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Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses.

McDonald, Roderick P., Ho, Moon-Ho Ringo·2002·Psychological Methods

DOI 10.1037/1082-989x.7.1.64

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Abstract

Principles for reporting analyses using structural equation modeling are reviewed, with the goal of supplying readers with complete and accurate information. It is recommended that every report give a detailed justification of the model used, along with plausible alternatives and an account of identifiability. Nonnormality and missing data problems should also be addressed. A complete set of parameters and their standard errors is desirable, and it will often be convenient to supply the correlation matrix and discrepancies, as well as goodness-of-fit indices, so that readers can exercise independent critical judgment. A survey of fairly representative studies compares recent practice with the principles of reporting recommended here.

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“58”
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Background
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Background
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Background
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Beauregard, T. A. (2014) · British Journal of Management · doi:10.1111/1467-8551.12052 · Cited by 99
Copenhagen Burnout Inventory - student version: adaptation and transcultural validation for Portugal and Brazil
Campos, J. Á. D. B., Carlotto, M. S., & Marôco, J. P. (2013) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1590/s0102-79722013000100010 · Cited by 98
Do online environments promote sufficiency or overconsumption? Online advertisement and social media effects on clothing, digital devices, and air travel consumption
Frick, V., Matthies, E., Thøgersen, J. B., & Santarius, T. (2020) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour · doi:10.1002/cb.1855 · Cited by 101
“In each consumption domain, our analysis followed the two-step procedure suggested by McDonald and Ho (2002).”
Influential
Rural Tourism and the Sustainable Development Goals. A Study of the Variables That Most Influence the Behavior of the Tourist
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After deployment, adaptive parenting tools: 1-year outcomes of an evidence-based parenting program for military families following deployment
Gewirtz, A. H., DeGarmo, D. S., & Zamir, O. (2018) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-017-0839-4 · Cited by 97
“Model fit was evaluated using recommended fit indices (Byrne 2013; McDonald and Ho 2002) of a chi-square minimization p value above .05, a comparative fit index (CFI) above .95, a chi-square ratio (χ2/df) less than 2.0, and a root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) below .08.”
Influential
Relationship Between Vicarious Traumatization and Turnover Among Child Welfare Professionals
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“McDonald and Ho (2002) recommend examining and reporting several global fit indices, such as chi square (x2), comparative fit index (CFI), and root mean squared error of approximation (RMSEA).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Moral disengagement as a mechanism between perceptions of organisational injustice and deviant work behaviours
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Measuring quality of life in people with intellectual and multiple disabilities: Validation of the San Martín scale
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Multilevel Factor Analysis: Reporting Guidelines and a Review of Reporting Practices
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“…& Roberts, 2006; Jackson, Gillaspy, & Purc-Stephenson, 2009) have been presented along with reporting practices for structural equation modeling (McDonald & Ho, 2002) and multilevel modeling (Ferron et al., 2008; McCoach, 2010), there are no reporting guidelines specific tomultilevel factor…”
Method
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“In order to get a better understanding of the model estimation results, it is often useful to calculate the direct and indirect effects from the model (Golob 2000, 2003; McDonald and Ho 2002).”
Background
The role of parents and best friends in children's pro-environmentalism: Differences according to age and gender
Collado, S., Evans, G. W., & Sorrel, M. Á. (2017) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2017.09.007 · Cited by 98
The effect of personal and organizational factors on the risk-taking behavior of Hong Kong construction workers
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Minority Stress and Loneliness in a Global Sample of Sexual Minority Adults: The Roles of Social Anxiety, Social Inhibition, and Community Involvement
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“As a measurement model may contribute strongly to overall fit even if the structural model exhibits poor fit (McDonald & Ho, 2002), we evaluated the fit of the measurement, structural, and composite models separately (O’Boyle & Williams, 2011).”
Method
Perception of control over anxiety mediates the relation between catastrophic thinking and social anxiety in social phobia
Hofmann, S. G. (2004) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.07.002 · Cited by 96
A Structural Examination of the Predictors of Sexual Coercion Against Children in Adolescent Sexual Offenders
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“Multiple-group SEM was employed, which requires a different group for each pattern of missing data with equality constraints imposed across groups (McDonald & Ho, 2002).”
Method
A longitudinal study of rejecting and autonomy-restrictive parenting, rejection sensitivity, and socioemotional symptoms in early adolescents
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Perceived control and psychological distress in women with breast cancer: a longitudinal study
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“This data analysis was conducted using AMOS 4.0 (Arbuckle and Wothke 1999) and goodness of fit indexes and criteria applied were the most common according to McDonald and Ho (2002): no significant chisquare, CFI greater than or equal to 0.90; and RMSEA less than or equal to 0.05.”
MethodInfluential
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Teng, C., HSIAO, F.-J., & CHOU, T.-A. (2010) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2834.2010.01073.x · Cited by 95
“The value of RMSEA was below 0.08, thus satisfying the criterion of McDonald and Ho (2002).”
Influential
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Moretz, M. W., & McKay, D. (2007) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.07.004 · Cited by 95
“3 considered acceptable (Carmines & McIver, 1981; Kline, 1994); the root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA), with values less than 0.80 indicative of a reasonablefit andvalues less than 0.5indicativeof a good fit ( McDonald & Ho, 2002 ); and the p-value for the test of close fit, which is a test of the null hy…”
Influential
Latent growth curve analyses of parent influences on drinking progression among early adolescents.
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An evaluation of the measurement equivalence of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire—Short Form across gender and race in a sample of drug-abusing adults
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“The LaGrange Multiplier test was used with each group model to identify pairs of items within scales for which model fit would improve if error estimates were freed to covary and for which there appeared to be theoretically justifiable shared method effects [43].”
Method
The relationships among students' future-oriented goals and subgoals, perceived task instrumentality, and task-oriented self-regulation strategies in an academic environment.
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Time to Tango: Expertise and contextual anticipation during action observation
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“Finally, the Akaike (AIC) and Bayesian (BIC) information criteria were used to compare the two models estimated with the same data (Bollen, 1989; McDonald and Ho, 2002; Mueller and Hancock, 2008, 2010).”
Method
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Vasilyeva, M., Dearing, E., Евгеньевна, И. А., Shen, C., & Kardanova, E. Y. (2017) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2017.08.003 · Cited by 101
The mediating impact of customer satisfaction in relation of brand equity and brand loyalty
Kataria, S., & Saini, V. (2019) · South Asian Journal of Business Studies · doi:10.1108/sajbs-03-2019-0046 · Cited by 141
Testing multidimensional models of person‐group fit
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An Examination of the Role of Attachment and Efficacy in Life Satisfaction
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“The comparative fit index (CFI), incremental fit index (IFI), normed fit index (NFI), and nonnormed fit index (NNFI) were used to compare each structural model to a null model.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The relationship between root mean square error of approximation and model misspecification in confirmatory factor analysis models
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“Those who favor the use of fit indices tend to particularly rely on the root mean square error of approximation, or RMSEA, perhaps the most widely used index (Marsh, Hau, & Grayson, 2005; McDonald & Ho, 2002).”
Method
Like, tag and share: bolstering social media marketing to improve intention to visit a nature-based tourism destination
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Authors: McDonald, R. P., & Ho, M.-H. R.
Affiliations: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
ORCID: Ho, Moon-Ho Ringo
Venue: Psychological Methods
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2002
Volume: 7
Issue: 1
Pages: 64-82
ISSN: 1082-989X (ISSN-L)
1939-1463
DOI: 10.1037/1082-989x.7.1.64
OpenAlex: W2134368355
Cited by: 4,734
References: 102
Citations by year: 2026: 176 · 2025: 300 · 2024: 313 · 2023: 336 · 2022: 348 · 2021: 323 · 2020: 327 · 2019: 289 · 2018: 236 · 2017: 236 · 2016: 206 · 2015: 202 · 2014: 198 · 2013: 208 · 2012: 185
FWCI: 58.65
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Methods (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
Keywords: structural equation modeling, reporting guidelines, model justification, model identifiability, non-normality, missing data, goodness-of-fit indices, standard errors, correlation matrix, model mismatch, critical appraisal
MeSH terms: Humans, Models, Psychological, Research Design, Linear Models

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Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses.

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