Cited by 4,734Psychometric Methodologies and TestingMeta-analysis and systematic reviewsStatistical Methods and Bayesian Inference

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 103 of the 103 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses.

McDonald, Roderick P., Ho, Moon-Ho Ringo·2002·Psychological Methods

DOI 10.1037/1082-989x.7.1.64

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Principles for reporting analyses using structural equation modeling are reviewed, with the goal of supplying readers with complete and accurate information. It is recommended that every report give a detailed justification of the model used, along with plausible alternatives and an account of identifiability. Nonnormality and missing data problems should also be addressed. A complete set of parameters and their standard errors is desirable, and it will often be convenient to supply the correlation matrix and discrepancies, as well as goodness-of-fit indices, so that readers can exercise independent critical judgment. A survey of fairly representative studies compares recent practice with the principles of reporting recommended here.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/1082-989x.7.1.64

Cites

103 of 103 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788
Maximum Likelihood from Incomplete Data Via the EM Algorithm
Dempster, A. P., Laird, N. M., & Rubin, D. B. (1977) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1977.tb01600.x · Cited by 50,444
Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411 · Cited by 41,941
Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error
Heckman, J. J. (1979) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1912352 · Cited by 28,779
Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124192021002005 · Cited by 27,200
Comparative fit indexes in structural models.
Bentler, P. M. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238 · Cited by 25,266
Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys
Rubin, D. B. (1987) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/9780470316696 · Cited by 20,701
Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures.
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588 · Cited by 20,015
Structural Equations with Latent Variables
Bollen, K. A. (1989) · Wiley series in probability and statistics · doi:10.1002/9781118619179 · Cited by 17,944
Structural Equations with Latent Variables.
Clogg, C. C., & Bollen, K. A. (1991) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2072165 · Cited by 17,475

Show all 102 references

Research works printed but not linked: 13

Arbuckle, 1997, Amos user's guide.
Bentler, 1985, Theory and implementation of EQS: A structural equations program.
Bentler, 1995, EQS structural equations programs manual.
Hartmann, 1992, The CALIS procedure: Extended user's guide.
Joreskog, 1996, LISREL 8: Users' reference guide.
Lohmoller, 1981, LVPLS 1.6 program manual: Latent variables path analysis with partial least squares estimation.
Mooijaart, 1993, Structural equation models with transformed variables., 249
Muthen, 1998, Mplus user's guide.
Neale, 1997, Mx: Statistical modeling
Satorra, 1994, Corrections to standard errors in covariance structure analysis., 399
Steiger, 1995, SEPATH: STATISTICA version 5.
West, 1995, Structural equation models with non-normal variables., 56
Wiley, 1973, The identification problem for structural equation models with unmeasured variables., 69

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 1,024

Reporting effect sizes in original psychological research: A discussion and tutorial.
Pek, J. C. X., & Flora, D. B. (2017) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000126 · Cited by 356
“…(Maxwell & Cole, 1995), research using Monte Carlo studies (Boomsma, 2013), studies employing structural equation modeling (Boomsma, 2000; McDonald & Ho, 2002), confirmatory factor analysis (Jackson, Gillaspy, & Purc-Stephenson, 2009), and randomized clinical trials (Moher et al., 2010).”
Method
The Use of Structural Equation Modeling in Counseling Psychology Research
Martens, M. P. (2005) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000004272260 · Cited by 343
“Prior reviews have indicated that only about 50% of published SEM studies reported parameter estimates of error and disturbance variances or other measures of effect size (MacCallum & Austin, 2000; McDonald & Ho, 2002).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
On the relationship between personal experience, affect and risk perception:The case of climate change
van der Linden, S. (2014) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2008 · Cited by 354
“RESULTS 2For detailed guidelines of goodness of fit statistics in structural equation modelling please see McDonald and Ho (2002) and Hu and Bentler (1999) for a good overview.”
Proactive personality and career adaptability: The role of thriving at work
Jiang, Z. (2016) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2016.10.003 · Cited by 337
Developing a short assessment instrument for Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK.xs) and comparing the factor structure of an integrative and a transformative model
Schmid, M., Brianza, E., & Petko, D. (2020) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103967 · Cited by 480
A validation study of the Dutch Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form: Factor structure, reliability, and known-groups validity
Thombs, B. D., Bernstein, D. P., Lobbestael, J., & Arntz, A. (2009) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.03.001 · Cited by 313
Gender differences in entrepreneurial intentions: A TPB multi-group analysis at factor and indicator level
Maes, J., Leroy, H., & Sels, L. (2014) · European Management Journal · doi:10.1016/j.emj.2014.01.001 · Cited by 342
The influence of place attachment on the relationship between destination attractiveness and environmentally responsible behavior for island tourism in Penghu, Taiwan
Cheng, T., Wu, H. C., & Huang, L.-M. (2012) · Journal of Sustainable Tourism · doi:10.1080/09669582.2012.750329 · Cited by 315
“The overall model’s goodness of fit was first tested (McDonald & Ho, 2002).”
Neighborhood satisfaction, physical and perceived naturalness and openness
Hur, M., Nasar, J. L., & Chun, B. (2009) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.05.005 · Cited by 300
Organizational work–family resources as predictors of job performance and attitudes: The process of work–family conflict and enrichment.
Odle‐Dusseau, H. N., Britt, T. W., & Greene‐Shortridge, T. M. (2011) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026428 · Cited by 298
Chinese university students' acceptance of MOOCs: A self-determination perspective
Zhou, M. (2015) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2015.10.012 · Cited by 318
The Development of Callous-Unemotional Traits and Antisocial Behavior in Children: Are There Shared and/or Unique Predictors?
Pardini, D. A., Lochman, J. E., & Powell, N. P. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410701444215 · Cited by 315
“95 or greater for “good fit” for the CFI and TLI were used (McDonald & Ho, 2002 ).”
Method
The purpose and practice of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in psychological research: Decisions for scale development and validation.
Flora, D. B., & Flake, J. K. (2017) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/cbs0000069 · Cited by 304
Problems with Centrality Measures in Psychopathology Symptom Networks: Why Network Psychometrics Cannot Escape Psychometric Theory
Hallquist, M. N., Wright, A. G. C., & Molenaar, P. C. M. (2021) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2019.1640103 · Cited by 292
“As is typical in the SEM literature (McDonald & Ho, 2002), we believe that it is important for network psychometric studies to report both marginal and partial correlation matrices used in their analyses.”
Background
Promoting internalized motivation for environmentally responsible behavior: A prospective study of environmental goals
Osbaldiston, R., & Sheldon, K. M. (2003) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0272-4944(03)00035-5 · Cited by 317
“Thus, each indicator variable was constrainedto loadon only one factor, and the factor loadings formed independent clusters ( McDonald& Ho, 2002 ).”
BackgroundMethod
Innovation-oriented supply chain integration for combined competitiveness and firm performance
Lii, P., & Kuo, F.-I. (2016) · International Journal of Production Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2016.01.018 · Cited by 312
Humanizing voice assistant: The impact of voice assistant personality on consumers’ attitudes and behaviors
Poushneh, A. (2020) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102283 · Cited by 308
Game immersion experience: its hierarchical structure and impact on game‐based science learning
Cheng, M., She, H., & Annetta, L. A. (2014) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12066 · Cited by 295
“For interpretation, recommended fit index cut-off values for ‘good’ models were shown as Table 2 (Bagozzi & Yi, 1988; Henry & Stone, 1994; Hu & Bentler, 1998, 1999; McDonald & Ho, 2002).”
Method
Knowledge hiding as a barrier to thriving: The mediating role of psychological safety and moderating role of organizational cynicism
Jiang, Z., Hu, X., Wang, Z., & Jiang, X. (2019) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2358 · Cited by 301
Working memory assessments at school entry as longitudinal predictors of National Curriculum attainment levels
Gathercole, S. E., Brown, L., & Pickering, S. J. (2003) · Educational and Child Psychology · doi:10.53841/bpsecp.2003.20.3.109 · Cited by 281
Understanding and predicting students' intention to use mobile cloud storage services
Arpacı, İ. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.067 · Cited by 281
Psychometric Properties of the Readiness for Hospital Discharge Scale
Weiss, M., & Piacentine, L. B. (2006) · Journal of Nursing Measurement · doi:10.1891/jnm-v14i3a002 · Cited by 286
“Additional test statistics were compared with general rules of thumb for each statistic (Hu & Bentler, 1999; McDonald & Ho, 2002): Lisrel Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) = 0.79 (>.90 is desirable); standardized root mean residuals (SRMR) = 0.10 (close to .08 or less is desirable); root mean square…”
MethodInfluential
Applying the polyvagal theory to children's emotion regulation: Social context, socialization, and adjustment
Hastings, P. D., Nuselovici, J. N., Utendale, W. T., Coutya, J., McShane, K., & Sullivan, C. (2008) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.07.005 · Cited by 277
“recommended by McDonald and Ho (2002). Finally, SEM path weights were”
Method
Make It Memorable: Tourism Experience, Fun, Recommendation and Revisit Intentions of Chinese Outbound Tourists
Chen, X., Cheng, Z.-F., & Kim, G. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12051904 · Cited by 267
On the dimensionality of the System Usability Scale: a test of alternative measurement models
Borsci, S., Federici, S., & Lauriola, M. (2009) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-009-0268-9 · Cited by 275
Market mavens: Psychological influences
Clark, R. A., & Goldsmith, R. E. (2005) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20060 · Cited by 283
“…c CR ϭ construct reliabilities (Fornell & Larcker, 1981 ) are on the diagonal; d shared variances are reported in the upper half of the matrix; listwise deletion resulted in N ϭ 593; * p Ͻ .05 ** p Ͻ .01. the generally accepted criteria of 0.90 for CFI and TLI (Garson, 2001; McDonald & Ho, 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Use of Structural Equation Modeling in Tourism Research
Nunkoo, R., Ramkissoon, H. R., & Gürsoy, D. (2013) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/0047287513478503 · Cited by 301
“A number of alternative models exist for any set of data (Jöreskog 1993; McDonald and Ho 2002).”
BackgroundInfluential
Modeling the psychological antecedents to tourists’ pro-sustainable behaviors: an application of the value-belief-norm model
Landon, A. C., Woosnam, K. M., & Boley, B. B. (2018) · Journal of Sustainable Tourism · doi:10.1080/09669582.2017.1423320 · Cited by 275
“Although the relationship was hypothesized based on theory, some post hoc model modifications are often necessary in practice (McDonald & Ho, 2002).”
Method
Consumer perceived value, involvement, trust, susceptibility to interpersonal influence, and intention to participate in online group buying
Sharma, V. M., & Klein, A. (2019) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.101946 · Cited by 292
Understanding the Negative Effects of Legal Education on Law Students: A Longitudinal Test of Self-Determination Theory
Sheldon, K. M., & Krieger, L. S. (2007) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167207301014 · Cited by 309
“Still, the model fit well with a χ2(12) of 19.67, p = .074 (where p > .05 is usually taken as a sign of good fit), and a root-mean-squared error of approximation (RMSEA) of .056, where fits of less than .05 (McDonald & Ho, 2002) or .06 (Hu & Bentler, 1998) are indicative of good fit.”
MethodInfluential
A novel measure of effect size for mediation analysis
Lachowicz, M. J., Preacher, K. J., & Kelley, K. (2018) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000165 · Cited by 271
Blunted Cortisol Responses to Stress Signal Social and Behavioral Problems Among Maltreated/Bullied 12-Year-Old Children
Ouellet‐Morin, I., Odgers, C. L., Danese, A., Bowes, L., Shakoor, S., Papadopoulos, A. S., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., & Arseneault, L. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.06.017 · Cited by 284
Structural Equation Modeling
Stein, C. M., Morris, N. J., & Nock, N. L. (2011) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-555-8_27 · Cited by 271
Learning disabilities, gender, sources of efficacy, self-efficacy beliefs, and academic achievement in high school students.
Hampton, N. Z., & Mason, E. (2003) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-4405(03)00028-1 · Cited by 270
Modelación aplicada a las ciencias animales: Análisis de ecuaciones estructurales
Cerón Muñoz, M. F., Gutiérrez Zapata, D. M., Medina Rios, H. I., Ramírez Toro, E. J., & Martínez Sarmiento, R. A. (2022) · Repository Technological University of Pereira (Technological University of Pereira) · Cited by 270
Construct Development and Validation in Three Practical Steps: Recommendations for Reviewers, Editors, and Authors
Lambert, L. S., & Newman, D. A. (2022) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/10944281221115374 · Cited by 337
“Construct validity is not determined by pointing to a speci ﬁ c statistic, but is a plausible conclusion that is based on an array of evidence consistent with the proposed theoretical measurement model (Jackson, Gillaspy, & Purc-Stephenson, 2009; McDonald & Ho, 2002).”
Background
Are first- and second-language factors related in predicting second-language reading comprehension? A study of Spanish-speaking children acquiring English as a second language from first to second grade.
Gottardo, A., & Mueller, J. L. (2009) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014320 · Cited by 286
Perceived risk, usage frequency of mobile banking services
Chen, C. (2013) · Managing Service Quality · doi:10.1108/msq-10-2012-0137 · Cited by 302
Relationships at school and stage‐environment fit as resources for adolescent engagement and achievement
Zimmer‐Gembeck, M. J., Chipuer, H. M., Hanisch, M., Creed, P. A., & McGregor, L. (2006) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.04.008 · Cited by 294
“In the first model, factor loadings were estimated and all covariances between latent variables were freed to examine measurement ( McDonald & Ho, 2002 ).”
Method
The development and psychometric validation of a Critical Thinking Disposition Scale
Sosu, E. M. (2013) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2012.09.002 · Cited by 324
Achievement goals, efficacy beliefs and coping strategies in mathematics: The roles of perceived parent and teacher goal emphases
Friedel, J. M., Cortina, K. S., Turner, J. C., & Midgley, C. (2006) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2006.10.009 · Cited by 277
The protective effects of neighborhood collective efficacy on British children growing up in deprivation: A developmental analysis.
Odgers, C. L., Moffitt, T. E., Tach, L., Sampson, R. J., Taylor, A., Matthews, C., & Caspi, A. (2009) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016162 · Cited by 267
“…fit and values <.05 indicate good fit; confirmatory fit index (CFI), where estimates >.90 indicate acceptable fit and values >.95 indicate good fit, and the standardized root-mean-square residual (SRMR), where values <.08 are considered acceptable (Hu & Bentler, 1999; McDonald & Ho, 2002).”
Warm glow vs. altruistic values: How important is intrinsic emotional reward in proenvironmental behavior?
Hartmann, P., Eisend, M., Apaolaza, V., & D’Souza, C. (2017) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2017.05.006 · Cited by 285
Development of the Serious Leisure Inventory and Measure
Gould, J. M., Moore, D. D., McGuire, F. A., & Stebbins, R. A. (2008) · Journal of Leisure Research · doi:10.1080/00222216.2008.11950132 · Cited by 260
“Note: The Satorra-Bentler scaled maximum likelihood was applied to reconfigure the reliance on multivariate normality (Fouladi, 2000 & McDonald & Ho, 2002). a Standardized root mean square (SRMR), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) (Steiger, 1990): Values .05 indicate excellent fit. b…”
Method
Structural equation modelling and regression analysis in tourism research
Nunkoo, R., & Ramkissoon, H. R. (2011) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2011.641947 · Cited by 279
“It represents a set of p observable variables as multiple indicators of a smaller set of m LVs (McDonald & Ho, 2002 ).”
MethodInfluential
Laptops in the K-12 classrooms: Exploring factors impacting instructional use
Inan, F. A., & Lowther, D. L. (2010) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2010.04.004 · Cited by 262
“For other indicators, the accepted value is above .95 for CFI and is below .05 for RMSEA (Dion, 2008; McDonald, 2002).”
BackgroundMethod
Online shopping adoption during COVID-19 and social isolation: Extending the UTAUT model with herd behavior
Erjavec, J., & Manfreda, A. (2021) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102867 · Cited by 284
Proactive environmental strategies in the hotel industry: eco-innovation, green competitive advantage, and green core competence
Kuo, F.-I., Fang, W., & LePage, B. A. (2021) · Journal of Sustainable Tourism · doi:10.1080/09669582.2021.1931254 · Cited by 297
“We used the indicators recommended by McDonald and Ho (2002), including χ2, degrees of freedom (df ), and χ2/df, Goodness of Fit (GFI), RMSEA, Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Bentler & Bonett’s Normed Fit Index (NFI) and Non-Normed Fit Index (also called the Tucker Index; NNFI).”
Method
Peer and Parent Influences on School Engagement Among Early Adolescents
Simons‐Morton, B. G., & Chen, R. (2009) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x09334861 · Cited by 255
“CFI and TLI > .9 are generally considered acceptable, and RMSeA .05 is regarded as good and .08 as acceptable (McDonald & Ho, 2002).”
Background
Customization, immersion satisfaction, and online gamer loyalty
Teng, C. (2010) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.05.029 · Cited by 258
“The fit is deemed acceptable because the RMSEA value is around the borderline suggested by McDonald and Ho (2002).”
Background
Overload, autonomy, and burnout as predictors of physicians' quality of care.
Shirom, A., Nirel, N., & Vinokur, A. D. (2006) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/1076-8998.11.4.328 · Cited by 270
“Following widely accepted recommendations for SEM analysis (Boomsma, 2000; McDonald & Ho, 2002 ), we report three goodness-of-fit indices: the normed fit index (NFI), the nonnormed fit index (NNFI, also known as TLI) and the comparative fit index (CFI).”
Method
Pathways linking depression, adiposity, and inflammatory markers in healthy young adults
Miller, G. E., Freedland, K. E., Carney, R. M., Stetler, C., & Banks, W. A. (2003) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/s0889-1591(03)00057-6 · Cited by 252
“Models were accepted as a satisfactory description of the observed data when v2 statistics were not statistically different from zero, CFI and NNFI values exceeded .90, and RMSEAvalues were below .05 (Bentler, 1990; Bentler and Bonett, 1980; McDonald and Ho, 2002 ).”
Method
Assessing the overall fit of composite models estimated by partial least squares path modeling
Schuberth, F., Rademaker, M. E., & Henseler, J. (2022) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/ejm-08-2020-0586 · Cited by 313
Adaptive and effortful control and academic self-efficacy beliefs on achievement: A longitudinal study of 1st through 3rd graders
Liew, J., McTigue, E. M., Barrois, L. K., & Hughes, J. N. (2008) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2008.07.003 · Cited by 250
“…fit the data, we included information from 3 different model fit indices (i.e., SRMR or standardized root mean square residual, CFI or comparative fit index, and RMSEA or root mean square error of approximation) as recommended by a number of methodologists (see Bentler, 2007; McDonald & Ho, 2002).”
Method
Measurement of Stigma in People with HIV: A Reexamination of the HIV Stigma Scale
Bunn, J. Y., Solomon, S. E., Miller, C. T., & Forehand, R. (2007) · AIDS Education and Prevention · doi:10.1521/aeap.2007.19.3.198 · Cited by 247
The structure of maladaptive personality traits in childhood: A step toward an integrative developmental perspective for DSM-V.
Clercq, B. J. D., Fruyt, F. D., Leeuwen, K. G. V., & Mervielde, I. (2006) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.115.4.639 · Cited by 256
Health Behavior and Academic Achievement Among Adolescents: The Relative Contribution of Dietary Habits, Physical Activity, Body Mass Index, and Self-Esteem
Kristjánsson, Á. L., Sigfúsdóttir, I. D., & Allegrante, J. P. (2008) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198107313481 · Cited by 250
“Prior work by McDonald and Ho (2002) suggested that two of these indices, the Comparative Fit Index (CFI) and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), along with the chi-square statistic, would constitute appropriate measures for examining the fit of the proposed theoretical model.”
Method
Causal inference based on counterfactuals
Höfler, M. (2005) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-5-28 · Cited by 249
Advanced Applications of Structural Equation Modeling in Counseling Psychology Research
Martens, M. P., & Haase, R. F. (2006) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000005283395 · Cited by 246
“We suggest that readers without such knowledge consult one of several introductory texts on SEM (e.g., Bollen, 1989; Kline, 2004) and nontechnical reviews that address a number of specific SEM practices (e.g., MacCallum & Austin, 2000; Martens, 2005; McDonald & Ho, 2002; Quintana & Maxwell, 1999; Weston & Gore, 2006).”
Background
Investigating the Effects of Communication Problems on Caregiver Burden
Savundranayagam, M. Y., Hummert, M. L., & Montgomery, R. J. V. (2005) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/60.1.s48 · Cited by 243
The relationship between corporate social responsibility, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment: Case of Pakistani higher education
Asrar‐ul‐Haq, M., Kuchinke, K. P., & Iqbal, A. (2016) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.11.040 · Cited by 239
Evaluating SEM Model Fit with Small Degrees of Freedom
Shi, D., DiStefano, C., Maydeu-Olivares, A., & Lee, T. (2022) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2020.1868965 · Cited by 256
Validation of the extended Influence Behavior Questionnaire
YUKL, G. A., Seifert, C. F., & Chavez, C. I. (2008) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.07.006 · Cited by 237
Blood donation is an act of benevolence rather than altruism.
Ferguson, E., Farrell, K., & Lawrence, C. (2008) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.3.327 · Cited by 240
Development of a Scale to Measure Team Brand Associations in Professional Sport
Ross, S., James, J. D., & Vargas, P. T. (2006) · Journal of Sport Management · doi:10.1123/jsm.20.2.260 · Cited by 251
The effect of hedonic and utilitarian values on satisfaction and loyalty of Airbnb users
Lee, S., & Kim, D.-Y. (2018) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-09-2016-0504 · Cited by 242
Examining the intention to use technology among pre-service teachers: an integration of the Technology Acceptance Model and Theory of Planned Behavior
Teo, T. P. (2010) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494821003714632 · Cited by 235
“To assess the extent to impact of each exogenous on the endogenous variables, the standardized total eﬀects, direct and indirect eﬀects associated with each of the six Klem (2000); McDonald and Ho (2002) variables were examined.”
Method
Between the technology acceptance model and sustainable energy technology acceptance model: Investigating smart meter acceptance in the United States
Chen, C., Xu, X., & Arpan, L. M. (2017) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2016.12.011 · Cited by 237
Application of Structural Equation Modeling in Educational Research and Practice
Teo, T., Tsai, L. T., & Yang, C. C. (2013) · SensePublishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-6209-332-4 · Cited by 250
Promise and pitfalls of structural equation modeling in gifted research.
Kline, R. B. (2010) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/12079-007 · Cited by 230
Male Rape Myths
Chapleau, K. M., Oswald, D. L., & Russell, B. L. (2008) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260507313529 · Cited by 229
“Maximum likelihood with Satorra-Bentler estimation was used to estimate the parameters and model chi-square.”
BackgroundInfluential
Measurement of masculinity ideologies: A (critical) review.
Thompson, E. H., & Bennett, K. M. (2015) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/a0038609 · Cited by 227
Applications of latent-variable models in educational psychology: The need for methodological-substantive synergies
Marsh, H. W., & Hau, K. (2006) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2006.10.008 · Cited by 229
Consumers' attitude of endorser credibility, brand and intention with respect to celebrity endorsement of the airline sector
Wang, S. W., Kao, G. H.-Y., & Ngamsiriudom, W. (2016) · Journal of Air Transport Management · doi:10.1016/j.jairtraman.2016.12.007 · Cited by 227
“Notably, this study examined whether the data conformed to the multinormality requirement, because this is a key assumption of the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique (McDonald and Ho, 2002).”
Background
Constraints and Motivators: A New Model to Explain Sport Consumer Behavior
Kim, Y., & Trail, G. T. (2010) · Journal of Sport Management · doi:10.1123/jsm.24.2.190 · Cited by 224
“…the (standardized) discrepancy matrix because clear misspecification can be hidden by the indexed fit of the composite structural model and it is impossible to identify which elements of the composite hypothesis can be viewed as unacceptable from the fit indices alone (McDonald & Ho, 2002).”
Background
Examining the influence of subjective norm and facilitating conditions on the intention to use technology among pre-service teachers: a structural equation modeling of an extended technology acceptance model
Teo, T. (2010) · Asia Pacific Education Review · doi:10.1007/s12564-009-9066-4 · Cited by 226
“Non-significant Klem (2000), Kline (2005), McDonald and Ho (2002)”
BackgroundInfluential
A Structural Model of Autonomy in Middle and Late Adolescence: Connectedness, Separation, Detachment, and Agency
Beyers, W., Goossens, L., Vansant, I., & Moors, E. (2003) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1023/a:1024922031510 · Cited by 238
Did Curiosity Kill the Cat? Relationship Between Trait Curiosity, Creative Self-Efficacy and Creative Personal Identity
Karwowski, M. (2012) · Europe’s Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.v8i4.513 · Cited by 221
Estimating hierarchical constructs using consistent partial least squares
van Riel, A. C. R., Henseler, J., Kemény, I., & Sasovova, Z. (2017) · Industrial Management & Data Systems · doi:10.1108/imds-07-2016-0286 · Cited by 254
An Investigation of the Sample Performance of Two Nonnormality Corrections for RMSEA
Brosseau-Liard, P. É., Savalei, V., & Li, L. (2012) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2012.715252 · Cited by 245
Self-assessment in the process of self-regulated learning and its relationship with academic achievement
Yan, Z. (2020) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2019.1629390 · Cited by 217
“Puustinen and Pulkkinen (2001) compared five major SRL models in a theoretical review. They concluded that, even if the terminology used varied, these models shared three common phases: (a) Preparatory, which consists of activities relevant to task analysis, goal setting and planning; (b) Performance, in which the act…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Adolescents’ attitudes towards nature and environment: Quantifying the 2-MEV model
Bogner, F. X., & Wiseman, M. (2006) · Environment Systems & Decisions · doi:10.1007/s10669-006-8660-9 · Cited by 219
Multilevel Modeling: A Review of Methodological Issues and Applications
Dedrick, R. F., Ferron, J. M., Hess, M. R., Hogarty, K. Y., Kromrey, J. D., Lang, T. R., Niles, J. D., & Lee, R. S. (2009) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654308325581 · Cited by 217
“…of variance, multivariate analysis of variance, analysis of covariance (Keselman, Huberty, et al., 1998), structural equation modeling (SEM; McDonald & Ho, 2002), and confirmatory factor analysis (DiStefano & Hess, 2005) have generally found that there are substantial gaps between the…”
Method
Parents, Peers, and Problem Behavior: A Longitudinal Investigation of the Impact of Relationship Perceptions and Characteristics on the Development of Adolescent Problem Behavior.
Goldstein, S. E., Davis-Kean, P. E., & Eccles, J. S. (2005) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.41.2.401 · Cited by 216
The Influence of Emotional Intelligence on Resilience, Test Anxiety, Academic Stress and the Mediterranean Diet. A Study with University Students
Trigueros, R., Padilla, A., Aguilar-Parra, J. M., Rocamora, P., Morales-Gázquez, M. J., & López-Liria, R. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17062071 · Cited by 192
Rethinking fit assessment in structural equation modelling: A commentary and elaboration on Barrett (2007)
McIntosh, C. N. (2006) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.020 · Cited by 217
Measuring alcohol-related protective behavioral strategies among college students: Further examination of the Protective Behavioral Strategies Scale.
Martens, M. P., Pedersen, E. R., LaBrie, J. W., Ferrier, A. G., & Cimini, M. D. (2007) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.21.3.307 · Cited by 229
“…when conducting CFA/structural equation modeling analyses for two main reasons: Multivariate data sets often contain multiple models that could explain the data, and researchers are susceptible to confirmation biases when testing only a single model (MacCallum & Austin, 2000; McDonald & Ho, 2002).”
Background
Friendship Maintenance: An Analysis of Individual and Dyad Behaviors
Oswald, D. L., Clark, E. M., & Kelly, C. M. (2004) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.23.3.413.35460 · Cited by 213
Relationship between health literacy, health information access, health behavior, and health status in Japanese people
Suka, M., Odajima, T., Okamoto, M., Sumitani, M., Igarashi, A., Ishikawa, H., Kusama, M., Yamamoto, M., Nakayama, T., & Sugimori, H. (2015) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2015.02.013 · Cited by 232
“Distribution of the HLS-14 (a considered to be acceptable [26].”
Background
Effect of halal awareness, halal logo and attitude on foreign consumers’ purchase intention
Bashir, A. M. (2019) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-01-2019-0011 · Cited by 211
Balanced bilingualism and early age of second language acquisition as the underlying mechanisms of a bilingual executive control advantage: why variations in bilingual experiences matter.
Yow, W. Q., & Li, X. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00164 · Cited by 211
“According to McDonald and Ho (2002) and Kline (2005), some of the most used fit indices and their acceptable thresholds include: (1) χ2 (the lower the χ2, the better the model’s fit), (2) goodness of fit index (GFI; values greater than 0.90 indicate a good fit), (3) comparative fit index (CFI;…”
MethodInfluential
Assessing the influence of supply chain collaboration value innovation, supply chain capability and competitive advantage in Taiwan's networking communication industry
Liao, S.-H., Hu, D.-C., & Ding, L.-W. (2017) · International Journal of Production Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2017.06.001 · Cited by 209
Behavioral antecedents of coopetition: A synthesis and measurement scale
Czakon, W., Klimas, P., & Mariani, M. M. (2019) · Long Range Planning · doi:10.1016/j.lrp.2019.03.001 · Cited by 213
The Relationship between Psychological Capital, Coping with Stress, Well-Being, and Performance
Rabenu, E., Yaniv, E., & Elizur, D. (2016) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-016-9477-4 · Cited by 241
“In the Normed Fit Index (NFI), the Goodness-of-Fit Index (GFI), and the Comparative Fit Index (CFI) a degree of fit above 0.9 is considered sufficient (McDonald and Ho 2002).”
Influential
Understanding consumers’ behavior to adopt self-service parcel services for last-mile delivery
Zhou, M., Zhao, L., Kong, N., Campy, K. S., Xu, G., Zhu, G., Cao, X., & Wang, S. (2019) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.101911 · Cited by 229
Development of adolescent reading comprehension in language 1 and language 2: A longitudinal analysis of constituent components.
van Gelderen, A. J. S., Schoonen, R., Stoel, R. D., de Glopper, K., & Hulstijn, J. H. (2007) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.99.3.477 · Cited by 205
Evaluating suppliers to include green supplier development programs via fuzzy c-means and VIKOR methods
Akman, G. (2014) · Computers & Industrial Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.cie.2014.10.013 · Cited by 204
“They allow us to understand whether each model is wholly supported by data in an acceptable level (McDonald and Moon-Ho, 2002; Hooper et al., 2008).”
Background
The Investigation of Consumers’ Behavior Intention in Using Green Skincare Products: A Pro-Environmental Behavior Model Approach
Chin, J., Jiang, B. C., Mufidah, I., Persada, S. F., & Noer, B. A. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10113922 · Cited by 203
Does ease-of-use contributes to the perception of enjoyment? A case of gamification in e-banking
Rodrigues, L. F., Oliveira, A., & Costa, C. J. D. C. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.015 · Cited by 202
Ecological Models of Sexual Satisfaction among Lesbian/Bisexual and Heterosexual Women
Henderson, A. W., Lehavot, K., & Simoni, J. M. (2008) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9384-3 · Cited by 228
“Additionally, the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) index was referenced, with values under .08 and the lower bound of the confidence interval under .05 indicating an adequate fit (McDonald & Ho, 2002).”
Method

Authors: McDonald, R. P., & Ho, M.-H. R.
Affiliations: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
ORCID: Ho, Moon-Ho Ringo
Venue: Psychological Methods
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2002
Volume: 7
Issue: 1
Pages: 64-82
ISSN: 1082-989X (ISSN-L)
1939-1463
DOI: 10.1037/1082-989x.7.1.64
OpenAlex: W2134368355
Cited by: 4,734
References: 102
Citations by year: 2026: 176 · 2025: 300 · 2024: 313 · 2023: 336 · 2022: 348 · 2021: 323 · 2020: 327 · 2019: 289 · 2018: 236 · 2017: 236 · 2016: 206 · 2015: 202 · 2014: 198 · 2013: 208 · 2012: 185
FWCI: 58.65
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Methods (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
Keywords: structural equation modeling, reporting guidelines, model justification, model identifiability, non-normality, missing data, goodness-of-fit indices, standard errors, correlation matrix, model mismatch, critical appraisal
MeSH terms: Humans, Models, Psychological, Research Design, Linear Models

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks