .90 indicating good fit (McDonald & Ho, 2002); (c) the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), a parsimony-adjusted measure of model fit with values less than .08…”
Method
Transactional relations across contextual strain, parenting quality, and early childhood regulation and adaptation in a high-risk sample
Yates, T. M., Obradović, J., & Egeland, B. R. (2010) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457941000026x · Cited by 74
“Thus, both absolute and relative fit indices converged on the adoption of Model 3 as the best-fitting model (Hu & Bentler, 1999; McDonald & Ho, 2002; Sattora, 2000).”
Background
A focused service quality, benefits, overall satisfaction and loyalty model for public aquatic centres
Howat, G., Crilley, G., & McGrath, R. (2008) · Managing Leisure · doi:10.1080/13606710802200829 · Cited by 73
“Therefore, it was appropriate to proceed with ML as it is relatively robust to violations of this assumption (McDonald and Ho, 2002 ).”
Method
Usefulness of the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) as a screening tool for the detection of clinically relevant burnout symptoms among young elite athletes
Gerber, M., Gustafsson, H., Seelig, H., Kellmann, M., Ludyga, S., Colledge, F., Brand, S., Isoard‐Gautheur, S., & Bianchi, R. (2018) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.08.005 · Cited by 75
Modelling the Components of Metacognitive Awareness
Kallio, H., Virta, K., & Kallio, M. (2018) · International Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.17583/ijep.2018.2789 · Cited by 74
Psychological contract fulfilment, engagement and nurse professional turnover intention
Sheehan, C., Tham, T. L., Holland, P. J., & Cooper, B. K. (2019) · International Journal of Manpower · doi:10.1108/ijm-08-2017-0211 · Cited by 79
The Mediating Role of Psychological Empowerment in Information Security Compliance Intentions
Dhillon, G. S., Talib, Y. Y. A., Universiti Utara Malaysia, M., & Picoto, W. N. (2020) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/1jais.00595 · Cited by 74
“However, many researchers use a cut-off value of 0.90 as an acceptable fit (McDonald & Ho, 2002).”
ResultInfluential
Childhood Maltreatment Histories, Alcohol and Other Drug Use Symptoms, and Sexual Risk Behavior in a Treatment Sample of Adolescents
Oshri, A., Tubman, J. G., & Burnette, M. L. (2012) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2011.300628 · Cited by 78
Perfectionism and attitudes towards doping in junior athletes
Madigan, D. J., Stoeber, J., & Passfield, L. (2015) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2015.1068441 · Cited by 77
“The TLI is a non-normed index and can exceed 1.00 (in the present model TLI was 1.06), in which case it is conventionally reported as 1.00 (McDonald & Ho, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluential
Assessing the fit of structural equation models with multiply imputed data.
Enders, C. K., & Mansolf, M. A. (2016) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000102 · Cited by 74
“…fit measures (e.g., see West, Taylor, & Wu, 2012), we focus on these particular indices because the methodological literature provides guidelines for interpreting their values (Hu & Bentler, 1995, 1999; West et al., 2012) and because they are common in published applications (McDonald & Ho, 2002).”
Background
A cloud computing adoption in Indian SMEs: Scale development and validation approach
Priyadarshinee, P., Raut, R. D., Jha, M. K., & Kamble, S. (2017) · The Journal of High Technology Management Research · doi:10.1016/j.hitech.2017.10.010 · Cited by 73
Do changes in the business environment and sustainable development really matter for enhancing enterprise development?
Brychko, M., Bilan, Y. V., Lyeonov, S., & Štreimikienė, D. (2022) · Sustainable Development · doi:10.1002/sd.2410 · Cited by 73
Consumer advisors revisited: What drives those with market mavenism and opinion leadership tendencies and why?
Stokburger-Sauer, N. E., & Hoyer, W. D. (2009) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour · doi:10.1002/cb.276 · Cited by 73
Therapist adherence in brief strategic family therapy for adolescent drug abusers.
Robbins, M. S., Feaster, D. J., Horigian, V. E., Puccinelli, M. J., Henderson, C. E., & Szapocznik, J. (2011) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0022146 · Cited by 73
“When these four pairs of residuals were correlated, the fit was substantially improved (CFI = .97, RMSEA = .055).”
MethodInfluential
The Hiring Process Matters: The Role of Person–Job and Person–Organization Fit in Teacher Satisfaction
Ellis, C., Skidmore, S. T., & Combs, J. P. (2017) · Educational Administration Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0013161x16687007 · Cited by 75
“Often used in the behavioral and social sciences (Hershberger, 2003; McDonald & Ho, 2002), SEM is well suited for the evaluation of theoretically posited relationships.”
Background
Impact of generative AI interaction and output quality on university students’ learning outcomes: a technology-mediated and motivation-driven approach
Bai, Y., & Wang, S. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-08697-6 · Cited by 86
Kenny Music Performance Anxiety Inventory: Confirmatory factor analysis of the Spanish version
Alzugaray, F. J. Z., Hernández, S. O., Casanova, Ó., & Gil, B. M. (2015) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735614567932 · Cited by 72
“…once the fulfilment of assumptions of multivariate normality in data had been established by applying different model adjustment indicators, namely CMIN/ DF, CFI and RMSEA statistics – the most common indicators recommended by authors such as Brown (2006) and also McDonald and Ho (2002).”
Method
The Influence of Rural Home and Neighborhood Environments on Healthy Eating, Physical Activity, and Weight
Kegler, M. C., Swan, D. W., Alcantara, I. C., Feldman, L., & Glanz, K. (2013) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-012-0349-3 · Cited by 72
Social capital and SME performance: the moderating role of emotional intelligence
Boohene, R., Gyimah, R. A., & Osei, M. B. (2019) · Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies · doi:10.1108/jeee-10-2018-0103 · Cited by 64
From organisational support to second victim‐related distress: Role of patient safety culture
Zhang, X., Li, Q., Guo, Y., & Lee, S. (2019) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/jonm.12881 · Cited by 72
Relationship between Emotional Intelligence, Social Skills and Peer Harassment. A Study with High School Students
Trigueros, R., Sanchez-Sanchez, E., Mercader, I., Aguilar-Parra, J. M., López‐Liria, R., Morales‐Gázquez, M. J., Campoy, J. M. F., & Pérez, P. R. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17124208 · Cited by 134
The credibility of social media beauty gurus in young millennials’ cosmetic product choice
Hassan, S. H., Zhen, T. S., Ramayah, T., & Al-Kumaim, N. H. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0249286 · Cited by 99
The changing determinants of tourists’ repurchase intention: the case of short-term rentals during the COVID-19 pandemic
Braje, I. N., Печурина, А., Bıçakcıoğlu‐Peynirci, N., Miguel, C., Alonso‐Almeida, M. D. M., & Giglio, C. (2021) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-04-2021-0438 · Cited by 75
Factors Affecting the Repurchase Intention of Organic Tea among Millennial Consumers: An Empirical Study
Tian, H., Siddik, A. B., & Masukujjaman, M. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12020050 · Cited by 72
Awe of nature and well-being: Roles of nature connectedness and powerlessness
Liu, J., Huo, Y., Wang, J., Bai, Y., Zhao, M., & Di, M. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.111946 · Cited by 81
Exploring the relationship between burnout, learning engagement and academic self-efficacy among EFL learners: A structural equation modeling analysis
Cong, Y., Yang, L., & Ergün, A. L. P. (2024) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104394 · Cited by 97
Parenting in Relation to School Dropout Through Student Engagement: A Longitudinal Study
Blöndal, K. S., & Aðalbjarnardóttir, S. (2014) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12125 · Cited by 110
Suicidal ideations and attempts among adolescents subjected to childhood sexual abuse and family conflict/violence: The mediating role of anger and depressed mood
Sigfúsdóttir, I. D., Ásgeirsdóttir, B. B., Gudjonsson, G. H., & Sigurðsson, J. F. (2013) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.10.001 · Cited by 72
Intimate Partner Violence Perpetrated by College Women within the Context of a History of Victimization
Graves, K. N., Sechrist, S. M., White, J. W., & Paradise, M. J. (2005) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2005.00222.x · Cited by 72
“Although theoretically rich discussions of women’s intimate partner violence perpetration within the context of their own victimization histories are relatively rare in the literature, sound theory should act as the foundation of any SEM (McDonald & Ho, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluential
One, Few or Many?: An Integrated Framework for Identifying the Items in Measurement Scales
Malhotra, N. K., Mukhopadhyay, S., Liu, X., & Dash, S. (2012) · International Journal of Market Research · doi:10.2501/ijmr-54-6-835-862 · Cited by 75
“The measurement model should be assessed using various fit indices to determine how well the conceptualised construct fits the sample data (McDonald & Ho 2002) .”
Method
Estimating the Maximum Likelihood Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) with Non-normal Data: A Monte-Carlo Study
Gao, C., Shi, D., & Maydeu‐Olivares, A. (2019) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2019.1637741 · Cited by 72
“The most popular (Jackson, Gillaspy, & Purc-Stephenson, 2009; McDonald & Ho, 2002) effect size of model misfit is the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA: Browne & Cudeck, 1993; Steiger, 1990; Steiger & Lind, 1980).”
Background
Influence of Teaching Style on Physical Education Adolescents’ Motivation and Health-Related Lifestyle
Trigueros, R., Mínguez-Mínguez, L. A., Gonzalez-Bernal, J. J., Jahouh, M., Cámara, R. S., & Aguilar-Parra, J. M. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11112594 · Cited by 87
The Role of Individual and Collective Mindfulness in Promoting Occupational Safety in Health Care
Dierynck, B., Leroy, H., Savage, G. T., & Choi, E. (2017) · Medical Care Research and Review · doi:10.1177/1077558716629040 · Cited by 71
“We analyzed the data using structural equation modeling in two steps (McDonald & Ho, 2002).”
Method
Adolescents’ ADHD symptoms and adjustment: The role of attachment and rejection sensitivity.
Scharf, M., Oshri, A., Eshkol, V., & Pilowsky, T. (2014) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/h0099391 · Cited by 70
“…overall 2 test of model fit (the 2 is known to be a biased estimator in sample sizes greater than 100; Brown, 2006) and statistical criteria (McDonald & Ho, 2002) for the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA 0.08), for the Test of Close Fit (p .05), the Comparative Fit Index (CFI…”
Influential
Robustness and cross-cultural equivalence of the Cultural Intelligence Scale (CQS)
Bücker, J. J. L. E., Furrer, O., & Weem, T. P. (2016) · Journal of Global Mobility The Home of Expatriate Management Research · doi:10.1108/jgm-05-2016-0022 · Cited by 77
An Internet of Things (IoT) Acceptance Model. Assessing Consumer’s Behavior toward IoT Products and Applications
Tsourela, M., & Nerantzaki, D.-M. (2020) · Future Internet · doi:10.3390/fi12110191 · Cited by 79
“90 [53,54], adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI): >0.”
Background
Innovative Approaches in Hotel Management: Integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) to Enhance Operational Efficiency and Sustainability
Gajić, T., Petrović, M. D., Pešić, A. M., Conić, M., & Gligorijević, N. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16177279 · Cited by 71
“The R 2 values were 0.299, indicating an adequate explanation of the variance of the dependent variables [55].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Inter‐Relationships among Different Types of Person–Environment Fit and Job Satisfaction
Yu, K. Y. T. (2014) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12035 · Cited by 80
Adolescent Conflict as a Developmental Process in the Prospective Pathway from Exposure to Interparental Violence to Dating Violence
Narayan, A. J., Englund, M. M., Carlson, E. A., & Egeland, B. R. (2013) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9782-4 · Cited by 88
“A CFI ≥0.90 and a RMSEA (or SRMR) ≤0.08 were considered to be an acceptable fit; and a CFI ≥0.95 and an RMSEA (or SRMR) ≤0.05 were considered to be a good fit (Hoyle 1995; McDonald and Ho 2002).”
Influential
An ecotourism behavioural model of national forest recreation areas in Taiwan
Lee, T. H. (2007) · The International Forestry Review · doi:10.1505/ifor.9.3.771 · Cited by 75
“Many statistics can assess the adequacy of structure model (McDonald and Ho 2002).”
Background
Individual safety performance in the construction industry: Development and validation of two short scales
DeArmond, S. E., Smith, A. E., Wilson, C. L., Chen, P. Y., & Cigularov, K. P. (2011) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2010.11.020 · Cited by 71
Workload and procrastination: The roles of psychological detachment and fatigue.
DeArmond, S. E., Matthews, R. A., & Bunk, J. A. (2013) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/a0034893 · Cited by 74
Organizational Climate, Occupational Stress, and Employee Mental Health
Arnetz, B. B., Lucas, T., & Arnetz, J. E. (2010) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0b013e3181ffo5b · Cited by 73
Self-efficacy, parent–child relationships, and academic performance: a comparison of European American and Asian American college students
Yuan, S., Weiser, D. A., & Fischer, J. L. (2016) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-015-9330-x · Cited by 86
Trainee supervisor attachment: Explaining the alliance and disclosure in supervision.
Gunn, J. E., & Pistole, M. C. (2012) · Training and Education in Professional Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0030805 · Cited by 71
Public transportation competitiveness analysis based on current passenger loyalty
Li, L., Bai, Y., Song, Z.-Q., Chen, A., & Wu, B. (2018) · Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2018.04.016 · Cited by 74
Developmental timing and continuity of exposure to interparental violence and externalizing behavior as prospective predictors of dating violence
Narayan, A. J., Englund, M. M., & Egeland, B. (2013) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457941300031x · Cited by 83
“Adopting usual practice, we considered a CFI at 0.90 or above and a RMSEA (or SRMR) at 0.08 or below to be an acceptable fit, and a CFI at 0.95 or above and an RMSEA (or SRMR) of 0.05 or below to be a good fit (Hoyle, 1995; Hoyle & Panter, 1995; McDonald & Ho, 2002).”
Influential
The development and validation of a social media fatigue scale: From a cognitive-behavioral-emotional perspective
Zhang, S., Shen, Y., Xin, T., Sun, H., Wang, Y., Zhang, X., & Ren, S. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245464 · Cited by 70
“05 indicates a good fit for model [28].”
Background
Personality Traits (“Big Five”) and the Propensity to Political Protest: Alternative Models
Brandstätter, H., & Opp, K. (2013) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12043 · Cited by 81
Testing for multigroup invariance of second-order WISC-IV structure across China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan
Chen, H., Keith, T. Z., Weiss, L. G., Zhu, J., & Li, Y. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.06.004 · Cited by 70
A Longitudinal Examination of the Effects of LMX, Ability, and Differentiation on Team Performance
Naidoo, L. J., Scherbaum, C. A., Goldstein, H. W., & Graen, G. B. (2010) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-010-9193-2 · Cited by 82
“This resulted in the second model depicted in Fig. 1. As shown in Table 2, the second model showed very good fit ( McDonald and Ho 2002 ).”
Result
Do global airline alliances influence the passenger's purchase decision?
Wang, S. W. (2014) · Journal of Air Transport Management · doi:10.1016/j.jairtraman.2014.02.003 · Cited by 76
Does Pursuing External Incentives Compromise Public Service Motivation? Comparing the effects of job security and high pay
Chen, C., & Hsieh, C. (2014) · Public Management Review · doi:10.1080/14719037.2014.895032 · Cited by 74
Local fit evaluation of structural equation models using graphical criteria.
Thoemmes, F. J., Rosseel, Y., & Textor, J. C. (2017) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000147 · Cited by 82
The journey between brain and gut: A systematic review of psychological mechanisms of treatment effect in irritable bowel syndrome
Windgassen, S., Moss‐Morris, R., Chilcot, J., Sibelli, A., Goldsmith, K., & Chalder, T. (2017) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12250 · Cited by 67
Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) in people with infertility: A reliability and validity study
Samani, R. O., Maroufizadeh, S., Ghaheri, A., & Navid, B. (2018) · Middle East Fertility Society Journal · doi:10.1016/j.mefs.2018.01.013 · Cited by 76
Experiences with Benevolent Sexism: Scale Development and Associations with Women’s Well-Being
Oswald, D. L., Baalbaki, M., & Kirkman, M. (2018) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-018-0933-5 · Cited by 69
“We considered the following general guidelines that an RMSEA less than .05 indicates a “good fit” and less than .08 indicates an “acceptable fit,” (McDonald and Ho 2002) and goodness of fit statistics should generally be larger than .90 (Hu and Bentler 1999; McDonald and Ho 2002).”
Method
The tendency for interpersonal victimhood: The personality construct and its consequences
Gabay, R., Hameiri, B., Rubel‐Lifschitz, T., & Nadler, A. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110134 · Cited by 79
Strategic orientation towards digitization to improve supermarket loyalty in an omnichannel context
Valiño, P. C., Rodríguez, P. G., Núñez‐Barriopedro, E., & Henche, B. G. (2022) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.113475 · Cited by 81
Two factors of expertise? Excellence and professionalism of environmental experts
Mieg, H. A. (2009) · High Ability Studies · doi:10.1080/13598130902860432 · Cited by 74
“The chance to find differences for the model structure or parameter specifications increases with large samples (McDonald & Ho, 2002).”
Background
Agentic personality characteristics and coping: Their relation to trait anxiety in college students.
Weigold, I. K., & Robitschek, C. (2011) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.2011.01094.x · Cited by 69
“IFI and CFI values greater than .90 are desired (Kline, 1998; McDonald & Ho, 2002).”
Background
Pathways Among Marital Distress, Parental Symptomatology, and Child Adjustment
Papp, L. M., Cummings, E. M., & Schermerhorn, A. C. (2004) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2004.00026.x · Cited by 73
The Influence of Website Environment on Brand Loyalty: Brand Trust and Brand Affect as Mediators.
Lin, M.-Q., & Lee, B. C. Y. (2012) · Int. J. Electron. Bus. Manag. · Cited by 69

Authors: McDonald, R. P., & Ho, M.-H. R.
Affiliations: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
ORCID: Ho, Moon-Ho Ringo
Venue: Psychological Methods
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2002
Volume: 7
Issue: 1
Pages: 64-82
ISSN: 1082-989X (ISSN-L)
1939-1463
DOI: 10.1037/1082-989x.7.1.64
OpenAlex: W2134368355
Cited by: 4,734
References: 102
Citations by year: 2026: 176 · 2025: 300 · 2024: 313 · 2023: 336 · 2022: 348 · 2021: 323 · 2020: 327 · 2019: 289 · 2018: 236 · 2017: 236 · 2016: 206 · 2015: 202 · 2014: 198 · 2013: 208 · 2012: 185
FWCI: 58.65
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Methods (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
Keywords: structural equation modeling, reporting guidelines, model justification, model identifiability, non-normality, missing data, goodness-of-fit indices, standard errors, correlation matrix, model mismatch, critical appraisal
MeSH terms: Humans, Models, Psychological, Research Design, Linear Models

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks